Pancreatic syntopy. Syntopy of the pancreas. Location of the pancreas. Topographic anatomy of the pancreas. Continuous twist seam
The shape of the pancreas is variable. There are angular, lanceolate, hammer-shaped, ring-shaped and other forms. In the rare ring-shaped form, pancreatic tissue in the form of a hoop covers the descending part duodenum, which can lead to disruption of the latter’s patency.
Position, projection and skeletotopy. The pancreas is located in the epigastric region and extends from the duodenum to the hilum of the spleen. It is projected onto the anterior abdominal wall approximately in the upper third of the distance between the navel and the xiphoid process. In relation to the skeleton, the gland is located at the level of the I and II lumbar vertebrae, and its tail ends at the level of the X-XI ribs.
The pancreas, as a rule, occupies an oblique position in the abdominal cavity, since its tail, going into left hypochondrium, rises slightly upward.
Syntopy. The anterior surface of the gland is covered with peritoneum and is in contact with the posterior wall of the stomach, from which it is separated by a narrow gap - the cavity of the omental bursa. Rear surface adjacent to the retroperitoneal tissue, organs and large vascular trunks located in it.
“Atlas of operations on the abdominal wall and abdominal organs” V.N. Voylenko, A.I. Medelyan, V.M. Omelchenko
Blood supply to the head of the pancreas (front view). 1 - aorta abdominalis; 2 - truncus coeliacus; 3 - a. gastrica sinistra; 4 - a. lienalis; 5 - a. et v. colica media; 6 - a. et v. mesenterica superior; 7 - a. et v. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior anterior; 8 - caput pancreatis; 9 - duodenum; 10 - a….
Blood supply to the head of the pancreas (posterior view). 1 - vesica fellea; 2 - cauda pancreatis; 3 - ductus choledochus; 4 - a. et v. pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior; 5 - duodenum; 6 - caput pancreatis; 7 - a. et v. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior posterior; 8 - a. et v. mesenterica superior; 9 - v. lienalis; 10 - v….
The superior posterior pancreatic-duodenal artery departs from the gastroduodenal artery at a distance of 1.6-2 cm from its beginning and is directed to the posterior surface of the head of the pancreas. It is in close topographic-anatomical relationships with the general bile duct, spiraling around it. First, the superior posterior pancreatic-duodenal artery deviates outward, crossing the common bile duct in front, then bends around it to the right and passes to...
The inferior anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery is first located posteriorly, between the head of the gland and the lower part of the duodenum, then it exits onto front surface gland from under its lower edge at the base of the uncinate process and is directed to the right and upward along the anterior surface of the head of the gland, where it anastomoses with the superior anterior pancreatic-duodenal artery, forming the anterior arterial arch. Inferior posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery...
There are greater, inferior and caudal pancreatic arteries. The great pancreatic artery arises from the splenic and, much less frequently, from the common hepatic artery. It passes through the thickness of the gland, heading towards the tail, and on its way gives off numerous branches to the parenchyma of the gland. The inferior pancreatic artery arises from the splenic, gastroduodenal arteries, sometimes from the greater pancreas or superior mesenteric artery. She…
The pancreas is an organ that has excretory and incretory functions. The gland is divided into a head, body and tail. A hook-shaped process sometimes extends from the lower edge of the head.
Head surrounded above, right and below, respectively, by the upper, descending and lower horizontal parts of the duodenum. She has:
l the anterior surface, to which the antrum of the stomach is adjacent above the mesentery of the transverse colon, and below - the loops small intestine;
l back surface , to which the right renal artery and vein, the common bile duct and the inferior vena cava;
l top and bottom edges. The body has:
l the front surface to which it is adjacent back wall stomach;
l back surface , to which the aorta, splenic and superior mesenteric veins are adjacent;
l bottom surface, to which the duodenojejunal flexure is adjacent below;
l top, bottom and leading edges . The tail has:
l front surface , to which the bottom of the stomach is adjacent;
l back surface , adjacent to the left kidney, its blood vessels and the adrenal gland.
The pancreatic duct passes through the entire gland from the tail to the head. , which, connecting with the bile duct or separately from it, opens into the descending part of the duodenum on the large duodenal papilla.
Sometimes on the small duodenal papilla , located approximately 2 cm above the large one, the accessory pancreatic duct opens .
Bundles:
gastro-pancreas– the transition of the peritoneum from the upper edge of the gland to the posterior surface of the body, cardia and fundus of the stomach (the left gastric artery runs along its edge);
pylorogastric– transition of the peritoneum from the upper edge of the body of the gland to the antrum of the stomach.
Holotopia: In the epigastric region proper and the left hypochondrium. It is projected along a horizontal line through the middle of the distance between the xiphoid process and the navel.
Skeletotopia: head – L1, body – Th12, tail – Th11. The organ is in an oblique position, and its longitudinal axis is directed from right to left and from bottom to top. Sometimes the gland takes a transverse position, in which all its sections are located at the same level, as well as a downward position, when the tail is bent downwards.
Relation to the peritoneum: retroperitoneal organ. Blood supply carried out from the pools of common water
coronary, splenic and superior mesenteric arteries. The head is supplied with blood by the upper and lower pancreas
doctoduodenal arteries (from the gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries, respectively).
The body and tail of the pancreas receive blood from the splenic artery, which gives off 2 to 9 pancreatic branches, among which the largest is a. pancreatica magna.
Venous outflow is carried out into the portal vein system through the pancreatic-duodenal and splenic veins.
Innervation The pancreas is carried out by the celiac, superior mesenteric, splenic, hepatic and left renal nerve plexuses.
Lymphatic drainage occurs in the regional nodes of the first order (upper and lower pancreatic-duodenal, upper and lower pancreatic, splenic, retropyloric), as well as in the nodes of the second order, which are the celiac nodes.
With pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas, a change in the size, shape and location of the organ inside the abdominal cavity occurs. But if the first two parameters are clearly visible during ultrasound examination, then the correct determination of the location of the organ is quite challenging task and requires special knowledge.
The position of the pancreas can be most accurately determined relative to the human skeleton, mainly the spinal column and ribs. This method is called skeletopy and allows you to identify even the slightest deviation from the norm, down to several millimeters.
It is impossible to correctly determine the location of the pancreas without knowing its anatomy. This organ is located in the abdominal cavity and, despite the name, is located not under the stomach, but behind it. Under the stomach, the gland descends only in a lying position, and when the body is positioned vertically, it returns to the same level as the stomach.
Organ length y different people is not the same and can range from 16 to 23 cm, and the weight is 80-100g. To isolate the pancreas from other organs and tissues of the abdominal cavity, it is placed in a kind of connective tissue capsule.
This capsule has three partitions that divide the pancreas into three unequal parts. They have different structures and perform different functions in the body. Each of them is extremely important for human health, and even a small failure can lead to dire consequences.
The pancreas consists of the following parts:
- Head;
- Body;
- Tail.
The head is the widest part and can reach 7 cm in girth. It is adjacent directly to the duodenum, which goes around it like a horseshoe. It is to the head that the most important blood vessels approach, such as the inferior vena cava, portal vein and right renal artery and vein.
Also in the head passes the bile duct common to the duodenum and pancreas. In the place where the head enters the body, there are another large blood vessels, namely the superior mesenteric artery and vein.
The body of the pancreas is shaped like a triangular prism with an upper anterior and lower plane. The common hepatic artery runs along the entire length of the body, and the splenic artery runs a little to the left. The root of the mesentery of the transverse colon is also located on the body, which often becomes the cause of its paresis during acute pancreatitis.
The tail is the narrowest part. It is shaped like a pear and its end rests against the gate of the spleen. WITH back side the tail is in contact with the left kidney, adrenal glands, renal artery and vein. The tail contains the islets of Langerhans, insulin-producing cells.
Therefore, damage to this part often provokes the development of diabetes.
Skeletotopia
The pancreas is located in the upper part of the peritoneum and crosses the human spine at the level lumbar region, or rather opposite the 2nd vertebra. Her tail is located on the left side of the body and bends slightly upward, so that it reaches the 1st lumbar vertebra. The head lies with right side of the torso and is located at the same level with the body opposite the 2nd vertebra.
IN childhood The pancreas is located slightly higher than in an adult, so in children this organ is located at the level of 10-11 vertebrae thoracic spine. This is important to consider when diagnosing pancreatic diseases in young patients.
Skeletotopy of the pancreas has great value when making a diagnosis. It can be determined using ultrasound examination, x-ray and pancreatogram, which is the most modern method examination of the diseased organ.
Holotopia
The pancreas is located in the epigastric region, and is mostly located in the left hypochondrium. This body hidden by the stomach, so when surgical operations The surgeon needs to perform a number of necessary manipulations on the pancreas.
Firstly, cut the omentum that separates the stomach from other abdominal organs, and secondly, carefully move the stomach to the side. Only after this the surgeon will be able to carry out the required surgical intervention into the pancreas, for example, to remove a cyst, tumor or dead tissue due to pancreatic necrosis.
The head of the pancreas is located to the right of the spinal column and is hidden by the peritoneum. Next come the body and tail, which are located in the left hypochondrium. The tail is slightly raised up and comes into contact with the gate of the spleen.
According to doctors, palpate the pancreas in healthy person almost impossible. It can be felt upon palpation only in 4% of women and 1% of men.
If the organ is easily palpable during the examination, this indicates a significant increase in its size, which is only possible in severe cases. inflammatory process or the formation of large tumors.
Syntopy
Syntopy of the pancreas allows you to determine its position in relation to other organs and tissues of the abdominal cavity. So the head and body are covered in front by the body and pyloric part of the stomach, and the tail is hidden by the gastric fundus.
Such close contact of the pancreas with the stomach has a significant impact on its shape and creates on the surface of the organ characteristic bulges and concavity. They have no effect on function and are normal.
The anterior part of the pancreas is almost completely hidden by the peritoneum, only a narrow strip of the organ remains open. It runs along the entire length of the gland and practically coincides with its axis. First, this line crosses the head in the center, then runs along the lower edge of the body and tail.
The tail, which is located in the left hypochondrium, covers left kidney and the adrenal gland, and then rests on the gate of the spleen. The tail and spleen are connected to each other by the pancreasplenic ligament, which is a continuation of the omentum.
The entire part of the pancreas located to the right of the spine, and especially its head, is covered by the gastrocolic ligament, transverse colon and loop of the small intestine.
In this case, the head has a close connection with the duodenum through the common duct, through which pancreatic juice enters it.
Ultrasonography
With an ultrasound examination of the pancreas, in 85% of cases it is possible to obtain a complete image of the organ, in the remaining 15% only a partial one. It is especially important during this examination to establish the exact diagram of its ducts, since it is in them that pathological processes most often occur.
In a healthy person, the head of the pancreas is always located directly under the right hepatic lobe, and the body and tail under the stomach and left hepatic lobe. The tail on ultrasound is especially clearly visible above the left kidney and in the immediate vicinity of the hilum of the spleen.
The head of the gland on scanograms is always visible as a large echo-negative formation, which is located on the right side of the spine. The inferior vena cava passes behind the head, and the superior mesenteric vein passes from the anterior and left part. This is what you should focus on when searching for the head of the organ during an ultrasound examination.
In addition, when determining the location of the head, you can use the mesenteric artery as a guide, as well as the splenic vein and aorta. Blood vessels are reliable indicators of the location of the organ, as they always pass close to it.
When studying a scan of the pancreas, it is important to remember that only the head is located to the right of the spine, the rest of it, namely the body and tail, are located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. In this case, the tail end is always slightly raised upward.
On ultrasound examination, the head of the pancreas is usually round or oval shape, and the body and tail are oblong cylindrical and approximately the same width. The most difficult thing with this research method is to see the pancreatic duct, which can be studied only in 30 cases out of 100. Its diameter normally does not exceed 1 mm.
If the pancreas is partially shielded, then most likely this is caused by the accumulation of gases in the abdominal cavity. Thus, the shadow of gas accumulated in the lumen of the duodenum can partially or completely cover the head of the organ and thereby significantly complicate its examination.
Gas can also accumulate in the stomach or colon, which is why the tail of the pancreas is often not visualized during ultrasound examination. In this case, you should postpone the examination to another day and prepare for it more carefully.
- Legumes (beans, peas, beans, soybeans, lentils);
- All varieties of cabbage;
- Vegetables rich in fiber: radishes, turnips, radishes, lettuce;
- Rye and whole grain bread;
- Porridges from all types of cereals, in addition to rice;
- Fruits: pears, apples, grapes, plums, peaches;
- Carbonated water and drinks;
- Dairy products: milk, kefir, cottage cheese, yogurt, fermented baked milk, sour cream, ice cream.
The structure and functions of the pancreas are described in the video in this article.
Watch the video: Anatomy of the liver. Liver lobule. Gallbladder.
The pancreas, pancreas, is located retroperitoneally in upper section abdominal cavity. Its length is 14-18 cm, width in the head area is 5-8 cm, in the middle part - 3.5-5 cm, thickness - 2-3 cm.
The gland is divided into a head, caput pancreatis, an expanded part lying to the right of the spine, a body, corpus pancreatis, and a tail, cauda pancreatis, tapering towards the spleen.
The head of the gland is flattened; it distinguishes between the anterior and posterior surfaces, facies anterior et posterior. At the lower edge of the head there is a hook-shaped process, processus uncinatus, 2-5 cm long, 3-4 cm wide. The shape of the process is variable, most often wedge-shaped or crescent-shaped.
At the border between the head and the body there is a groove, incisura pancreatis, in which the superior mesenteric vessels pass.
The body of the gland has a prismatic shape, so it has three surfaces: anterior, facies anterior, posterior, facies posterior, and lower, facies inferior. The surfaces are separated from each other by the upper, anterior and lower edges, margo superior, anterior et inferior. Often the body of the gland is flattened, and then there are only two surfaces (anterior and posterior) and two edges (upper and lower).
The pancreas is adjacent to spinal column And large vessels retroperitoneal space; its body protrudes somewhat in the ventral direction, forming an omental tubercle.
Position, projection and skeletopy. The pancreas is located in the epigastric region and extends from the duodenum to the hilum of the spleen. It is projected onto the anterior abdominal wall approximately in the upper third of the distance between the navel and the xiphoid process. In relation to the skeleton, the gland is located at the level of the I and II lumbar vertebrae, and its tail ends at the level of the X-XI ribs.
The pancreas, as a rule, occupies an oblique position in the abdominal cavity, since its tail, going into the left hypochondrium, rises slightly upward.
Syntopy. The anterior surface of the gland is covered with peritoneum and is in contact with the posterior wall of the stomach, from which it is separated by a narrow gap - the cavity of the omental bursa. The posterior surface is adjacent to the retroperitoneal tissue, organs and large vascular trunks located in it. The head of the pancreas is located in the C-shaped bend of the duodenum. At the top it is adjacent to the lower and posterior surfaces of the upper part of the duodenum. In some cases, the glandular mass also partially covers the anterior or posterior surface of the descending part of the duodenum. The uncinate process is in contact with the lower part of the duodenum, medial part it is located behind the superior mesenteric and portal veins, and sometimes behind the superior mesenteric artery.
The root of the mesentery of the transverse colon is fixed on the anterior surface of the head of the gland at the base of the uncinate process.
The transverse colon is adjacent to the anterior surface of the head of the gland in the upper section, and the loops of the small intestine in the lower section.
The arterial arch, formed by the superior and inferior anterior pancreatic-duodenal arteries, is located at a distance of 1-1.5 cm from the wall of the duodenum or passes in the groove formed by the pancreas and duodenum.
Posterior to the head of the gland are the inferior vena cava, right renal artery and vein, common bile duct, portal and superior mesenteric veins.
The inferior vena cava is covered by the gland for 5-8 cm. Between the head of the gland and the inferior vena cava, as well as the renal vessels, there is a thin layer of retroperitoneal tissue. There are no dense adhesions here and therefore, if necessary, for example, during pancreatoduodenal resection, as well as during mobilization of the duodenum, the head of the gland, together with the descending part of the duodenum, can be completely freely separated from the inferior vena cava and renal vessels.
The portal vein is located more superficially and medially from the inferior vena cava. It comes into contact with the head of the pancreas only with its initial section for 1.5-3 cm, then, moving somewhat obliquely from bottom to top, from left to right, it enters the hepatoduodenal ligament. The portal vein is formed at the border between the head and the body of the gland.
The connection between the portal vein and the pancreas is very strong; it is carried out by veins that come from the parenchyma of the gland and directly flow into the portal vein or its tributaries.
The common bile duct is located to the right of the portal vein and passes through the thickness of the head of the pancreas closer to its posterior surface; in rare cases, the duct lies in the groove formed by the descending part of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas, or on the posterior surface of the head of the gland. Posterior to the duct are the arterial and venous arch, formed by the superior and inferior pancreatic-duodenal vessels. These arches lie on the posterior surface of the head of the pancreas at a distance of 1-1.5 cm from the descending part of the duodenum.
The superior mesenteric vein is in contact with the gland for 1.5-2 cm. It is located in the incisura pancreatis and is almost completely surrounded by gland tissue. Only on the left is this groove open, and here, next to the vein, the superior mesenteric artery is located, surrounded by periarterial tissue.
The posterior wall of the stomach is adjacent to the anterior surface of the gland body. Often the body of the gland partially or completely protrudes above the lesser curvature of the stomach and comes into contact with the hepatogastric ligament, as well as the caudate lobe of the liver. At the upper edge of the body of the gland there is a gastropancreatic ligament, between the leaves of which the left gastric artery passes, accompanied by a vein of the same name. To the right of this ligament, along the upper edge of the gland or somewhat posterior to it, lies the common hepatic artery. Along the lower edge of the gland (in rare cases on its anterior surface) is the root of the mesentery of the transverse colon.
The posterior surface of the body of the pancreas is in direct contact with the splenic vessels and the inferior mesenteric vein. The splenic artery is located behind the upper edge of the pancreas. Sometimes bends or loops form along the way. In such cases, on separate areas the artery may protrude above the upper edge of the gland or go downward, approaching the splenic vein or crossing it.
The splenic vein is located below the artery of the same name and on the way to the portal vein receives 15-20 short venous trunks coming from the gland. At the lower edge of the pancreas, the inferior mesenteric vein passes, leading to the superior mesenteric, splenic or portal vein.
Somewhat deeper in the retroperitoneal tissue posterior to the pancreas is the aorta, as well as its branches: the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. The distance between these vessels at the point of their origin from the aorta in most cases does not exceed 0.5-3 cm; sometimes they arise from one common trunk. The celiac trunk is surrounded by the celiac nerve plexus, from which numerous branches are sent along the arterial vessels to the abdominal organs.
The tail of the gland is adjacent to the bottom of the stomach in front and covers the back renal vessels, partially the left kidney and the left adrenal gland, on the left it comes into contact with the hilum of the spleen. Above its upper edge are the splenic vessels, which here are often divided into two or three large branches heading towards the gate of the spleen; Along the lower edge, as in the region of the body of the gland, the root of the mesentery of the transverse colon runs.
The pancreatic duct, ductus pancreaticus, runs along the entire gland, closer to its posterior surface, and opens on the mucous membrane of the descending part of the duodenum together with the common bile duct on the major papilla. Less commonly, the pancreatic duct opens into the duodenum on its own, with its confluence located below the mouth of the common bile duct. An accessory pancreatic duct is often observed, which branches off from the main duct and opens on the duodenal mucosa slightly (about 2 cm) above the main duct at the papilla duodeni minor.
Blood supply. The pancreatic arteries are branches of the hepatic, splenic and superior mesenteric arteries. The blood supply to the head of the pancreas is mainly carried out by four pancreatic-duodenal arteries: superior anterior, superior posterior, inferior anterior and inferior posterior.
Superior posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery departs from the gastroduodenal artery at a distance of 1.6-2 cm from its beginning and is directed to the posterior surface of the head of the pancreas. It is in close topographic-anatomical relationship with the common bile duct, spiraling around it. Connects with the inferior posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
Superior anterior pancreaticoduodenal artery departs from the gastroduodenal artery at the lower semicircle of the upper part of the duodenum, i.e. 2-2.5 cm below the origin of the superior posterior pancreatic-duodenal artery. This artery anastomoses with the inferior anterior pancreatic-duodenal artery.
Inferior anterior and inferior posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries originate from the superior mesenteric artery or from its first two jejunal arteries, aa. jejunales. More often they arise with a common trunk from the first jejunal or superior mesenteric artery, less often - independently from the first or second jejunal artery, and only in some cases - from the initial section of the middle colon, splenic arteries or from the celiac trunk.
The inferior anterior pancreatic-duodenal artery anastomoses with the superior anterior pancreatic-duodenal artery, forming the anterior arterial arch.
Inferior posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery anastomoses with the superior posterior pancreaticoduodenal artery, forming the posterior arterial arch.
The body and tail of the pancreas are supplied with blood by branches arising from the splenic, common hepatic and gastroduodenal arteries, as well as from the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.
There are greater, inferior and caudal pancreatic arteries.
Great pancreatic artery departs from the splenic and much less often from the common hepatic artery. It passes through the thickness of the gland, heading towards the tail, and on its way gives off numerous branches to the parenchyma of the gland.
Inferior pancreatic artery arises from the splenic, gastroduodenal arteries, sometimes from the great pancreas or superior mesenteric artery. It goes to the left and branches in the substance of the gland near its lower edge.
The gland branches in the area of the tail caudal artery, arising from the branches of the splenic or from the left gastroepiploic artery.
The veins of the pancreas accompany the arteries of the same name. Venous outflow from the head of the gland is carried out by the pancreatic-duodenal veins. The veins of the pancreas anastomose abundantly among themselves, connecting all the roots of the portal vein.
Lymphatic system. Lymphatic vessels and nodes surround the pancreas on all sides.
Lymphatic drainage is carried out in the following groups lymph nodes:
1) pancreasplenic, lying along the upper edge of the body of the pancreas behind the gastropancreatic ligament;
2) upper pancreas, located along the upper edge of the gland;
3) splenic, lying at the gate of the spleen;
4) gastro-pancreatic, lying in the thickness of the gastro-pancreatic ligament;
5) pyloric-pancreatic, enclosed in the pyloric-pancreatic ligament;
6) anterosuperior pancreas-duodenum, located within the superior flexure of the duodenum;
7) anterioinferior pancreaticoduodenal (6-10 nodes), lying near the lower flexure of the duodenum;
8) posterosuperior pancreaticoduodenal (4-8 nodes), located posterior to the head of the gland;
9) posteroinferior pancreaticoduodenal (4-8 nodes), located posterior to the head of the gland near the lower flexure of the duodenum;
10) lower pancreas (2-3 nodes), lying along the lower edge of the pancreas;
11) preaortic retropancreatic (1-2 nodes), lying between the posterior surface of the pancreas and the aorta.
Innervation of the gland carried out by branches of the celiac, hepatic, splenic, mesenteric and left renal plexuses.
Branches from the celiac and splenic plexuses are directed to the gland at its upper edge. Branches from the superior mesenteric plexus go to the pancreas from the lower edge. The branches of the renal plexus enter the tail of the gland.
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Pancreas, pancreas,- second largest iron digestive tract, which is a mixed secretion gland.
Holotopia: located in the epigastric and left hypochondrium regions.
Skeletotopia: projected at the level of the I - II lumbar vertebrae.
Syntopy: the head is located in the horseshoe of the duodenum; the anterior surface of the body faces the pyloric part and body of the stomach; behind it comes into contact with the lumbar part of the diaphragm, portal vein, common bile duct and abdominal aorta; the tail touches the left kidney, adrenal gland and spleen.
1) parts:
- head (may have a hook-shaped process);
2) surfaces:
Rear surface;
Front surface;
Bottom surface.
3) edges:
Top edge(forms an omental tubercle);
Front edge;
Bottom edge.
In relation to the peritoneum, the pancreas is located retroperitoneally.
Exocrine, endocrine sections of the pancreas. Ways of excretion of the products of its activity.\ 1) The exocrine part of the pancreas is a complex alveolar-tubular gland and produces pancreatic juice. The structural and functional unit of this part of the pancreas is acini, including secretory cells and an excretory duct surrounded by blood capillaries. The collection of acini opening into the interlobular duct constitutes a lobule of the pancreas. An excretory duct emerges from the lobule and flows into the pancreatic duct, which runs throughout the gland. The pancreatic duct together with the common bile duct form the hepatopancreatic ampulla. Less commonly, the pancreatic duct independently flows into the lumen of the descending part of the duodenum.
2) Endocrine part of the pancreas presented Langerhans-Sobolev islets, which are located mainly in the tail area. Among the islet cells there are: beta-insulocytes that produce insulin (70% of them); alpha-insulocytes that form glucagon (20% of them); C, D, PP insulinocytes producing somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptides, etc.
42. Peritoneum. Definition. general characteristics. Abdomen. Its content.
Peritoneum, peritoneum, - This is a serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and covers some of the organs located in it, capable of secreting and absorbing serous fluid.
The peritoneum consists of the following layers: mesothelial basement membrane, connective tissue stroma, represented by collagen and elastic fibers, a layer of blood and lymphatic vessels.
Peritoneum lining inner surface abdominal wall is called parietal(parietal). The peritoneum covering the organs located in the abdominal cavity is called visceral.
Abdomen- this is the space limited by the intra-abdominal fascia.