New vaccination calendar. Vaccination schedule for adults - vaccination schedule. Can vaccines be combined?
Children's vaccinations... How much controversy they cause among parents! There are so many fears about how the baby will survive the vaccination!
At what age and what vaccinations a child needs, the table of childhood vaccinations will help you figure it out.
Is vaccination voluntary?
Whether or not to vaccinate a child is up to each parent. There are no administrative or criminal penalties for refusing vaccination.
Gossip
Why do parents refuse vaccinations? Often, due to fear of how vaccination will affect the baby’s health. After all, vaccination is nothing more than the introduction into the body healthy person weakened or dead infectious agents against which the vaccine is intended. Sometimes the vaccine consists of artificially synthesized proteins that are completely identical to the proteins of the living pathogen. This is where the view of vaccination as an injection of “poison” arose. Rumors that children die or become disabled from vaccinations are also spreading panic among parents.
Reality
In reality, the vaccine is designed to induce immunity to viruses and diseases: the vaccine enters the body, and the immune system begins to produce antibodies. And when a person encounters a real virus in life, the disease does not occur at all or proceeds very slowly. mild form. Naturally, after vaccination, the child may have a fever or be lethargic: when the immune system adapts, everything will return to normal.
The fact that in countries with a good level of medicine, where vaccination is widespread, there are no outbreaks of epidemics that claimed thousands of lives a hundred years ago speaks in favor of vaccinations! Suffice it to remember how much of the population was exterminated smallpox, but since 1982, vaccination against it in our country has been completed, since the disease has been completely defeated.
The benefits and harms of vaccinations must be adequately assessed by parents before signing consent or refusal.
What types of vaccinations are there?
Vaccination is planned and epidemic indications. Routine vaccinations are mandatory vaccinations prescribed in the vaccination calendar. There are one-time vaccinations, and there are also those that are given multiple times at intervals.
Revaccination is the administration of a vaccine to maintain immunity from a disease.
According to epidemic indications, mass vaccination is carried out independently of both children (some of them from a certain age) and adults, if there is an epidemic outbreak in the region, for example, influenza, tick-borne encephalitis, anthrax, Q fever, plague, etc.
Mandatory vaccinations by age
In Russia, vaccinations are given to the population in accordance with the vaccination calendar. This is a document approved by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation and determines the timing and types of vaccinations.
Routine vaccinations are free. What vaccinations are required for children by month/year?
In the maternity hospital
Each mother, in the first hours after birth, signs a consent or refusal to vaccinate her newborn against hepatitis B.
Why is hepatitis B dangerous? It causes disturbances in the liver and can lead to cirrhosis or cancer. The virus is transmitted through blood and other fluids human body. You should not refuse vaccination if the mother is a carrier of the virus. The vaccination is done according to the scheme: 0-1-6 months, or 0-3-6 months. Children at risk according to the scheme 0:1:2:12 months.
Children's vaccinations from birth include vaccination against tuberculosis, it is done on days 3-7. Everyone knows how dangerous tuberculosis is and how many lives it has claimed. Vaccination against tuberculosis is done according to the scheme: 0 months. – 7 years – 14 years (according to indications).
In the first year of life
During the first 12 months, the baby is vaccinated more than 10 times. Some vaccines are combined, and several vaccinations are given with one injection, such as DTP - against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough. Some vaccinations are given on the same day, such as DPT and polio.
At 3 and 4.5 months, children receive DTP vaccine and against polio. What do these vaccines protect against?
Tetanus caused by bacteria that grow in the intestines of humans and animals and may be present in feces. Therefore, you can become infected through soil contaminated with them. Tetanus is transmitted through damaged body tissue and even through the umbilical cord, which is cut with an unsterile scalpel. Tetanus affects the human nervous system and can lead to death.
Diphtheria manifests itself as inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and may cause respiratory arrest.
Whooping cough manifests itself in severe coughing attacks, and also causes severe consequences such as pneumonia, bronchitis, pleurisy. Whooping cough can cause bleeding in the brain.
Polio– disease nervous system, can cause paralysis, affect muscles, paralyze the diaphragm, which is dangerous by stopping breathing. Vaccination against this disease causes a lot of controversy. It is believed that unvaccinated children very rarely become ill with polio, and the administered vaccine can cause mild to moderate forms of this disease.
Mumps- a disease known as mumps. When it occurs, the glands (salivary, pancreas, seminal) are damaged. In a complicated course, the disease can develop into meningitis or encephalitis; Deafness and infertility (usually male infertility) may develop.
Measles, a disease that occupies a leading position in mortality, poses a danger to the baby already in the prenatal period if an unvaccinated mother falls ill. Pneumonia, otitis, deafness, blindness, mental retardation– these are the complications measles brings to sick children.
Rubella in young children it is relatively mild, but complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) are known. An unvaccinated woman who gets rubella during pregnancy may lose her baby altogether, or give birth to a child with central nervous system disorders, heart disease, blindness or deafness.
Since 2014, the vaccination calendar in Russia has been supplemented with vaccination against pneumococcus (an infection that causes meningitis, pneumonia, otitis, etc.). In addition, children at risk for hemophilia (incoagulability) are vaccinated against of this disease according to the scheme 3-4.5-6 months. 
Vaccinations after one year
In the second year of life, visits to the vaccination office will become less frequent. So, at one and a half years the child will receive DPT revaccination and the first revaccination against polio, and at 20 months. – repeated revaccination against polio.
If you doubt the quality of the vaccine offered by the clinic, purchase the vaccine yourself at the pharmacy! As a rule, both the transportation conditions and the storage method are strictly observed. Ask for a “snowball” (a bag of cooling material) to accompany the vaccine to deliver the vaccine without disturbing the temperature. You have no right to refuse treatment room injected with your vaccine.
Child goes to kindergarten
As a rule, kindergartens require you to provide a vaccination certificate. They exclusively require everyone to prove that you have decided to refuse all vaccinations and this does not contradict the laws, sometimes it becomes difficult. However, children who have not received vaccinations have the right to attend all educational institutions!
There are no special vaccinations for kindergarten, but if they are checked and a deficiency is found, the child may be vaccinated unscheduled. At 6 years of age, routine revaccination against rubella, measles and mumps is appropriate.
You can optionally vaccinate your child against rotavirus and chickenpox. Vaccination against rotavirus is free in some regions. It will protect the baby from the “dirty hands disease” that preschoolers often suffer from. The chickenpox vaccine costs from 1,500 rubles, but it will protect the baby from chickenpox, which still kills one person for every million people who are sick!
You need to be prepared for the fact that every year your child will be tested for the Mantoux test - this is The best way detect tuberculosis in time.
Vaccinations for schoolchildren
At the age of 7 years, the child is given a revaccination against tuberculosis, and a 3rd revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria.
14-year-olds receive a second revaccination against tuberculosis (BCG) and a third for tetanus, polio and diphtheria.
Sometimes a vaccine against the human papillomavirus may be recommended. Be careful! Although they claim that the vaccine will protect girls from uterine cancer, research on the vaccine has not been completed. There is an opinion (not confirmed by science) that vaccination leads to infertility.
Video on the topic: Children's vaccinations Pros and cons
Table of calendar vaccinations for children
| Child's age |
Graft |
|
|---|---|---|
| 0-1 year | 1st day | 1st vaccination against hepatitis B |
| 1st week | BCG is the 1st vaccine against pulmonary tuberculosis |
|
| 1st month | 2nd vaccination against hepatitis B |
|
| 2 months | 3rd vaccination against hepatitis B (for children at risk) |
|
| 3 months |
1st DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough) 1st polio vaccination 1st vaccination against pneumococcus |
|
| 4 months | 2nd DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough) 2nd polio vaccination 2nd vaccination against pneumococcus 1st vaccination against hemophilia (for children at risk) |
|
| 6 months | 3rd DTP 3rd polio vaccination 3rd vaccination against hepatitis B 2nd vaccination against hemophilia (for children at risk) |
|
| 12 months | Vaccination against rubella, measles, mumps. | |
| 2 years | and 3 months | revaccination against pneumococcus |
| and 6 months | 1st revaccination against polio revaccination against hemophilia (children at risk) |
|
| and 12 months | 2nd revaccination against polio |
|
| 6 years | Revaccination against measles, mumps and rubella |
|
| 7 years | 2nd revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus Revaccination with BCG |
|
| 14 years | 3rd revaccination against tetanus, diphtheria 3rd revaccination against polio |
|
Epidemic indications
If an unfavorable epidemic situation is detected (a virus outbreak) or if there is contact with a carrier of the infection (for example, a dog bite), vaccination is done according to epidemic indications.
Influenza vaccination should be carried out in advance, in the summer and autumn. When a flu outbreak has already begun, a shot will not prevent infection.
Outside the Russian Federation
If you are going on vacation to another country, you need to be prepared that your child will have to be vaccinated. Many countries have special vaccination requirements for those entering and leaving them. So, what vaccinations are needed when traveling to other countries?
When traveling to African countries and South America It is recommended to get vaccinated against yellow fever. Yellow fever is transmitted through mosquito bites and causes mortality in more than half of cases. It is also worth getting vaccinated against typhoid fever and hepatitis A.
Travelers to Asian countries should take care of vaccination against Japanese encephalitis, which is caused by a mosquito bite. When the disease occurs, brain damage occurs.
You can enter many European countries only with proof of vaccination against cholera, plague and rabies. Why are these diseases dangerous? Cholera manifests itself as diarrhea, dehydration, wrinkled skin and loss of elasticity, blue lips and ears. If left untreated, cholera leads to death in most cases. Those sick with the plague (most often from rodent bites or contact with a sick person) without treatment taken on the most early stage diseases die within 48 hours (depending on the type of disease).
Contraindications to vaccination
If a child had an allergic reaction to a previous vaccination, vaccination of this type is excluded. Children with immunodeficiency are completely exempt from vaccinations with live vaccines.
Children receive medical withdrawal (schedule shift) from vaccinations:
- during the period of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections;
- premature;
- after surgery or blood transfusion;
- at feeling unwell(fever, diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy).
Before vaccination, the pediatrician should examine the child, ideally taking tests. But no one except the mother can accurately assess the baby’s well-being, so do not hesitate to refuse scheduled vaccinations if you notice that something is wrong with the child.
National vaccination calendar- a document approved by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which determines the timing and types of vaccinations (preventive vaccinations) carried out free of charge and on a large scale in accordance with the compulsory health insurance program (CHI).
The vaccination calendar is developed taking into account all age characteristics, including the most dangerous infectious diseases in children of the first year of life. Vaccinations, which are given as part of the National Calendar, can significantly reduce the risk of disease in children. And if the child does get sick, then the vaccination given will contribute to the progression of the disease in a milder form and relieve severe complications, many of which are extremely life-threatening.
The national vaccination calendar is a system for the most rational use of vaccines, ensuring the development of intense immunity at the earliest (vulnerable) age to the maximum extent possible. short time. The vaccination calendar can be divided into two parts.
First part– National calendar of preventive vaccinations, providing vaccination against widespread infections that affect almost the entire human population (airborne infections - measles, rubella, parotitis, whooping cough, chicken pox, diphtheria, influenza), as well as infections that are characterized severe course with high mortality (tuberculosis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae type b).
Second part– vaccinations for epidemic indications – against natural focal infections (tick-borne encephalitis, leptospirosis, etc.) and zoonotic infections (brucellosis, tularemia, anthrax). This category may also include vaccinations carried out in risk groups - persons with both a high possibility of infection and those with high danger for others in case of their illness (such diseases include hepatitis A, typhoid fever, cholera).
Today, more than 1.5 thousand infectious diseases are known in the world, but people have learned to prevent only 30 of the most dangerous infections with the help of preventive vaccinations. Of these, 12 infections, which are the most dangerous (including due to their complications) and which easily affect children all over the world, are included in the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations of Russia. Another 16 from the list of dangerous diseases are included in the National Vaccination Calendar for epidemic indications.
Each WHO member country has its own vaccination schedule. The national vaccination calendar of Russia is not fundamentally different from the national vaccination calendars of developed countries. True, some of them provide vaccinations against hepatitis A, meningococcal infection, human papillomavirus, rotavirus infection(for example, in the USA). Thus, for example, the US national vaccination calendar is more saturated than the Russian calendar. The vaccination calendar in our country is expanding - for example, since 2015, it has included vaccination against pneumococcal infection.
On the other hand, in some countries the National Calendar does not provide for vaccination against tuberculosis, which in our country is forced to be preserved high level incidence of this infection. And to this day, vaccination against tuberculosis is included in the vaccination schedule of more than 100 countries, while many provide for its implementation in the first days after birth, as recommended by the WHO Vaccination Schedule.
National vaccination calendars of different countries
| Infections | Russia | USA | Great Britain | Germany | Number of countries using vaccine in NK |
| Tuberculosis | + | more than 100 |
|||
| Diphtheria | + | + | + | + | 194 |
| Tetanus | + | + | + | + | 194 |
| Whooping cough | + | + | + | + | 194 |
| Measles | + | + | + | + | 111 |
| Flu | + | + | + | + | |
| Haemophilus influenzae type b/Hib infection | + (risk groups) | + | + | + | 189 |
| Rubella | + | + | + | + | 137 |
| Hepatitis A | + | ||||
| Hepatitis B | + | + | + | 183 | |
| Polio | + | + | + | + | all countries |
| Mumps | + | + | + | + | 120 |
| Chicken pox | + | + | |||
| Pneumococcus | Since 2015 | + | + | + | 153 |
| Human papillomavirus / CC | + | + | + | 62 | |
| Rotavirus infection | + | 75 | |||
| Meningococcal infection | + | + | + | ||
| Total infections | 12 | 16 | 12 | 14 | |
| Number of injections administered up to 2 years | 14 | 13 | 11 |
In Russia The national calendar is less saturated than the vaccination calendars of countries such as the USA and a number of European countries:
- there are no vaccinations against rotavirus infection, HPV, chickenpox;
- vaccinations against Hib are carried out only in risk groups, hepatitis A - according to epidemiological indications;
- there is no 2nd revaccination against whooping cough;
- Combination vaccines are underused.
Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 25, 2014. Registration No. 32115 Published: May 16, 2014 in "RG" - Federal issue No. 6381.
National calendar of preventive vaccinations
| Categories and ages of citizens subject to mandatory vaccination | Name of preventive vaccination |
| Newborns in the first 24 hours of life | First vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
| Newborns on the 3rd - 7th day of life | Vaccination against tuberculosis Vaccination is carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis for gentle primary vaccination (BCG-M); in the subjects Russian Federation with incidence rates exceeding 80 per 100 thousand population, as well as in the presence of tuberculosis patients around the newborn - the vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis (BCG). |
| Children 1 month | Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to groups risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis B is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - after 12 months from the start of vaccination). |
| Children 2 months | Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) |
| First vaccination against pneumococcal infection | |
| Children 3 months | First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
| First vaccination against polio | |
| First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) | |
| Children 4.5 months | Second vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
| Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk group) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to severe increased danger hemophilus influenzae disease; with oncohematological diseases and/or receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a long time; children born to mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV infection; children in orphanages). |
|
| Second vaccination against polio The first and second vaccinations are carried out with a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
|
| Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection | |
| Children 6 months | Third vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus |
| Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B The first, second and third vaccinations are carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination), with the exception of children belonging to groups risk, vaccination against viral hepatitis B is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 2 dose - 2 months after the start of vaccination, 3 dose - after 12 months from the start of vaccination). |
|
| Third vaccination against polio | |
| Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk group) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (with immunodeficiency conditions or anatomical defects leading to a sharply increased risk of hemophilus influenzae infection; with oncohematological diseases and/or long-term immunosuppressive therapy; children born from mothers with HIV infection; children with HIV- infection; children in orphanages). |
|
| Children 12 months | Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps |
| Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) Vaccination is carried out for children belonging to risk groups (born from mothers who are carriers of HBsAg, patients with viral hepatitis B or who have had viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy, who do not have test results for markers of hepatitis B, who consume narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances, from families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis). |
|
| Children 15 months | Revaccination against pneumococcal infection |
| Children 18 months | First revaccination against polio The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
| First revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | |
| Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection (risk groups) | |
| Children 20 months | Second revaccination against polio The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
| Children 6 years old | Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps |
| Children 6 - 7 years old | Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus |
| Revaccination against tuberculosis Revaccination is carried out with a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis (BCG). |
|
| Children 14 years old | Third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus The second revaccination is carried out with toxoids with a reduced content of antigens. |
| Third revaccination against polio The third vaccination and subsequent revaccinations against polio are given to children with the vaccine for the prevention of polio (live); children born to mothers with HIV infection, children with HIV infection, children in orphanages - a vaccine for the prevention of polio (inactivated). |
|
| Adults over 18 years old | Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the date of the last revaccination |
| Children from 1 year to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated | Vaccination against viral hepatitis B Vaccination is carried out for children and adults who have not previously been vaccinated against viral hepatitis B, according to the 0-1-6 scheme (1 dose - at the start of vaccination, 2 dose - a month after 1 vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of vaccination). |
| Children from 1 year to 18 years, women from 18 to 25 years (inclusive), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella, who have no information about vaccinations against rubella | Vaccination against rubella |
| Children from 1 year to 18 years inclusive and adults under 35 years of age (inclusive), who have not been sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, and have no information about measles vaccinations | Vaccination against measles The interval between the first and second vaccinations should be at least 3 months |
| Children from 6 months, students in grades 1 - 11; students in professional educational organizations and educational organizations higher education; adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities); pregnant women; adults over 60 years of age; persons subject to conscription for military service; faces with chronic diseases, including lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity | Flu vaccination |
The child receives the first vaccinations according to the National Calendar in the maternity hospital - this is the very first vaccination against hepatitis B, which is given in the first hours of life. Often the first vaccination against tuberculosis is also carried out within the walls of the maternity hospital. Before one year of age, children are vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae, whooping cough, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and pneumococcal infection. From the age of six months, you can vaccinate your child against influenza. Older children, at the age of 12 months, receive protection against measles, rubella, and mumps through vaccinations.
Vaccinations with polysaccharide vaccine (pneumo23, meningococcal vaccine etc.) should begin after 2 years of age, since the child’s body does not respond by producing antibodies to these antigens. For younger children, conjugate vaccines (polysaccharide with protein) are recommended.
Ask a question to a specialist
Question for vaccination experts
The site provides background information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!
Many parents ask: “How do you know when it is necessary to give your child this or that vaccination? What are they guided by?” medical workers clinics, calling the child for the next vaccination?" The procedure for vaccination and the timing of various vaccinations are reflected in the national vaccination calendar for children, which is developed and approved by the Ministry of Health, taking into account all the features of the circulation of infectious diseases in the country.What is the vaccination schedule for children?
Today, all developed countries have their own specially designed calendar. vaccinations, according to which children and adults undergo vaccination. The child's vaccination schedule includes vaccines against infections that are considered the most dangerous and are widespread in a given geographic region. These vaccination calendars are mandatory for a specific country.Also, the relevant ministries and departments are developing additional vaccination calendars for those traveling to other geographical regions. Additional vaccination schedules for children include vaccines necessary for a safe stay in the region.
Vaccination calendars are developed taking into account how much time is needed for the formation of post-vaccination immunity. The compatibility of vaccines and the possibility of their simultaneous administration are also taken into account. In addition, the child’s vaccination schedule takes into account the necessary breaks between different vaccinations, and between revaccinations against the same infection.
They are also called preventive vaccination calendars, since there is also a group of therapeutic vaccines. Therapeutic vaccines are administered with therapeutic purpose against the background of a developed disease, and not for the formation of immunity to infections.
Vaccination calendar for children 2012
In our country new calendar Child vaccination was developed and approved last year, and it is still in effect today. If any changes are made to the calendar, they are communicated to the heads of medical institutions and vaccination centers, and at the end of the year, if necessary and subject to major changes in the vaccination plan, a new document is developed and approved. Thus, the vaccination calendar for 2012 is identical to that for 2011.Different regions may have their own specific features vaccinations, which depend on the epidemiological situation. These features may consist, for example, in a different sequence of drug administration, or in the use of additional vaccines against infections that circulate in a particular geographic area and are absent in another.
For the convenience of parents, it is advisable to split the vaccination calendar for children up to one year and after one year.
Vaccination of children under one year of age
1.
The first day after birth.
The hepatitis B vaccine is administered in mandatory children at high risk of infection. These are kids: whose mothers are carriers of the hepatitis B virus, had an infection during pregnancy, or have infected family members. Children of parents who use drugs are also vaccinated.
2. 3–7 days after birth. A vaccine against tuberculosis is administered. In regions where the incidence is relatively low, gentle immunization is used. In regions where the number of tuberculosis patients is more than 80 people per 100,000 population, or if there are infected people among the child’s relatives, a full-fledged vaccine is used to prevent tuberculosis.
3. 1 month. A second hepatitis B vaccine for children at high risk of infection.
4. 2 months. A third hepatitis B vaccine for children at high risk of infection.
5. 3 months. Primary vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP) + against Haemophilus influenzae + against polio. That is, three vaccinations are administered. DPT and the polio vaccine are administered to all children, and the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine is given only to certain categories of children (list below).
6. 4–5 months. Second administration of the vaccine against pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP) + against Haemophilus influenzae + against polio. Thus, three vaccinations are administered.
7. 6 months (six months). The third administration of the vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP) + against Haemophilus influenzae + against polio + against hepatitis B. Thus, four vaccinations are administered.
8. 12 months (year). Administration of the measles, rubella and mumps vaccine, and a fourth administration of the hepatitis B drug.
Categories of children who receive the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine:
- the presence of immunodeficiencies;
- anatomical disorders that sharply increase the risk of Hib infection;
- presence of blood cancers (leukemia);
- children taking chemotherapy drugs;
- HIV infection;
- mother with HIV infection;
- pupils of closed institutions (orphanages, boarding schools, including specialized ones);
- patients of a sanatorium for the treatment of tuberculosis patients.
When a child is given multiple vaccines at the same time, the injections should be given in different areas of the body and under no circumstances should multiple medications be mixed in the same syringe. Each vaccine is administered separately.
Vaccination of children after one year
1.
1.5 years (18 months).
Revaccination (administration of a vaccine to enhance weak immunity, formed by previous vaccinations) against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DPT) + against Haemophilus influenzae + against polio. Thus, three vaccinations are administered. 2. 20 months. Second revaccination against polio.
3. 6 years. Revaccination against measles, rubella and mumps (mumps).
4. 6–7 years old. Secondary revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus (ADS, ADS-M).
5. 7 years. Revaccination against tuberculosis. The vaccine is administered to children not infected with tuberculosis (who have a negative Mantoux test).
6. 14 years old. Adolescents receive a third revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus (ADS, ADS-M) + against polio + tuberculosis.
If a child has not been vaccinated against hepatitis B before one year of age, this can be done at any age. Children are vaccinated against influenza starting from six months (6 months), annually, during the period when mass vaccination begins - usually from the beginning or mid-October.
These preventive vaccination calendars for children under one year of age and older are mandatory for Russia. There are calendars of additional vaccinations, which are given if necessary, if there is an unfavorable situation from an epidemiological point of view.
National vaccination calendar according to epidemiological
indications
This calendar includes only vaccinations that are given to children and adults if there is a risk of contracting the listed infections. These vaccinations are not mandatory. Vaccinations against plague, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, leptospirosis, Q fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and typhoid fever are given to people (including children) who permanently reside or plan to travel to geographic areas where these infections are common and there is high risk of infection. If there is a danger of developing an epidemic of the listed infections at any geographical area, then it is not planned, but emergency vaccination of the entire population located in the region temporarily or permanently residing.
The yellow fever vaccine is given to people, including children, who will be in geographic areas where the infection is widespread and at high risk of infection. Often, many countries located in warm climatic zone, require those entering to have vaccinations against certain infections.
According to the rules and standards of the Russian Ministry of Health, vaccination against the above dangerous infections is carried out according to the following schedule:
- Plague - for children from the age of two. Vaccination is carried out once in a lifetime.
- Leptospirosis – for children from 7 years of age. Vaccination is carried out once in a lifetime.
- Q fever – for children over 14 years of age. Vaccination is carried out once in a lifetime.
- Tularemia – for children from 7 years of age. Vaccination is repeated every 5 years if necessary.
- Tick-borne encephalitis – for children over 4 years of age. Vaccination is repeated for three years, the drug is administered once a year. After three years of vaccination, immunity is formed for life.
- Typhoid fever – for children from 7 years of age. Vaccination is repeated every two years if necessary.
- Yellow fever – children from 9 months. Vaccination is carried out once in a lifetime.
Child vaccination calendar in Ukraine
The Ukrainian national vaccination calendar is distinguished by the absence of vaccination against tuberculosis at the age of 14 years, vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps at 15 years. Mandatory vaccinations for children in Ukraine are reflected in the table:| Vaccine | Timing of vaccination administration |
| Hepatitis B | The first day after birth |
| 1 month | |
| 6 months (six months) | |
| Tuberculosis | 3–5 days after birth |
| 7 years | |
| 3 months | |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| 6 years | |
| Polio | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| 6 years | |
| 14 years | |
| Haemophilus influenzae infection | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| 12 months (1 year) | |
| 6 years | |
| Diphtheria, tetanus (ADS) | 14 years |
| 18 years |
Vaccination calendar for children in Belarus
In the Republic of Belarus, the list of the national child vaccination calendar includes a vaccine against meningococcal infection and influenza. The timing of vaccine administration is also slightly different:| Vaccine | Timing of vaccination administration |
| Hepatitis B | First 12 hours after birth |
| 1 month | |
| 5 months | |
| Tuberculosis | 3–5 days after birth |
| 7 years | |
| Pneumococcal infection | 2 months |
| 4 months | |
| 12 months | |
| Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DTP) | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| Polio | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| 2 years | |
| 7 years | |
| Haemophilus influenzae infection | 3 months |
| 4 months | |
| 5 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| Measles, rubella, mumps (mumps) | 12 months (1 year) |
| 6 years | |
| Diphtheria | 11 years |
| Flu | Repeat every year from six months |
Child vaccination calendar in Kazakhstan
The Republic of Kazakhstan has adopted the following national calendar of preventive vaccinations. There are differences in the timing of vaccination:| Vaccine | Timing of vaccination administration |
| Hepatitis B | 1–4 days after birth |
| 2 months | |
| 4 months | |
| Tuberculosis | 1–4 days after birth |
| 6 years | |
| Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus (DTP) | 2 months |
| 3 months | |
| 4 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| Polio | 2 months |
| 3 months | |
| 4 months | |
| 12–15 months | |
| Haemophilus influenzae infection | 2 months |
| 3 months | |
| 4 months | |
| 18 months (1.5 years) | |
| Measles, rubella, mumps (mumps) | 12–15 months |
| 6 years | |
| Diphtheria, tetanus (ADS) | 6 years |
| 16 years | |
| Diphtheria | 12 years |
Vaccination is the main preventive measure to prevent infectious diseases. The procedure is carried out to strengthen the body’s natural resistance and prevent complications after a possible infection. In the Russian Federation, there is an official document - “Vaccination Calendar for Children”, which provides information on the types of vaccinations and timing. Vaccination is provided free of charge to all Russian citizens according to the compulsory health insurance policy.
All vaccinations in the preventive vaccination calendar for children are, although planned, only recommended. Parents have the right to refuse vaccination by confirming their refusal in writing.. In this case, the responsibility for the possible infection of children lies entirely with the parents.
The refusal is provided for in clause 4 Federal law“On immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ.
What are the consequences of refusal? Children who are not immunized are more susceptible to illness. Those who have not been vaccinated are more likely to experience complications than those who have been immunized.
There are administrative restrictions:
- a ban on travel to countries where stay requires certain preventive vaccinations due to the epidemiological situation;
- temporary refusal of admission to educational institutions in the event of a threat of epidemic or mass infection (in the absence of vaccinations against the very disease that provokes the epidemic).
Vaccination according to epidemic indications
In addition to the main planned vaccination activities, there is additional list preventive measures based on epidemic indicators.
Additionally, vaccination is carried out among the population who live in areas with an increased risk of epidemics.
Additional vaccination is carried out among the population who live in areas with an increased risk of various epidemics.
The list of epidemic zones has been approved by the Ministry of Health. Depending on the characteristic spread of certain infections, vaccination in these territories is carried out against:
- tick-borne spring-summer encephalitis;
- Q fever;
- leptospirosis;
- plague;
- tularemia;
- anthrax;
- brucellosis.
Preventive vaccination is carried out when there is a risk of epidemics.
Features of the formation of immunity
Immunization is carried out by introducing (intramuscularly, orally) antigenic material to produce antibodies to a specific virus or infection.
Antigenic substances include:
- weakened strains of living microbes or viruses;
- killed or inactive microbes;
- proteins of infectious microorganisms;
- synthetic vaccines.
When introducing antigenic material the immune system starts active struggle with an irritant. The body's resistance is strengthened due to specific fighting mechanisms.
National calendar of preventive vaccinations for children
The calendar of preventive vaccinations for 2018 differs from the similar calendar for 2017 in minor amendments (dated April 13, 2017 No. 175n).
The calendar is determined by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 125n “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications.”
| Age | Direction of vaccination, stages | Name of certified vaccines | Notes |
| Vaccination schedule for children under 1 year of age | |||
The first day after birth | I for viral hepatitis B | Vaccination is carried out in the maternity hospital | |
3-7 days after birth | I vaccination against tuberculosis BCG | Tuberculosis vaccine BCG, tuberculosis vaccine for gentle primary immunization BCG-M | |
| II from viral hepatitis "B" | Engerix "B", Euvax "B", Regevak "B" | Done no earlier than 30 days after the first dose of the vaccine | |
| 1 from pneumococcal infection | Pneumo-23, Prevenar | ||
| III against viral hepatitis B | Engerix "B", Euvax "B", Regevak "B" | ||
| I for whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus DTP | Staged vaccination. Done at intervals of 45 days | ||
| I vaccination against polio | Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim | ||
| I against Haemophilus influenzae | Act-Hib, Hiberix | Used to vaccinate children at risk | |
4.5 months | II for whooping cough. diphtheria, tetanus | ADS-anatoxin, ADS-M-anatoxin, Infanrix | |
| II polio vaccine | Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim | Can be taken simultaneously with DTP vaccine | |
| II against Haemophilus influenzae infection | Act-Hib, Hiberix | For children at risk | |
| II for pneumococcal infection | Pneumo-23, Prevenar | ||
6 months | III for diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | ADS-anatoxin, ADS-M-anatoxin, Infanrix | 45 days after the previous vaccination |
| Additional vaccination against viral hepatitis B | Engerix "B", Euvax "B", Regevak "B" | A child at risk is vaccinated to quickly strengthen immunity to the virus. | |
| III polio vaccine | Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim | Can be taken simultaneously with DTP vaccine | |
| III against Haemophilus influenzae | Act-Hib, Hiberix | For children at risk | |
12 months | I for measles, rubella, mumps | Priorix | |
| IV for viral hepatitis B | Engerix "B", Euvax "B", Regevak "B" | ||
| Vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age | |||
15 months | II against pneumococcal infection | Pneumo-23, Prevenar | |
18 months | I revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus | ADS-anatoxin, ADS-M-anatoxin, Infanrix | |
| Anti-polio drops | Can be taken simultaneously with DTP vaccine | ||
| Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae | Act-Hib, Hiberix | For children at risk | |
20 months | Anti-polio drops | Oral polio vaccine types 1, 2, 3 | |
| From 3 years | |||
| Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps | Priorix | ||
| Revaccination against tuberculosis BCG | Tuberculosis vaccine BCG | ||
| Stage II of revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus | ADS-anatoxin, ADS-M-anatoxin, Infanrix | ||
| Vaccination against rubella | Cultured live rubella vaccine | ||
| Vaccination against viral hepatitis B | Engerix "B", Euvax "B", Regevak "B" | It is given to children who have not been vaccinated previously | |
| III revaccination of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus | ADS-anatoxin, ADS-M-anatoxin, Infanrix | ||
| Repeated BCG revaccination | Tuberculosis vaccine BCG | ||
| III revaccination against polio | Oral polio vaccine types 1, 2, 3 | ||
The 2018 vaccination calendar contains certified domestically produced drugs and several foreign high-quality vaccines. More details are given about vaccinations for children under 1 year of age.
Preparing for vaccination
There are several rules that parents must follow before vaccination.
Mixed-fed babies should not be given new complementary foods 10-12 days before the vaccination date 5 mandatory rules of preparation:
- For children who are prone to allergies, it is recommended to give antihistamines. Such prevention will reduce possible allergic reactions after vaccination.
- It is strictly prohibited to introduce new foods to children under 1 year of age 10-12 days before vaccination.
- Breastfeeding mothers must follow a strict diet, in order to exclude negative reaction body to mother's milk.
- It is not recommended to start hardening 2-3 weeks before vaccination if the baby has not previously undergone the procedure.
- Need to visit often fresh air, including doing, but avoid overheating or hypothermia.
An important role for successful vaccination is played by the psychological attitude. Parents should gradually prepare their children for the need for the procedure. In more early age When persuasion is ineffective, it is recommended to think about how to distract the baby’s attention during vaccination (toy, song, cartoon on the phone, etc.).
If the preparation rules are followed, the risks of adverse reactions are minimized. However, it should be remembered that post-vaccination reaction may occur regardless of the above reasons, under the influence of external and internal factors, as well as the individual sensitivity of the body.
Before vaccination, the baby is examined by a pediatrician. In the absence of signs various diseases(allergies), normal temperature body – the doctor allows you to undergo the vaccination procedure according to the vaccination schedule.
Is it possible to reschedule vaccination dates?
There are no negative consequences from postponing vaccinations. Each person has an individual schedule.
There is no set maximum interval between treatments other than DPT.
However, even vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus can be carried out with a shift in timing. The main thing is that the first 3 vaccinations are given within 1 year.
It is strictly forbidden to vaccinate a sick person, even if the symptoms are mild. During illness, children's bodies are weakened, and antigenic bodies can cause a lot of negative immune reactions.
After a forced break, immunization can be resumed. After the examination, the pediatrician will give necessary recommendations subsequent vaccination, timing of the procedure according to the 2018 vaccination calendar.
What are the side effects and complications?
There are two types of post-vaccination reactions - natural, complicated. Natural reactions include short-term weakness, lethargy, loss of appetite, and an increase in body temperature to 38 degrees or higher.
Such symptoms occur rarely and only with some vaccines. ABOUT possible complications Doctors at the clinic must warn parents. Natural reactions disappear within 1-2 days after the procedure.
Complicated reactions:
- body temperature over 38 degrees for a long time– more than 2 days (reception antipyretic, For example, );
- anaphylactic reactions, difficulty breathing, spasms;
- convulsive muscle contraction at normal body temperature;
- rashes on exposed skin and redness at the injection site;
- neurological disorders.
If you have symptoms of a complicated post-vaccination reaction, you should immediately call emergency help.
Conclusion
Only the people closest to him - his parents - are concerned about the health and well-being of the child. The issue of vaccination should be approached with a cool mind. Before deciding to carry out the procedure, familiarize yourself with all adverse reactions vaccines and learn about them harmful influence on the baby's body.
The domestic healthcare system pays a lot of attention to the prevention of diseases, among which infectious diseases occupy a special place. To prevent the epidemic process among the population, epidemiologists developed a national calendar of preventive vaccinations. The official document regulates age periods and types of vaccination, which is absolutely free. According to the social insurance program for the medical industry in the Russian Federation, starting from birth, every resident of our country must be vaccinated against 12 mandatory infectious pathologies.
The national calendar of preventive vaccinations includes two main parts. The initial application states necessary vaccinations from the most common and potentially life-threatening pathologies, after what time to do them and dosages of drugs. The second part indicates vaccination episodes that are prescribed when necessary according to epidemiological indications or if there is a risk of an epidemic developing in the region where people live.
Number of preventable diseases included in the list of mandatory vaccinations in different countries of the world
Most countries support basic policy concepts World Organization health care and are its participants, have their own national calendars of preventive vaccinations. This is urgent preventative measure, allowing to prevent the popularization the most dangerous illnesses By to the globe and significantly reduce the mortality rate among the population. In the Russian Federation, the national immunization calendar is not particularly different from its own foreign analogues, although it does not contain some vaccinations as in other countries. In Russia, it is not mandatory to vaccinate against viral hepatitis A, human papillomavirus, rotavirus or meningococcal invasion.
The United States of America boasts the most extensive calendar of preventive vaccinations, where the document list includes 16 diseases. In other states this list is somewhat smaller. Germany prefers to vaccinate against 14 diseases, while Russia and the UK prefer to vaccinate against only 6 of them. In total, 30 pathologies are included in national calendars and vaccination calendars for epidemic indications in the world. These pathogens pose a particular danger to the normal existence of humanity.
Interesting fact. The US vaccination schedule does not include vaccination against tuberculosis. American infectious disease specialists do not regard the vaccine liquid against tuberculosis as a reliable means of preventing it. Our doctors are of the exact opposite opinion and are convinced that it is anti-tuberculosis vaccination that makes it possible to reduce the high incidence of tuberculosis among our fellow citizens. Today, vaccination against tuberculosis is among the mandatory anti-infective measures in more than 100 countries.
Features of vaccination calendars in foreign countries
Each individual country uses its own personal schedule of preventive vaccinations. This vaccination list is approved at the legislative level and can be supplemented depending on epidemiological features region. The general appearance and content of the national calendar is influenced by several factors:
- indicators of general morbidity in the country;
- the presence of patients from so-called risk groups;
- territorial predisposition of the region to the spread of pathogenic agents (climate, population density, presence of vectors, etc.);
- socio-economic level of wealth.
Table 1. Comparative content of vaccinations in several countries
| A country | Russia | England | Germany | USA |
|
List of diseases subject to vaccination |
- tuberculosis - diphtheria bacillus - whooping cough - tetanus — hemophilic disease (only people at risk are vaccinated) - rubella - mumps - viral hepatitis B - polio — pneumococcal infection (since 2014) |
- diphtheria lesion - whooping cough - tetanus infection - rubella - hemophilic disease — papillomavirus — meningococcus - polio - parotitis - Pneumococcus |
- against diphtheria - tetanus - whooping cough - Haemophilus influenzae - Hepatitis B - papilloma virus - meningitis virus - pneumococcal infection - rubella - mumps - chickenpox - polio |
- tetanus - diphtheria disease - mumps - whooping cough - rubella - hemophilus influenzae infection - viral hepatitis A - viral hepatitis B - chicken pox - polio - Pneumococcus — papillomavirus — rotavirus — meningococcus |
Despite the fact that in Russia vaccination is carried out against only 12 pathogens, each child under the age of two receives 14 injections of vaccine preparations. At the same time, children from America and Germany up to 24 months are vaccinated 13 and 11 times, respectively. With such a busy plan, there is always a risk of immunization complications.
The Russian schedule differs from its foreign competitors in less saturation. It does not include vaccination against HPV, rotavirus and chickenpox. Vaccinations against acute hemophilus influenzae infection are given only to people at risk, and vaccination against hepatitis A is administered exclusively for epidemic indications. In addition, our doctors do not see the point in a second revaccination against pertussis agents and rarely give preference combination vaccines. Most injections are given 3-12 months after birth.
National calendar of preventive vaccinations
The vaccination schedule in our country has been approved by the Ministry of Health and provides a list of vaccinations against the most dangerous diseases from an epidemiological point of view.
Table 2. Calendar of preventive vaccinations: content by month
| Person's age (in months and years) | Name |
| Newborn babies in the first day of life | 1st vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
| Infants under 7 days of age | Immunization against tuberculosis infection |
| Children at 1 month | 2nd vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
| Children at 2 months | First injection against pneumococcus 3rd vaccination against hepatitis B (given only to infants at risk) |
| Children at 3 months | First vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus First polio vaccine The first anti-haemophilus influenza vaccine for children at risk |
| Children at 4.5 months | Second vaccination protecting against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus The second injection (after about 6 weeks), intended against hemophilus influenzae infection (given to babies at risk) Second polio vaccine Second immunization against pneumococcal infection |
| Children at 6 months | Third vaccination against the source of diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus The third vaccine to protect against viral hepatitis B Third immunization against polio The third injection against hemophilus influenzae infection |
| Children at 12 months | Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps Fourth injection of anti-hepatitis B solution (given to infants at risk) |
| Children at 15 months | Revaccination against pneumococcal infection |
| One and a half year old children | First revaccination against polio Revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough virus and tetanus infection Revaccination against hemophilus influenzae in children at risk |
| Children at 20 months | Second revaccination against polio |
| Children aged 6-7 years | Revaccination against mumps, measles and rubella pathogens Revaccination against the causative agent of tuberculosis Another revaccination against viral agents of diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus |
| Children aged 14 | The third revaccination, which allows you to create immunity against diphtheria, and with it tetanus Next booster vaccination against polio |
| from 18 years old | Revaccination to maintain the immune response against diphtheria (performed every 10 years) |
There are a number of vaccinations indicated for several age categories at once:
- For previously unvaccinated children from one year of age and adults up to 55 years of age, the first anti-hepatitis vaccination is carried out at any time;
- children over 12 months of age and adult women from 18 to 25 years of age who have not had this disease and have not previously been vaccinated against it receive a one-time vaccination against rubella;
- against measles, children after twelve months and adults up to 35 years of age, if they have not been vaccinated before or have been immunized once and have not been infected with infectious diseases, are vaccinated once;
- children after six months, students of secondary schools and higher education educational institutions, adults at risk, pensioners over 60 years of age with accompanying pathological conditions Vaccination against ARVI is carried out annually to prevent the spread of the epidemic.
The implementation of the preventive vaccination calendar must take place in the approved manner and in compliance with the rules prescribed by law:
- Vaccinations against infectious diseases in childhood and older age are given only in medical organizations if they have the appropriate license from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation;
- vaccination is carried out by a specially trained employee who has completed a special training course and knows how to use immunobiological preparations, and also, if necessary, provide first medical and emergency aid;
- immunization against pathologies from the list, as well as revaccination against such painful conditions carried out with vaccines certified in the country, according to official instructions;
- Before vaccination, all patients or their legal representatives are given an explanation about possible consequences procedure, risks of refusing it;
- vaccination is carried out after a medical examination;
- vaccination against pneumococcal-associated infection in children without vaccination within six months should be carried out unscheduled, twice with a break between injections, lasting 2 months;
- Children of the first year of life are vaccinated against hepatitis and influenza with vaccine solutions that do not contain preservatives.
In addition to the generally accepted rules of vaccination against the most dangerous pathologies, there is a list of recommendations regarding vaccination of HIV-infected patients. This group people need special measures prevention, since it is more susceptible to pathogenic microorganisms than others. When immunizing HIV-infected adults and children, it is important to use the following settings:
- vaccination against diseases in HIV-infected children is carried out according to the immunization schedule and in accordance with the recommendations attached in the annotations to the immunobiological forms of preventing infections in a child (the type of vaccine, the child’s HIV status, age, and the presence of concomitant pathologies are taken into account);
- Revaccination against tubercle bacilli in children born to HIV-positive mothers who have received three-time prevention of woman-to-child transmission of the virus is carried out in maternity hospital gentle vaccines for primary vaccination;
- children with the HIV virus are not revaccinated against Koch bacillus infection;
- live vaccines for HIV infection in young patients, vaccination is carried out in the absence of immunodeficiency or weak degree its development;
- toxoids and killed vaccines are administered to a child with HIV infection only in the absence of severe immunodeficiency.
In addition to the national immunization schedule, there is a calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications. This schedule is approved at the legal level and allows you to prevent infection in a child or adult patient who is part of certain groups at risk of infection.
The schedule of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications includes a list of pathologies and people most at risk of infection:
- vaccination against tularemia is indicated for people living or working in areas affected by disease;
- vaccination against plague is given to persons living in areas that are dangerous in terms of infection or working with live plague pathogens;
- the vaccine against brucellosis is administered to patients from foci of the disease, workers at enterprises for the procurement, processing and storage of raw materials obtained from farms where brucellosis was previously registered, veterinarians, livestock specialists, and developers of the anti-brucellosis vaccine;
- persons are vaccinated against anthrax work activity which are associated with the pre-slaughter keeping of livestock, slaughter, processing of hides, geologists and builders sent to areas where episodes of the virus were recorded;
- foresters are vaccinated against rabies, veterinarians, hunters, people involved in catching wild or stray animals, workers in laboratories where the virus persists;
- vaccination against leptospirosis is indicated for livestock workers in regions unfavorable for leptospirosis, slaughterers of infected livestock, and people working with weakened but live cultural strains of the pathogen;
- vaccination against tick-borne viral encephalitis is indicated for people registered in endemic zones with an unfavorable situation in terms of infection, workers in the construction industry and geologists, freight forwarders in typical places tick habitats, exterminators, foresters;
- Vaccination against Q fever is carried out for workers in the field of procurement, cutting and processing of livestock products obtained from farms with registered cases of the disease, and in contact with live cultures of the pathogen;
- from yellow fever preventive vaccination for epidemic indications, given to subjects planning to visit enzootic regions and having contact with the causative virus;
- Citizens visiting countries with an unfavorable situation in terms of infection with Vibrio cholerae, and residents of regions of our country where incidents of the disease are registered, are vaccinated against cholera;
- Residents of disadvantaged areas and workers are immunized against viral hepatitis A Food Industry and service sectors, maintenance personnel of sewer and water supply systems, contact persons in regions with virus outbreaks;
- anti-meningococcal vaccination is recommended for children under 18 years of age and adult members of the public living in endemic areas or who have come into contact with patients, and conscripts;
- against measles immunize unvaccinated individuals of all age groups who are in contact with infected people and have not been sick before;
- against viral hepatitis B, it is necessary to vaccinate people in areas of infection who have no data on previous vaccinations or facts of the disease;
- an anti-diphtheria injection is given to people who do not have information about the injections performed that form protection against diphtheria;
- mumps are prevented in unvaccinated persons, regardless of their age, motivating actions with information about their lack of confirmation of vaccination;
- Children who are not immunized in the first year of life are vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae infection;
- Infection at an early age caused by rotaviruses is prevented if there is a risk of infection.
According to epidemiological indications, the polio vaccine is offered to contact people in areas of rapid spread of the virus, which allows patients to avoid possible infection. Among these categories are:
- children after three months, since their pathology leads to irreparable consequences (the vaccine is used once);
- Medical workers are vaccinated against polio once;
- people without permanent residence;
- children who arrived from disadvantaged areas;
- people in contact with people potentially dangerous in terms of infection.
The painful process in children often occurs behind a mask colds and is often determined at the stage of expressed clinical manifestations or complications. Therefore, it is better to vaccinate children according to the national vaccination schedule recommended by the country's leading immunologists.