Do children need to be vaccinated: the opinions of experts with all the pros and cons of vaccination. Do I need to get vaccinated against the flu? The opinion of the famous doctor Evgeny Komarovsky How vaccinations work

As a person who has worked for quite a long time in an infectious disease hospital, I can state with confidence: with regard to all diseases against which vaccinations are made, the probability of the disease remains very real. Children get sick with these diseases, and the outcomes are, to put it mildly, different. Therefore, for normal, sane and prudent parents, there is not and cannot be any discussion about whether vaccinations should be done or not.

Be sure to do!

Vaccinations must be carried out at the time prescribed by the pediatrician, and the more accurate you are, the higher the preventive effectiveness. This must be taken into account when planning, for example, a summer vacation; It would be nice to ask yourself when and what kind of vaccination should be done.
Each country in the world has its own calendar approved by the relevant state body. preventive vaccinations. This calendar takes into account the age of the child, the interval between vaccinations, and a list of specific diseases that vaccinations, in fact, prevent.

What is the essence of preventive vaccinations?
Introduced into the body medical preparation- vaccine. In response to the introduction of a vaccine, the body produces special cells - specific antibodies, which protect a person from the corresponding disease.
Each of the vaccines has its own strictly defined indications, contraindications and terms of use, its own scheme and its own routes of administration (by mouth, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally.
The body reacts differently to each vaccine. In some cases, one vaccination is enough to develop long-term immunity. In others, multiple injections are needed. From this arose two medical words- Vaccination and revaccination. The essence of vaccination is to achieve the production of specific antibodies in an amount sufficient to prevent a specific disease. But this starting (protective) level of antibodies gradually decreases, and repeated injections are necessary to maintain them (antibodies) the right amount. These repeated injections of the vaccine are revaccination.
The expression "Reacts differently" mentioned by us refers not only to the quality and timing of the formation of immunity, but also directly to the responses of the child's body. To reactions that both doctors and parents can directly observe (violation general condition increased body temperature, etc.

The severity and likelihood of these reactions are determined by three factors.
The first - we have already spoken about it - is the state of health of a particular vaccinated child.

The second is the quality and properties of a particular vaccine. All vaccines approved for use (certified) by the World Health Organization (and only such vaccines are used in our country) have high prophylactic efficacy, and there is not a single one of them known to be bad or of poor quality. Nevertheless, vaccines from different manufacturers can contain different doses of antigens, differ in the degree of purification, and in the type of preservative substances used. In addition, vaccines, even those intended for the prevention of the same disease, can differ from one another in the most fundamental way - for example, they can be a drug created on the basis of a live but weakened microbe, or a drug based on a killed microbe (or even part It is clear that if the microbe, although weakened, is alive, there is always the possibility of developing a disease (the same disease against which the vaccine was given), but with a killed microbe there is no such probability.

The third factor is action medical workers. Vaccination is not an ordinary standard process, according to the principle "inject everyone in three months", but individual, very specific and very responsible actions that a particular doctor performs in relation to a particular child. And these actions are not at all as simple as it might seem at first glance. It is necessary to assess the child’s health, select a vaccine preparation, give the baby’s relatives clear and accessible recommendations on how to prepare the child for vaccination and how to handle it after it (food, drink, air, walking, bathing, medicines. It is also very important to scrupulously observe a lot of vaccination subtleties: how to properly store the vaccine, how to heat it before use, where to inject, etc.

Now a few words about specific vaccinations against specific diseases.
The very first vaccination is a vaccine against tuberculosis (the famous anti-tuberculosis vaccine is called BCG.
It, as a rule, is done directly in the maternity hospital on the 4-7th day after birth, once. In the future, theoretically, revaccination is carried out at 7, 12 and 16-17 years. Why theoretically? Yes, because the question of whether or not to do revaccination against tuberculosis largely depends on the Mantoux reaction. This reaction is done to children every year, but the vast majority of parents have no idea what it is and what it is for.

The fact is that almost every person sooner or later becomes infected with the tuberculosis bacterium, that is, the microbe enters the human body. But the very fact of infection does not at all indicate that a person has contracted tuberculosis. Suppose a microbe has got in, and the body, thanks to the same vaccination, has a protective amount of antibodies - so the disease does not develop, although the tuberculosis bacterium is present. The Mantoux reaction is not a vaccination, it is a test for infection with tuberculosis. The expression "not a Vaccination, but a Test" is very important. Doesn't happen after trial. general reactions- the temperature does not rise, the state of health does not change. A local reaction, that is, directly in the place where they were injected, may well be, in fact, this is what the test is done for.
In the event that there are no tuberculosis bacteria in the body, the test is negative, and after infection it becomes positive.

How is all this carried out in practice? The child is given a Mantoux reaction every year, it is, of course, negative, but now, at one not-so-great moment, the negative test becomes positive. Doctors call this the turn of the tuberculin test, and sooner or later this turn takes place in almost all people, but one at 3 years old, and the other at 12 or 19. And here a very responsible situation arises. It is necessary to get an answer to a very fundamental question: a person became infected, but did not get sick, naturally because he had immunity, or the infection led to the onset of the disease - there were not enough protective antibodies.

Doctors, tuberculosis specialists (phthisiatricians) answer this question. For this, the child is examined, certain tests are taken, and, if necessary, X-rays of organs are taken. chest. Depending on the results, the doctor makes an appropriate conclusion. Tuberculosis has been detected - we are treating tuberculosis, questionable results - a course of preventive treatment with special anti-tuberculosis antibiotics, everything is in order - everything is in order, but revaccination is no longer necessary - anti-tuberculosis immunity will no longer be supported by a vaccine, but by a microbe that directly enters the body. And the task of doctors is not to let such a child out of sight, to register and examine it regularly, in order to identify in time a situation when the body cannot cope and still have to be treated.

At the age of about 3 months, vaccinations begin directly at the clinic. For three injections with an interval of 1-1.5 months, vaccination is carried out immediately against four diseases - poliomyelitis (the vaccine is liquid, it is dripped into the mouth) and whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus - there is already an injection. A vaccine called DTP is used: one drug and immediately against three diseases (k - whooping cough, D - diphtheria, s - tetanus. In the second year of life, revaccination is carried out against all these diseases.

At the age of one year, a measles vaccine is given, at 15-18 months - from mumps (mumps.
The calendar of preventive vaccinations is constantly being reviewed. It depends on the epidemic situation, the emergence of new vaccines, and the availability of funds from the state. Modern calendar provides for, for example, vaccinations against hepatitis B, but they are almost never done - there is no money for a vaccine. Specifically, the timing of specific vaccinations, you can always check with your pediatrician.

After any vaccination (any) there may be a reaction of the body - an increase in body temperature, refusal to eat, lethargy. This is normal: the body develops immunity (protection) to a specific disease. Some vaccines are very well tolerated and almost never cause serious reactions - a typical example is the polio vaccine. The introduction of other drugs, on the contrary, is often accompanied by pronounced increase temperature and a significant violation of the general condition of the child - again, a typical example is the pertussis component of the DTP vaccine.

It is very important for parents to be aware of the fundamental difference between a reaction to a vaccine and a complication after vaccination.
Reactions to vaccination, in varying degrees of severity, simply must be, and this, as we have already noted, is absolutely normal.
What are complications? This is exactly what should not be, which is extremely rare. There should be no convulsions, no loss of consciousness, no temperature above 40 s. the child should not be covered from head to toe with a rash, and in the place where they were injected, there should not be any suppuration.

Complications after vaccinations are always serious. Each such case is analyzed in detail, a whole medical commission decides why it happened and what to do next? To vaccinate or not, if so, what drug and from what diseases.

When can and when not to be vaccinated?
First of all, remember that any vaccination is given to a child who at this moment does not have any acute infectious disease - no runny nose, no diarrhea, no rash, no fever. Why is the absence of an infectious disease important? Yes, because any vaccine is a burden on the immune system. In order to respond to the vaccine correctly and develop a sufficient amount of antibodies, the body must be more or less free from other matters, in turn, associated with the development of immunity. There are two conclusions from this: if a child has a leg in a cast, then this is not a contraindication to vaccination. In the event that any, even an infectious disease, proceeds with a normal temperature and with an undisturbed general condition, it is clear that such a disease does not carry a significant burden on the immune system and is not a contraindication to vaccination.

There are exceptions to this rule. Some infectious diseases specifically affect those cells human body, which are responsible for the development of immunity. This, for example, chicken pox and infectious mononucleosis. That is, if a child has chickenpox, then normal temperature and a satisfactory general condition is still not a reason to be vaccinated. But exceptions only confirm the rules - moderate sniffing with a general cheerful state completely allows vaccinations.

Some infectious diseases suffered by a child cause a prolonged weakening of the body's defenses and this, in turn, is a contraindication to vaccination for a certain period (about 6 months after recovery. Such diseases include meningitis, viral hepatitis, the infectious mononucleosis already mentioned by us.

At the same time, to vaccinate or not to vaccinate is a question that belongs exclusively to the competence of the doctor. For each disease - allergic, congenital, neurological, etc. - appropriate rules have been developed: how, when and with what to vaccinate.

How to prepare for vaccination?

You don't need to do anything special. Well, except that in every possible way to avoid experiments with food - do not give any new products.

Remember: Prepare healthy child vaccination with any kind of medicine is impossible. Any drugs that allegedly facilitate the tolerability of vaccination: "Vitaminchiki", homeopathic remedies, herbs "for vessels", beneficial bacteria, droplets "for immunity", etc., etc. - all these are popular methods of psychotherapy for mom and dad, an attempt to implement the common mental principle "well, you have to do something" and the business of manufacturers (distributors) of these drugs.

And a few more tips:
The lower the load on the digestive system, the easier the vaccination is tolerated. Never force your child to eat. Do not offer food until asked. The day before vaccination, if possible, limit the volume and concentration of food eaten;

Do not feed (nothing) for at least an hour before vaccination;

When going to the clinic for a vaccination, try very, very hard not to overdo it with clothes. It will be highly undesirable if the vaccine is given to a very sweaty baby with a fluid deficiency in the body. Only in the event that sweaty people nevertheless got into the clinic, wait, change clothes, drink well;

3-4 days before vaccination, limit the child's contact with people as much as possible (children. Do not look for infections: if possible, avoid crowded events, shops, public transport, etc .;.

While in the clinic, restrain your sociability. Stand (sit) on the sidelines, reduce contacts. Ideally, put dad in line, and take a walk with the baby on fresh air.

Actions after vaccination:
Walk!

Try to underfeed a little (if you have an appetite) or feed, attention, only according to your appetite (if your appetite is reduced or absent.

drink more - mineral water, dried fruit compote, green, fruit, berry tea.

Clean cool moist air.

Limit communication with people as much as possible - the child develops immunity, his body is busy. Other microbes are undesirable to us now. And the source of these other microbes is other people.

With an increase in body temperature and a significant violation of the general condition - a doctor's examination, but paracetamol in any form (suppositories, tablets, syrup) can be given. The higher the body temperature, the more relevant the rules set out in points 2, 3 and 4.

Only if the child becomes ill after vaccination:
On Friday Petya was vaccinated, on Monday he began to cough, and on Wednesday the doctor diagnosed him with Inflammation of the Lungs. Eternal questions: why did this happen and, of course, who is to blame?
From the point of view of parents, the vaccine is to blame - this fact is obvious and lies on the surface - I don’t really want to go deep. In fact probable causes three:

Incorrect actions immediately after vaccination.
Additional infection, most often acute respiratory viral infection against the background of "Busy" immunity.
Reduced immunity in general - "Thanks" to the appropriate upbringing.

So who is to blame and what can be done to prevent this from happening? The question is rhetorical, because it is obvious that the ability of a child to respond normally to vaccinations largely depends on the system of care and education. And this is completely in the competence of the parents.

Doctor Komarovsky

The topic of vaccination is the subject of heated debate among those who are in favor of vaccination and those who categorically refuse it. Let's find out what the famous pediatrician Komarovsky thinks about vaccinations.

Do I need to be vaccinated: "for" and "against"

E. Komarovsky for a long time worked in an infectious diseases hospital. He assures that all the diseases against which vaccination is carried out today are common even now. Children suffer from diphtheria, mumps, tetanus, measles, tuberculosis and other infections, and the outcome of such a disease can be different. So Komarovsky is sure that all parents who know how to think and reason sensibly will not doubt that it is important to get vaccinated.

Another issue is the risk of a reaction to the vaccine, which depends mainly on the condition of the baby. If parents are worried about this, then they should not refuse vaccination, but direct their efforts to prepare the child for vaccinations. Factors such as breastfeeding, avoidance of contact with allergens, healthy lifestyle life, hardening procedures and others, will help reduce adverse reactions for vaccination.

It is also important to vaccinate at the time recommended by the pediatrician, as this affects the preventive effectiveness. Each country has a vaccination calendar, which is approved at the state level. It is important for parents to be aware of the upcoming vaccine schedule in advance so that they can plan their activities, such as vacations and travel.

Indications for the vaccine

It is impossible to vaccinate against SARS in the following cases:

In cases where a person has some chronic illness, vaccination against SARS can be done a month after the manifestations of this disease subsided.

A child aged 3 years is vaccinated twice, with an interval between vaccinations of a month, in the event that they have not previously been vaccinated. This is done in order to strengthen the immune system as much as possible against this disease. If children were vaccinated during each year, then the vaccine is given once. The doctor can recommend vaccination, relying on indications of the state of health

The effect of the vaccine

To date, split viruses are used for influenza vaccination. That is, the influenza virus itself is not active, but contains substances active virus. This allows the immune system to recognize the virus and create antibodies that, when active viruses are detected during SARS epidemics, will be ready to eliminate the attacking viruses.

The vaccine is the same pear with the characteristics of the enemy's attacks. Immunity begins to study the mechanisms of action of the virus on the “blank” (split inactive virus) and works out its own countermeasures. And when the flu attacks, the immune system, knowing in advance about the actions of the virus, counteracts it and destroys it. On next year, the same boxer comes, but this time he starts to attack with his left hand. In order to successfully repel attacks, you need to train to defend against blows from the left. For this, a new vaccine is being developed that will be able to overcome the attacks of the virus, which managed to mutate in a year.

When is the best time to do

The optimal time for vaccination is September and October. It is dangerous to vaccinate later because at the time of vaccination in the body, children may already have hidden viruses SARS.

Reaction

This is opposed by people who believe that vaccinations with foreign drugs are aimed at undermining people's health, rather than helping them. Supporters oppose vaccinations folk methods treatment of diseases. In any case, the decision will be made by a person who will face a choice: whether to be vaccinated or not, and for the children, this choice will be made by their parents. The procedure for vaccination against SARS, as a rule, is paid. It is free for children.

The main reactions of the body to the vaccine:

Having a low temperature.

The resulting soft tissue edema at the injection site during vaccinations and the presence of a temperature above 39 degrees Celsius is considered a strong local reaction. As a rule, on the second day after the introduction of the vaccine side effects disappear on their own. The use of modern vaccines that do not contain live viruses cause by-effect rarely. According to statistics, the number of cases where side effects were manifested reaches from one to 4%.

Dmitry Evgenievich Komarovsky. Family

Married young and stupid after the fourth year. I still can't stop wondering how I got so lucky the first time! studied in the same course. Katya (Ekaterina Alexandrovna) - also pediatrician(oculist). She gave birth to two boys for me - Dmitry (1982) and Andrey (1988). The guys are already quite adults, independent, married, and both together became dads in 2013. So it was in this year that Dr. Komarovsky became a grandfather, and now he has a grandson and granddaughter.

We live in our house, theoretically together, but almost always someone runs around - friends, children, grandchildren. In the courtyard big garden, fir trees, birch trees, two huge oak trees, each more than 100 years old. There is no garden, but there is a barbecue, a gazebo, a sauna, a tennis table, a basketball hoop, a cat and a dog walk.

After injection, foreign agents enter the bloodstream. Therefore, the body begins to actively develop immunity to the components of the vaccine through the synthesis of antibodies, interferon, phagocytes. This allows leukocytes to remember the pathogenic agent, and when pathogens enter the body, to overcome the infection.

These processes provoke the development of local and systemic reactions. to local side symptoms include:

Redness of the skin at the injection site, soreness, slight swelling;
Violation motor function the extremity where the drug was injected.

The systemic reaction of the body involves the development of the following symptoms:

Temperature increase;
Capriciousness, irritability, tearfulness, anxiety;
Slight lethargy, drowsiness;
Violation of the stool;
Vomiting and loss of appetite.

These symptoms usually develop within 1-3 days after vaccination. If the symptoms appeared later, then they indicate the development of an infection that coincided with immunization.

Important! Normal temperature after vaccination is not a deviation. It only characterizes individual characteristics child's body.

Komarovsky about vaccinations for doubters. What is the meaning of vaccinations

Komarovsky about vaccinations from the point of view of their essence says the following: a vaccine is introduced into the body. In response, the body produces specific antibodies that protect against the corresponding disease. Vaccines, as Komarovsky says, and the website about vaccinations will confirm this, have strictly defined indications and contraindications, terms of use, schemes and routes of administration.

According to the school of Dr. Komarovsky, vaccinations cause different reactions in organism. Sometimes one vaccination is enough to develop long-term immunity. Sometimes multiple injections are needed. When vaccinated, they achieve the production of antibodies in an amount that is sufficient to prevent a specific disease. In his articles “Komarovsky on vaccinations for doubters”, the doctor says that the starting level of antibodies decreases over time, so repeated injections of the vaccine are needed to maintain the desired amount of antibodies. Repeated injections are called revaccination.

Reactions to vaccinations are determined by: the state of health of the child, the properties and quality of a particular vaccine, the actions of medical workers.

Komarovsky warns that the Pentaxim vaccine is a polyvalent vaccine. As a rule, most of these vaccinations protect against only one virus. Pentaxim is used for prophylactic purposes against several pathogens and is available in two forms.

In one case, the drug fights against the following diseases: diphtheria, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, tetanus. Most often, these diseases are caused by Haemophilus influenzae, with which the vaccine fights. The drug is available in cardboard packaging, each of which contains a syringe with a suspension. One dose contains neutralized toxins of pathogens that develop immunity to diseases. In addition to the main component, the composition includes additional substances such as formaldehyde, aluminum hydroxide, deionized water, as well as acetic acid. Komarovsky says that the Pentaxim injection in one syringe is one dose.

Otherwise, the vaccine comes in a vial. It consists of 10 mcg of neutralized Haemophilus influenzae type B toxin, dry lyophilisate, trometamol, sucrose. One bottle is for one child.

Often, mothers ask Komarovsky: what is better than DTP or Pentaxim? The doctor advises Pentaxim if there is an opportunity in the city to do it, because. this vaccine is considered a new generation drug and costs money, but DPT is free. If you choose between other vaccines, such as Pentaxim and Infarnix, Komarovsky says that both vaccines are equally tolerated and cost about the same price. The only question is whether these vaccinations can be found in the city where the family lives.

What do these letters mean?

A - adsorbed vaccine.

K - whooping cough.

D - diphtheria.

C - tetanus.

The vaccine consists of weakened bacteria - the causative agents of the above diseases, sorbed on the basis of aluminum hydroxide and merthiolate. There are also cell-free vaccines, more purified. They contain particles of microorganisms that stimulate the body to produce the necessary antibodies.

Note that Dr. Komarovsky says: “The DPT vaccination is the most difficult and can be difficult for a child to tolerate. The pertussis element contained in it complicates its portability.

One vaccine will protect against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. These diseases can lead to a sad outcome, and how dangerous they are, we will consider further.

Video Should children be vaccinated? Komarovsky's answer

Vaccination of children in the first year of life is mandatory, since infants have weak immunity and cannot resist dangerous infections. Vaccinations for such children are carried out according to a certain scheme, due to which the body's immune system is strengthened gradually and stably. The meaning of schematic vaccination is that after a certain period of time a vaccine of the same nature enters the child's body. Existing immunological antibodies with this scheme will be able to actively interact with the stimulus, defeating them, and thereby strengthening the immune system. Detailed information about the procedure for vaccinating children under one year old you can find in our today's article.

Compulsory vaccinations for children under one year old in Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus

Children of the first year of life are given several different vaccinations, which provide a still fragile body with immunity for several years to come. The following are considered mandatory vaccinations for Russian children of one year of age:

Tuberculosis vaccine - BCG. It is done in the initial three days after birth while still in the hospital. Introduced in left shoulder. A few months later, a crust appears at the injection site, which will gradually come off, and a small scar will remain on the handle of the crumbs. Treat the wound antiseptics it is impossible, since this vaccination does not require artificial healing. Immunity after vaccination lasts for seven years.
Hepatitis B vaccine. The first vaccination is given in the maternity hospital within three days after birth, the second - in a month, the third - in six months. The effect of such a vaccine lasts for five years.
A complex vaccine against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus - DPT. It is carried out in three stages, with repetitions in a year. Immunity is formed for a period of five to ten years.
Measles, rubella and mumps vaccine - MMR vaccine. With the help of it, the child's body quickly adapts to the virus, immunity is maintained for five years.

The schedule of mandatory vaccinations in Ukraine for children of the first year of life is slightly different from the Russian one, but not significantly. First necessary vaccinations newborns in both countries are identical. So, immediately after birth, the child is vaccinated against hepatitis B, and from the third to the seventh day of life they are vaccinated against tuberculosis. At the age of three months, children are vaccinated for the first time against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough; poliomyelitis; from hemophilic infection.

At four and then at five months, babies are given the second and third vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough; from hemophilic infection; from poliomyelitis. At the age of six months, children are re-vaccinated against hepatitis B. When the child is one year old, he is vaccinated for the first time against measles, rubella, mumps.

The schedule of vaccination of children under one year old in Belarus is regulated by the relevant decree of the Ministry of Health, which has been in force since 2012. Unlike other countries, influenza vaccination and pneumococcal infection have been introduced here. Slightly different from Russian and the timing of vaccination.

In the first twelve hours after birth, babies are vaccinated against hepatitis B. The vaccine is repeated at one and five months of the baby's life. The vaccine against tuberculosis is given to infants on the third day from birth and again at the age of seven years.

Vaccination of children against pneumococcal infection is carried out at two months, then at four and at twelve. A DTP vaccination in Belarus they make babies at the age of three months, then at four and five months.

Children are vaccinated against poliomyelitis and hemophilic infection at three, four and five months. From measles, rubella, mumps - in one year. Belarusian children are vaccinated against influenza at six months and then repeated every six months.

Vaccination in Kazakhstan of children under one year old is carried out according to the following scheme: on the first four days, newborns are vaccinated against viral hepatitis B. Then revaccination is repeated at two and four months. BCG is put on the first day of life. AKTsS - in two, three and four months. Children in Kazakhstan are vaccinated against polio at the age of two months, then at three, four months and a year. From a hemophilic infection - in two, three and four months.

We reviewed the list mandatory vaccinations for children of the first year of life, however, there are other vaccines that, if necessary, can be prescribed by the attending physician. For example, if the immune system is weakened or serious problems in the work of some organs additional vaccination one year old baby is simply necessary.

Vaccination calendar for children under one year old: schedule, table

We bring to your attention detailed diagram vaccination of children under one year in the form of a table. In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation dated March 21, 2014 No. 125n, the calendar of children's preventive vaccinations in 2016 is as follows:

What are the dangers of vaccinations for children under one year old: complications

Adverse reactions during routine vaccinations of newborns are currently quite rare. However, in some cases, the baby's body may react to the introduction of the vaccine as follows:

redness, suppuration skin at the place of vaccination;
an allergic reaction, an increase in body temperature, the appearance of symptoms of an infectious disease.

Most common causes complications are non-compliance with contraindications, violation of the rules and techniques of the procedure, poor quality of the vaccine, individual reactions of the child's body. That is why every parent should know that children with congenital immunodeficiency are not given live vaccines against measles, rubella and others. Suppuration at the injection site occurs most often if the drug is not injected deep enough under the skin. Allergy occurs when a large dose of a vaccine is administered.

Complications associated with individual hypersensitivity to the vaccine, pose the greatest danger, since predicting them possible development in a particular child in most cases is impossible.

Depending on the type of vaccine, complications of this kind may be due to:

the toxic effect of the drug itself (inactivated vaccines);
an infectious process that has arisen after the introduction of a vaccination preparation (live vaccines);
the development of a perverted sensitivity to the vaccine (sensitization).

In case of complications after vaccination, it is necessary to urgently consult a doctor who will prescribe treatment (antipyretics, antiallergic drugs, antibiotics, immunotherapy, etc.).

Note that the Government of the Russian Federation to all citizens in the event of post-vaccination complications pays compensation.

Whether or not to do routine vaccinations for children under one year old: pros and cons

There are ongoing discussions on this topic: some parents categorically oppose mandatory vaccination, arguing that the child's immunity is able to overcome any infection itself. Well, their opponents do not support this position, insisting that without vaccination, the child runs the risk of becoming "disabled". We will not go to extremes and support one side or the other 100%. We suggest that you simply study the pros and cons of vaccinating children under one year old and draw the appropriate conclusions for yourself.

Argument "against"

Vaccinations undermine a child's immune system, leaving them susceptible to illnesses that they might not have gotten if they hadn't been vaccinated. In other words, vaccinations adversely affect natural immunity, given to man from nature.

Argument for

Vaccination only temporarily weakens the immunity of the child, but in general it becomes stronger. Humans have no natural immunity against pathogens severe infections. Vaccinations are the only way to protect yourself from them.

Argument "against"

Vaccination is not a 100% guarantee that a child will not get the disease for which they were vaccinated. No vaccination can completely protect a child from infection.

Argument for

Even partial protection is better than nothing. In vaccinated children, even if they become ill, the disease progresses more quickly. mild form and gives fewer complications.

Argument "against"

The danger of many infections is greatly exaggerated. A child is able to overcome chickenpox or measles on their own and acquire lifelong immunity to them. The vaccine will not protect against these diseases for life - revaccinations are necessary, each of which is associated with a risk of complications.

Argument for

The so-called childhood infections can also give serious complications, especially if adults who are not vaccinated against them in a timely manner and who have not been ill with them in childhood are overtaken. For example, rubella in pregnant women can lead to congenital malformations of the fetus. And men who have had measles in adulthood are at risk of infertility.

Argument "against"

When breastfeeding, immunity is transferred to the child, so there is no point in rushing to get vaccinated. Up to a year, until the baby's immune system has matured, it is better not to risk his health and avoid encounters with a foreign protein.

Argument for

That a small amount of mother's antibodies, which are transmitted with breast milk, do not protect the baby from airborne infections. How younger child, the more dangerous an infectious disease is for him.

Argument "against"

Each vaccine contains chemical substances, toxic to the body (mercury salts, aluminum hydroxide, formalin). They can provide pernicious influence to the central nervous system, liver and kidneys of the baby.

Argument for

In modern vaccines, the concentration of toxic substances is minimal. Antibiotics that an unvaccinated baby will have to take are much more dangerous for his body than vaccines.

Argument "against"

There are no absolutely safe vaccines. Any vaccination can give serious complications to the child, and even lead to death.

Argument for

The diseases that vaccines protect against can lead to disability and death, and the risk of such an outcome is hundreds of times higher than in the case of possible post-vaccination complications.

Argument "against"

The universal rejection of vaccinations will allow us to raise a generation of healthy people.

Argument for

Widespread refusal to vaccinate can lead to epidemics of dangerous diseases.

Do children need vaccinations under one year old: Dr. Komarovsky

To the parental question whether to vaccinate children under one year old, Dr. Komarovsky answers as follows: with regard to the diseases against which vaccinations are made, the likelihood of getting sick remains real. Children get all of these diseases, but outcomes vary. As a rule, in vaccinated children, these diseases are mild and do not lead to severe complications. Therefore, for sane parents, there can be no discussion here.

Dr. Komarovsky argues that children should be vaccinated at the time prescribed by the doctor: the more accurate the parents, the higher the preventive effectiveness of vaccination. However, it is worth remembering that any vaccination is done at the time of the absence of an acute infectious disease: the child should not have a runny nose, diarrhea, rash, fever. The vaccine is a burden on the immune system. To respond to it correctly and develop the required amount of antibodies, children's body should be normal.

Take care of your kids and don't get sick!

Especially for - Nadezhda Vitvitskaya

If you are convinced that anyone who speaks out in favor of vaccines is a person who has clearly sold out to vaccine manufacturers - you do not need to read this at all.
If you are an ardent opponent of vaccination, if you have already decided everything for yourself and for your child, you do not need to read this at all.
This article is intended for parents who understand that vaccinations are a real and highly effective way to prevent infectious diseases, but a way that involves certain risks. That is why prudent and sensible mothers and fathers should know and try to practically implement a certain algorithm of actions that can significantly reduce the risk. We will talk about these actions (real and practical).

* * * So, in the whole complex of problems associated with vaccination, three areas can be distinguished, which should be considered separately:

1) Vaccine preparation.
2) Child.
3) Vaccination conditions - that is, the parameters under which the paths of the child and the vaccine intersect.

Let us immediately note that the ability of parents to influence the three indicated areas is far from being equivalent. They are minimal in relation to a vaccine, maximal in relation to a child, and very significant when it comes to the conditions of vaccination.

Vaccine preparation

The main thing is that not a single obviously bad and low-quality drug has been registered either on the territory of Russia or on the territory of Ukraine. They (drugs) can vary greatly in price, moderately differ in efficacy, tolerability, the likelihood of reactions and complications.
Since of all the vaccines currently available, reactions to the pertussis vaccine are the most common, so it is not surprising that we will turn our attention to this particular vaccine and discuss the possibilities of choice using its example.
Whooping cough vaccine is a standard component of vaccine preparations such as DTP, Tetracoccus, Infanrix. In infanrix, the pertussis component is maximally split, which, nevertheless, does not affect the effectiveness of vaccination, but greatly reduces both the severity and the very likelihood of reactions.
Now about the practical results of vaccination. I warn you right away: everything I am writing about now is personal experience and personal observations, therefore, in fact, this material is posted on a personal blog. Those who trust, adopt, the rest are considered as information for reflection.
Since 2000, I have not seen a single child with whooping cough who would have been vaccinated with Tetracoke or Infanrix. Patients with whooping cough, who, judging by the entries in the card, were correctly and timely vaccinated with the DTP vaccine, as many as you like. True, there are practically no severe forms of the disease, but there are many patients.
Reactions to vaccination after tetracoccus and DTP are almost the same in frequency and severity, sometimes it even seems that tetracoccus is tolerated worse, at least local tissue reactions are more common.
Infanrix is well tolerated in most cases.
DTP is free, tetracoc and infanrix, as a rule, must be bought. The price bites.
Tetracoccus and Infanrix are single dose packages (one syringe, one vial = one patient). DPT - in an ampoule 2 doses (why, why, for whom ??? - it is not clear at all).
All preparations are sensitive to storage conditions and must be stored and transported exclusively in a refrigerator.
General results:
Infanrix - effective, minimum reactions, expensive.
Tetrakok - effective, reactions are not uncommon, expensive.
DPT - in most cases effective, reactions are not uncommon, free of charge.
Choose!
Theoretically, almost all vaccines can be analyzed in this way.
Well, for example:
OPV (oral polio vaccine, live virus) - no need to give an injection, maximum efficiency, well tolerated, free, but in one case per million (several million) VAP (vaccine-associated polio) is possible;
IPV (injectable polio vaccine, killed virus) - an injection is needed, the effectiveness is maximum, it is well tolerated, often paid, in any case more expensive than OPV; VAP is not possible.
The country (the state) has a material opportunity to choose - wonderful. The country does not have the opportunity, but you personally have it - choose.
But in fact, the main thing is different, and this is quite obvious.
One and the same vaccine preparation (absolutely the same) received 1 million children. 999,999 endured it well, and 1 fell ill.
The vast majority of children normally or with minor and short-term reactions tolerate the DTP vaccine (absolutely the same for all). But sometimes there are serious complications.
It is clear that since the drug in all cases same, and the health status of the vaccinated miscellaneous, then in most cases the root cause of complications is the characteristics of the organism, and not the poor quality of the drug.
The likelihood of complications can be reduced by choosing the least reactogenic vaccine, but this choice is far from always possible, if only because Infanrix may not be registered in the country where you are lucky to live, or IPV has not been brought to your city, or your family does not have financial opportunity to buy tetracoke.
However, I would like to reiterate what we started with: neither in Russia nor in Ukraine is not a single obviously bad and low-quality drug registered. In most cases, parents do not have any ability to influence the quality of vaccines, but this “inability to influence” affects the results of vaccination to a very small extent.
In the same time it is the parents have huge and real opportunities affect the health status of the vaccinated child.

Child

First of all, it should be stated that the education system affects the results of inoculation in the most fundamental way.
If you know how to properly care for a child: feed, dress, walk, bathe, temper, help with simple respiratory viral infections - well, if you not only know all this, but also put it into practice, the likelihood that your the child will tolerate vaccinations without problems, maximum.
We will not teach the correct care here, enough has already been written about this.
In practice, quite often the situation is as follows: the child walks little or not at all, lives in a stuffy room, overfeeds, feeds on juices from the age of one month, wraps himself up, he is actively kissed and licked by a bunch of relatives, he is actively treated for a runny nose with a bunch of medicines (his nose sniffs, because it has dried mucus in it because of the heat) ...
Vaccination turns out to be the last straw that overflows the cup of patience immune system but, of course, the vaccine is to blame.
So - The first and indispensable condition for preparation is a normal lifestyle.
Following. At the time of vaccination, the child must be healthy.
And healthy, first of all, from the point of view of mom! It is clear and obvious that the body temperature should be normal and that there should be no other complaints. But not only that! Behavior, mood, appetite, sleep - everything is as always. The doctor may not know that at night the baby was not clear why he was capricious, or that this morning for some reason he did not finish his favorite kefir. But mom has to respond. Observe, wait, delay. In the end no one better mom will not be able to feel the state of the child and say the phrase "something is wrong."
At the same time, if for three weeks now a child has snot with a normal temperature and excellent appetite, it is so clear that these snot do not exert any load on the immune system and will not interfere with the vaccination. If there are manifestations allergic dermatitis, so the vaccine can be done only when there are no new rashes for at least 3 weeks. But here (rash, snot, any real symptoms) the doctor has the last word.
You doubt - this is a real reason to do a clinical (general) blood test on the eve of vaccination. If you do this analysis on your own initiative (i.e. at your own expense), pay a little more, but ask to determine the level of platelets and clotting time - an additional safety net.
Very, very important!
The lower the load on the intestines, the easier the vaccine is tolerated.
Therefore, three days - the day before vaccination, on the day of vaccination and the next day - try to limit the volume and concentration of food eaten as much as possible.
Do not offer food until asked.
In any soup, in any porridge, a spoon can float, or it can stand. Make it float and sink very quickly.
When using milk formulas or ready-made instant cereals for baby food you need to deliberately reduce your concentration. It is written on the package: put 6 tablespoons of powder into 200 ml of water. Put 5! And if the child excess weight - 4,5!

With natural feeding, there are usually no problems - breast milk in itself, an excellent prevention of post-vaccination reactions, but in a situation where the child is fed on demand, problems may develop. The bottom line: after vaccination, the child may well experience moderate malaise, which is manifested by greater capriciousness. And since the child cries more, then, of course, it is also more near the chest. Accordingly, on the day of vaccination, the child eats more food than on ordinary days, then his stomach hurts, and, as usual, the vaccine is to blame. To make matters worse, advocates of on-demand feeding generally don't give babies any liquid other than milk, so there's no way to reduce the amount of food they eat.
If we are talking about free feeding, then the algorithm of actions is as follows:
- if you can drink, but you can feed, so you should drink;
- if you can feed now, but you can in half an hour, then try very hard so that in half an hour;
- if you can hold it at the chest for 10 minutes, or you can 30 - it’s better than 10 ...
The next safety statement.
Do not vaccinate if the child did not have a stool during the day before the vaccination.
Are you at the clinic today, but you haven't pooped since yesterday? Make a cleansing enema, put a glycerin suppository.

In principle, I draw your attention: the presence of constipation in a child (even with natural feeding) increases the risk of adverse reactions after vaccinations. Therefore, no matter what you read about how completely normal it is to poop while breastfeeding once every 5 days, try to help the child (lactulose syrup), achieve regular bowel movements, and then you can think about vaccinations ...
If for some reason you give your child vitamin D in addition to breast milk or formula, stop taking it 2-3 days before the planned vaccination and resume no earlier than 5 days later. Vitamin D, as you know, regulates calcium metabolism in the body, and calcium metabolism disorders underlie allergic reactions. The slightest overdose of vitamin D increases the likelihood of allergies, so it's best not to experiment. From the same position, it definitely does not hurt to give calcium to the child for 3 days before and after vaccination. But in no case do not buy anything expensive, ionized, soluble, etc. Ordinary, penny white color calcium gluconate - 1 tablet per day, you can at a time. Crush (grind on a coffee grinder) add to milk, feed. The dose does not depend on age - excess calcium is simply not absorbed (not absorbed).
It is impossible to prepare a child for vaccination with any medications. Most of the medicines that supposedly make vaccination easier to tolerate are a way of psychotherapy for relatives and doctors.
In any case, do not give anything on your own initiative. If the doctor insists on using antihistamines, do not use drugs such as suprastin and tavegil (they “dry out” the mucous membranes, and if there is a rise in temperature after vaccination, the combination of these two factors can increase the risk of complications from respiratory tract). In any case, acceptance antihistamines should be combined with calcium supplementation.
When going to the clinic for a vaccination, try very, very hard not to overdo it with clothes. It will be highly undesirable if the vaccine is given to a very sweaty baby with a fluid deficiency in the body. If sweaty people did get into the clinic, wait, change clothes, drink well.
Do not feed for at least an hour before and after vaccination. After vaccination, pull with food, as they say, to the last. Drink, entertain, distract. If you manage not to feed for three hours, it will be just wonderful.
So, on the day of vaccination, the child should be healthy, pooped and preferably at least moderately hungry.
The most frequent reaction for vaccination - an increase in body temperature. You need to be ready for this in advance, so you don’t have to wait for the temperature, and then run around pharmacies.
It is imperative to have ready-made powders in the house, from which solutions for oral rehydration are made (replenishing fluid losses through the mouth) - rehydron, humana electrolyte, gastrolith, glucosolan, etc.
From antipyretic should have:
- paracetamol (panadol, efferalgan, tylenol, etc.) in suppositories;
- ibuprofen (nurofen, burana, etc.) in syrup;
- (nise, nimid, nimegesic, nimesil, etc.) in solution or syrup.
Any temperature above normal after vaccination (probably everything above 37.3 ° C in armpit) is a real reason to use antipyretics.
If the body temperature is below 38 ° C - paracetamol in suppositories or ibuprofen. Before a night's sleep, candles are optimal.
At temperatures above 38 ° C - only inside liquid dosage forms especially ibuprofen.
If nurofen and paracetamol do not help, then nimesulide.
Any fever after vaccination, in addition to the use of the aforementioned drugs, requires:
- maintaining the regime of cool moist air: ideal temperature - 18 - maximum 20 ° C, relative humidity - 50-70%;
- maximum restriction of any food;
- plentiful drink, it is ideal to use the above oral rehydration solutions (often, fractionally, solution temperature = body temperature).
Walking (walking in the fresh air). After inoculation at normal body temperature, the more the better.
Bathing. On the day of vaccination, it is better to refrain from swimming. Then in normal mode. If there is an increase in temperature, limit yourself to hygienic wiping (wet wipes).

Terms of vaccination

To begin with, a demonstrative illustration of our capabilities. Remember, we wrote about DPT, tetracoc, infanrix: all drugs are sensitive to storage conditions, they should be stored and transported exclusively in the refrigerator.
If, on the advice of a doctor, you decide to purchase Infanrix at a pharmacy, then purchase (borrow, rent) before that cooler bag and ice packs…
Personally, I am convinced that DTP vaccine no less effective than tetracoc or infanrix, but storage conditions are more often violated with respect to this drug.
This is due primarily to its cost (more precisely, free). It is hard to imagine that a person who paid his hard-earned $50 for Infanrix would put an ampoule in his pocket and get on a tram.
None of the parents can be sure that the drug, which the nurse of the vaccination room or the pharmacy worker took out of the refrigerator in front of your eyes, was stored correctly before entering this refrigerator. A doctor came to your house with a cooler bag and removed an ampoule from this bag. You can either trust this doctor or not, but neither you nor this doctor know anything about how the ampoule was stored before it got into the cooler bag.
We state a fact: the storage of vaccines is a weak and one of the least controlled links in the entire chain of problems associated with vaccination.
The radical solution is in the technical plane, and taking into account the possibilities modern technology the solution is simple - each ampoule, or at least each package with ampoules, must have an indicator that changes color forever in a situation where the temperature environment exceeds, say, 10 °C.
It is clear that all of the above has nothing to do with concrete action specific parents. These are wishes - to the state, the consumer protection society, vaccine manufacturers ...
But, nevertheless, parents can unambiguously control the last stage. The vaccine must be removed from the refrigerator before your eyes, after which one of the adults takes it (an ampoule, vial) in his hand and warms it with the warmth of his body. Cold hands - you can breathe on the ampoule, put it under your arm, etc. In the vaccination room there may be a container with warm water (about 40 ° C) and the ampoule will be placed in this container before being opened.
But anyway, you must see with your own eyes and feel the cold ampoule with your own hands! If you come and it (the ampoule) is already warm, if an already warm ampoule is brought to your house, you cannot be sure of anything, you do not know how long it has been warm.

* * *

To the parental question whether to vaccinate, Komarovsky answers as follows: with regard to the diseases against which vaccinations are made, the likelihood of getting sick remains real. Children suffer from all of these diseases, but outcomes vary. Therefore, in response to the question “vaccination for and against,” Komarovsky believes that for sane parents there can be no discussion here. Vaccinations are mandatory, Komarovsky says about vaccinations on videos and in his books.

Vaccinations for children, according to Komarovsky, must be done at the time prescribed by the doctor: the more accurate the parents, the greater the preventive effectiveness. Therefore, adds Komarovsky, there is a vaccination calendar.

What is the meaning of vaccinations

Komarovsky video: About vaccinations for doubters

PLEASE WATCH THIS VIDEO IN FULL.

Related books

As a person who has worked for quite a long time in an infectious disease hospital, I can state with confidence: with regard to all diseases against which vaccinations are made, the likelihood of disease remains very real. Children get sick with these diseases, and the outcomes are, to put it mildly, different. Therefore, for normal, sane and prudent parents, there is not and cannot be any discussion about whether vaccinations should be done or not.

Be sure to do!

A completely different issue is that responses to vaccinations most significantly depend on the state of the child's body. And if you are very afraid, then the logic is not to not vaccinate. The logic is in the purposeful preparation of the body: a normal lifestyle, breastfeeding, hardening, eliminating contact with sources of allergies, etc.
Vaccinations must be carried out at the time prescribed by the pediatrician, and the more accurate you are, the higher the preventive effectiveness. This must be taken into account when planning, for example, a summer vacation; It would be nice to ask yourself when and what kind of vaccination should be done.
Each country in the world has its own calendar of preventive vaccinations approved by the relevant state body. This calendar takes into account the age of the child, the interval between vaccinations, and a list of specific diseases that vaccinations, in fact, prevent.
What is the essence of preventive vaccinations?
The drug is injected into the body vaccine. In response to the introduction of a vaccine, the body produces special cells - specific antibodies, which protect a person from the corresponding disease.
Each of the vaccines has its own strictly defined indications, contraindications and terms of use, its own scheme and its own routes of administration (by mouth, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally).
The body reacts differently to each vaccine. In some cases, one vaccination is enough to develop long-term immunity. In others, multiple injections are needed. From this came two medical words - vaccination And revaccination . The essence of vaccination is to achieve the production of specific antibodies in an amount sufficient to prevent a specific disease. But this starting (protective) level of antibodies gradually decreases, and repeated injections are necessary to maintain their (antibodies) in the right amount. These repeated injections of the vaccine are revaccination.
The expression we mentioned “reacts differently” refers not only to the quality and timing of the formation of immunity, but also directly to the responses of the child's body. To reactions that both doctors and parents can directly observe (violation of the general condition, fever, etc.).

The severity and likelihood of these reactions are determined by three factors .
The first - we have already talked about it - the health status of the particular vaccinated child.
Second - the quality and properties of a particular vaccine. All vaccines approved for use (certified) World Organization health care (and only such vaccines are used in our country), have high preventive effectiveness, and there is not a single one of them known to be bad and of poor quality. Nevertheless, vaccines from different manufacturers can contain different doses of antigens, differ in the degree of purification, and in the type of preservative substances used. In addition, vaccines, even those intended for the prevention of the same disease, can differ from one another in the most fundamental way - for example, they can be a drug created on the basis of a live but weakened microbe, or a drug based on a killed microbe (or even part this killed microbe). It is clear that if the microbe, although weakened, is alive, there is always the possibility of developing a disease (the very disease against which the vaccine was given), but with a killed microbe there is no such probability.
The third factor is actions of medical workers. Vaccination - this is not an ordinary standard process, according to the principle “inject everyone in three months”, but individual, very specific and very responsible actions that a particular doctor performs in relation to a particular child. And these actions are not at all as simple as it might seem at first glance. It is necessary to assess the child's health, select a vaccine preparation, give the baby's relatives clear and accessible recommendations on how to prepare the child for vaccination and how to handle it after it (food, drink, air, walking, bathing, medicines). It is also very important to scrupulously observe many vaccination subtleties: how to properly store the vaccine, how to heat it before use, where to inject, etc.

Now a few words about specific vaccinations from specific diseases.
The very first graft- this is a vaccination against tuberculosis (the famous anti-tuberculosis vaccine called BCG).
It, as a rule, is done directly in the maternity hospital on the 4-7th day after birth, once. In the future, theoretically, revaccination is carried out at 7, 12 and 16-17 years. Why theoretically? Yes, because the question of whether to do or not to do revaccination against tuberculosis, largely depends on Mantoux reaction. This reaction is done to children every year, but the vast majority of parents have no idea what it is and what it is for.
The fact is that almost every person sooner or later becomes infected with the tuberculosis bacterium, that is, the microbe enters the human body. But the very fact of infection does not at all indicate that a person has contracted tuberculosis. Suppose a microbe got in, and the body, thanks to the same vaccination, has a protective amount antibodies- the disease does not develop, although the tuberculosis bacterium is present. Mantoux test - is not graft, this is a test for infection with tuberculosis. Expression " not a vaccine, but a test"very fundamentally. After the samples, there are no general reactions - the temperature does not rise, the state of health does not change. A local reaction, that is, directly in the place where they were injected, may well be, in fact, this is what the test is done for.
If there are no tuberculosis bacteria in the body, the test is negative, and after infection it becomes positive.
How is all this carried out in practice? The child is given a Mantoux reaction every year, it is, of course, negative, but now, at one not-so-great moment, the negative test becomes positive. Doctors call this the turn of the tuberculin test, and sooner or later this turn takes place in almost all people, but one at 3 years old, and the other at 12 or 19. And here a very responsible situation arises. It is necessary to get an answer to a very fundamental question: a person became infected, but did not get sick, naturally because he had immunity, or infection led to the onset of the disease - protective antibodies were not enough.
Doctors, specialists in tuberculosis (phthisiatricians) answer this question. To do this, the child is examined, certain tests are taken, if necessary, an x-ray of the chest organs is taken. Depending on the results, the doctor makes an appropriate conclusion. Tuberculosis is detected - we treat tuberculosis, doubtful results - a course of preventive treatment with special anti-tuberculosis antibiotics, everything is in order - everything is in order, but revaccination now you don’t need to do it anymore - anti-tuberculosis immunity will no longer be supported vaccine, but directly into the body of a microbe. And the task of doctors is not to let such a child out of sight, to register and examine it regularly, in order to identify in time a situation when the body cannot cope and still have to be treated.
At the age of about 3 months, vaccinations begin directly at the clinic. For three injections with an interval of 1-1.5 months, vaccination immediately from four diseases - polio (the vaccine is liquid, it is dripped into the mouth) and whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus - there is already an injection. used vaccine, which is called DTP: one drug and immediately from three diseases (K - whooping cough, D - diphtheria, C - tetanus). In the second year of life, revaccination from all these diseases.
At the age of one year, a vaccination against measles is given, at 15-18 months - against mumps (mumps).
Immunization calendar constantly reviewed. It depends on the epidemic situation, the emergence of new vaccines availability of funds from the state. The modern calendar provides, for example, vaccinations against hepatitis B, but they are almost never done - there is no money for a vaccine. Specifically timing of specific vaccinations you can always check with your pediatrician.

After any vaccination (any!) there may be a reaction of the body - increased body temperature, refusal to eat, lethargy. This is normal: the body produces immunity(protection) to a particular disease. Alone vaccines are very easily tolerated and almost never give serious reactions - a typical example - vaccine against poliomyelitis. The introduction of other drugs, on the contrary, is often accompanied by a pronounced increase in temperature and a significant violation of the general condition of the child - again, a typical example is the pertussis component of the DTP vaccine.
It is very important for parents to be aware of the fundamental difference between reaction for vaccination and complication after vaccination.
Reactions to vaccination, in varying degrees of severity, simply must be and this, as we have already noted, is absolutely normal.
What are complications? This is exactly what should not be, which is extremely rare. There should be no convulsions, no loss of consciousness, no temperature above 40 ° C. The child should not be covered from head to toe with a rash, and in the place where they were injected, there should not be any suppuration.
Complications after vaccinations- it's always serious. Each such case is analyzed in detail, a whole medical commission decides why it happened and what to do next? instill or not, if so, with what drug and for what diseases.
When can and when not to be vaccinated?
First of all, remember that any graft is done to a child who at this moment does not have any acute infectious disease - no runny nose, no diarrhea, no rash, no fever. Why is the absence of an infectious disease important? Yes, because any . In order to respond to vaccination correctly and produce a sufficient amount of antibodies, the body should be more or less free from other matters, in turn related to the production immunity. Hence two conclusions: if a child has a leg in a cast, then this is not contraindication to vaccination. If any, even an infectious disease, proceeds with a normal temperature and with an undisturbed general condition, it is clear that such a disease does not carry a significant burden on immunity and is not contraindication to vaccination.
There are exceptions to this rule. Some infectious diseases specifically affect precisely those cells of the human body that are responsible for development of immunity. These are, for example, chicken pox and infectious mononucleosis. That is, if a child has chickenpox, then normal temperature and a satisfactory general condition are still not a reason to do vaccinations. But exceptions only confirm the rules - moderate sniffing with a general cheerful state quite allows vaccinations do.
Some infectious diseases suffered by a child cause a prolonged weakening of the body's defenses, and this, in turn, is contraindication to vaccination for a certain period (about 6 months after recovery). Such diseases include meningitis, viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis already mentioned by us.
At the same time do or not vaccinate- a question relating exclusively to the competence of the doctor. For each disease - allergic, congenital, neurological, etc. - appropriate rules have been developed: how, when and with what graft.

How to prepare for vaccination?

You don't need to do anything special. Well, except that in every possible way to avoid experiments with food - do not give any new products.
Remember: it is impossible to prepare a healthy child for vaccination with any kind of medicine . Any drugs that supposedly make vaccination easier to tolerate: “vitamins”, homeopathic remedies, herbs “for blood vessels”, beneficial bacteria, droplets “for immunity”, etc., etc. - all these are popular methods of psychotherapy for mom and dad, an attempt implementation of the widespread mental principle “well, you have to do something” and the business of manufacturers (distributors) of these drugs.

And a few more tips:

the lower the load on the digestive system, the easier the vaccine is tolerated . Never force your child to eat. Do not offer food until asked. The day before vaccination, if possible, limit the volume and concentration of food eaten;
don't feed (nothing) at least an hour before vaccination;
going to the clinic for vaccination, very, very try not to overdo it with clothes . It will be highly undesirable if the vaccine is given to a very sweaty baby with a fluid deficiency in the body. If sweaty people did get into the clinic, wait, change clothes, drink well;
3-4 days before vaccination limit your child's contact with people as much as possible (children). Do not look for infections: if possible, avoid crowded events, shops, public transport, etc.;
being in the clinic hold back your sociability . Stand (sit) on the sidelines, reduce contacts. Ideally, put dad in line, and take a walk with the baby in the fresh air.

Actions after vaccination

Walk!!!

Try to underfeed a little (if there is an appetite) or feed only according to appetite (if the appetite is reduced or absent).

Drink more - mineral water, dried fruit compote, green, fruit, berry tea.

Clean cool moist air.

Limit communication with people as much as possible - the child develops immunity, his body is busy. Other microbes are now undesirable to us. And the source of these other microbes is other people.

If the child becomes ill after vaccination

On Friday Pete did vaccination, on Monday he began to cough, and on Wednesday the doctor diagnosed him with pneumonia. Eternal questions: why did this happen and, of course, who is to blame?
From the point of view of parents, the vaccine is to blame - this fact is obvious and lies on the surface - I don’t really want to go deep. There are actually three possible reasons:

Wrong actions immediately after vaccinations.

Additional infection, most often, an acute respiratory viral infection against the background of a "busy" immunity.

decline immunity in general - "thanks" to the appropriate upbringing.

So who is to blame and what can be done to prevent this from happening? The question is rhetorical, because it is obvious that the child's ability to respond normally to vaccinations largely depends on the system of care and education. And this is completely in the competence of the parents.