What are the measles vaccinations for children? Measles in children: the first symptoms, treatment and prevention (measles vaccination). Expression of reaction can be of varying degrees

For many centuries, due to its high mortality, measles was considered one of the most dangerous diseases childhood age. In Russia, every fourth child died from measles, which gave reason to call this disease the childhood plague. Preventive measures against measles have been carried out since 1916. After the development of the measles vaccine, morbidity and mortality have been reduced hundreds of times. However, in our time, the death rate from measles is high. According to the World Health Organization, about 900,000 (!) children die of measles every year around the world.

As you know, viruses - infectious agents are able to multiply only in certain cells of the human body, which determines the symptoms of the disease, and its severity depends on the number of cells damaged by the virus. The measles virus has a particular fondness for cells respiratory system, intestines, and, importantly, to the cells of the central nervous system. Measles can be contracted at any age; among the unvaccinated, children from 1 to 5 years old are more likely to get sick. Up to a year, babies rarely get sick due to the small number of contacts and the presence of passive immunity received from the mother during pregnancy. Such immunity does not last longer than 1 year after birth. If the mother did not have measles, then the child can get sick in the first months of life.

Symptoms and course of measles

The measles virus enters the body through the mucous membrane respiratory tract and conjunctiva. From the moment of infection to the first symptoms of the disease, it usually takes 8-12 days, in some cases this period is extended up to 28 days. At the beginning of the disease, symptoms similar to colds appear: increasing general malaise, lethargy, headache, the child becomes tearful, refuses to eat. The patient's appearance is typical: a puffy face, reddened, watery eyes. The patient has a runny nose and dry cough. The temperature rises to 39-40 ° and does not decrease, despite antipyretic measures. On the 1-2 day of the disease, small whitish spots appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks (it is their detection that helps the pediatrician diagnose measles even before the appearance of a widespread rash on the child's body). And then, from 4-5 days from the onset of the disease, a phased spread of the rash is noted: first, behind the ears, on the face, neck, over the next day, the rash appears on the trunk and arms, and on the 3rd day appears on the legs of the child. The rash is small red spots that can merge into big spots, between which is visible healthy skin. During the spread of the rash, the temperature continues to remain elevated, the cough intensifies. In the first days of the disease, some children develop severe measles pneumonia.

In the next 3-5 days, with a favorable course, the symptoms of the disease decrease, the temperature decreases. The course of measles and the intensity of rashes in different children, depending on individual characteristics immune system vary from mild forms to severe, life-threatening.

It should be said that the measles virus significantly weakens the immune system and this, along with damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and digestive tract, creates conditions for the attachment of a bacterial infection. The child may develop complications: inflammation of the middle ear ( otitis media), larynx (laryngitis), up to the development of its edema (measles groats), bacterial pneumonia and others. In one child out of 1-2 thousand cases, measles is complicated by brain damage. The most common complications occur in children under 5 years of age.

Prevention

The only effective way to protect a child from measles, as well as from many other infectious diseases, is vaccination.

The main place in the prevention of measles is given to active immunization, i.e. the introduction of live, highly attenuated viruses into the body. It should be noted that the vaccine virus is so weakened that it is not dangerous either for the vaccinated person or for his environment. After vaccination, a slightly weaker immunity is formed than if the child fell ill naturally, but it is enough to reliably protect your child from this disease for life.

If your unvaccinated baby over 6 months old comes into contact with someone who has measles, you can protect them by giving them a live measles vaccine within the next 2-3 days.

For very young children (3 to 6 months of age and older if live measles vaccine is contraindicated) as emergency prevention normal human immunoglobulin is used (a preparation containing protective antibodies obtained from the serum of measles survivors or donors). Such immunization is passive, antibodies introduced from the outside circulate in the child's blood for no longer than 2-3 months, after which active immunization can also be carried out.

Vaccination rules

Vaccination against measles is carried out twice: the first - at the age of 12-15 months, the second - at 6 years, before school. The use of a second dose of the vaccine allows you to protect those children who have not been vaccinated before, as well as those who have not developed sufficiently stable immunity after the first injection. For reference: vaccination against measles in countries with a high incidence is carried out at the age of 9 and even 6 months in order to protect infants in whom the disease is especially severe. The timing of measles vaccination coincides with that of rubella and mumps. The coincidence in time of three vaccinations at once should not confuse you: the immune system of children from a very early age successfully repels the collective attacks of a much larger number of microorganisms. Probability of occurrence adverse reactions when summing these vaccines does not increase.

Below are vaccines containing a measles component and registered in Russia.

Monovaccines (measles component only):

1. Dry measles vaccine (Russia).

2. Rouvax (Aventis Pasteur, France).

Combined vaccines:

1. Vaccine mumps-measles (Russia).

2. MMP II (measles, rubella, mumps) (Merck Sharp & Dohme, USA).

3. Priorix (measles, rubella, mumps) (Smithkline Beecham Biologicals, UK).

Despite the fact that the composition of the vaccines is different, all of them showed a good level of immunogenicity (ie the ability to form immunity) and tolerability. The differences relate mainly to two aspects. First: imported drugs are prepared on embryos chicken eggs and for this reason are contraindicated in those who have had a strong reaction to the protein of chicken eggs. Russian vaccines are devoid of this shortcoming, as they are prepared on Japanese quail embryos. True, in fairness it should be noted that severe allergic reactions to egg protein are extremely rare.

And secondly, imported drugs are produced in the most convenient combined form and protect against three diseases at once: measles, mumps (mumps) and rubella. And the combined form is a smaller amount of ballast substances, fewer injections (and therefore stress for the child), and finally, fewer visits to the doctor. IN district polyclinic you will most likely be given an injection only with a domestic measles monovaccine. True, a domestic combined vaccine against measles and mumps has also been developed and has already begun to be used (although not everywhere).

Combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccines are overwhelmingly available only from pharmacies or commercial vaccination centers.

According to the instructions for the Russian monovaccine, the measles vaccine is administered subcutaneously under the shoulder blade or in the shoulder area (on the border of the lower and middle third of the upper arm from the outside). Imported vaccines, again according to the instructions, are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly (the specific injection site is determined by the doctor). At simultaneous application several monovaccines they are administered with separate syringes into different areas body, and combined vaccines are drawn up in one syringe. You have the legal right to choose which vaccines your child will receive, but you will be charged a fee to purchase vaccines that are not purchased by the Department of Health. You can also go to one of the many vaccination centers where you can choose from several vaccines. If the vaccination will not be carried out in your clinic, do not forget to take a certificate of its implementation so that the district pediatrician enters information about it into the child's outpatient card at the place of residence. This will save you from unnecessary questions in the future, for example, when a child enters a kindergarten or school.

General rules for parents to follow with any vaccination:

Knowing in advance about the timing of vaccination, try to avoid contact with infections, before vaccination, do not expose the child's body to unnecessary stress (hypothermia, excessive solar exposure, change in climatic and time zones), since any stress changes the reactivity of the immune system.

Contraindications for vaccination:

• Severe reactions or complication to previous dose vaccines.
• Severe allergic reactions to the use of aminoglycosides (all measles vaccines contain Not a large number of one of the antibiotics from this group).
• severe allergic reactions ( anaphylactic shock) on bird eggs.
• Any acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic disease. We emphasize that in this case we are talking about postponing the vaccination period, and not about refusing it. However, in some cases (contact with a patient with measles), the vaccine can be given to children with mild forms. respiratory infections(runny nose, redness of the pharynx) and recovering even in the presence of subfebrile (up to 37.5 ° C) temperature.
• Primary or secondary immunodeficiency; condition after infectious diseases that strongly suppress the immune system (influenza, infectious mononucleosis), within 3-4 weeks.
• Patients receiving treatment with drugs that weaken the immune system.
• Introduction of blood products (whole blood, plasma, immunoglobulin) within the last 8 weeks before the proposed vaccination.
• Some cancers.

Child health after vaccination

Adverse reactions to the measles vaccine are rare, and complications in vaccinated people are also very rare.

A small proportion of those vaccinated may experience mild adverse reactions in the form of an increase in temperature up to 38 ° C, sometimes there is conjunctivitis and a mild rash. The listed symptoms are possible in the period from 5-6 to 12-18 (in different sources are given different periods) day; they keep 2-3 days. This is the natural course of the vaccination process.

After vaccination, the following are possible complications:

• allergic reactions varying degrees expressiveness. If there is a possibility of their development, it should be 10-12 days before vaccination and for the same time after it, give the child antihistamine in the age dosage given in the annotation to a particular drug.
• Convulsions against the background of fever in children predisposed to them. To prevent them, your doctor may prescribe paracetamol.
• Damage to the central nervous system, the probability of it is very low (1 in a million vaccinations).

It can be added that the complications developed after vaccination occur in much more mild form than after natural measles.

Measles vaccine and pregnancy

Measles is dangerous for pregnant women - in 20% of cases, measles during pregnancy is complicated by abortion, fetal malformations. Since the measles vaccine contains live viruses, pregnancy is a contraindication for vaccination.

Recall that contact with a child who has symptoms of measles infection after vaccination is safe for others, including pregnant women.

A few words in conclusion

At the beginning of the article, a terrible figure was given - 900 thousand children dying from measles annually. Unbelievable as it may seem, only 100 (!) cases of measles were registered in the USA for the whole of last year. In this country, measles is on the verge of complete elimination. And this success was achieved solely thanks to widespread vaccination. Let's take care of our children.

Over the past few years, the level of measles cases has increased several times and this is not surprising, because many parents refuse to be immunized, thereby exposing themselves and their children to great danger.

Measles is one of the most highly contagious viral infections. It is transmitted by an elementary cough or sneezing of a sick person. And it is dangerous with its terrible complications. But there is a real protection against this dangerous virus - vaccination. In today's article, you will find out when children are vaccinated against measles, where the injection is given, how many times and what vaccines are used. We will also talk about why vaccinate children, when emergency vaccination occurs and when it becomes necessary to vaccinate babies up to a year old.

What is the best measles vaccine for babies?

There are two types of vaccines: mono- and combined.

Among monovaccines in Russia are registered:

• “Cultural measles vaccine live”, manufacturer Microgen Russia;
• Rouvax, France.

Combination vaccines include:

• "Vaccine mumps - measles cultural live", Microgen, Russia. Protects against measles and mumps;
• "MMR II", US manufacturer. Consists of three components, protects against measles, mumps and rubella "
• "Priorix", manufacturer Belgium. Protects against three diseases, like the previous one.

Doctors believe that it is better to make a three-component vaccination. The advantages of three-component vaccines are that there is a single injection, without traumatizing the child with subsequent injections. The choice is yours. Many pediatricians and mothers prefer the Belgian vaccine, as less reactogenic and well-established in our area.

What is this vaccine?

The triple combination vaccine, also called MMR (measles-mumps-rubella), is safe and protects against three different diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. For a full vaccination cycle, it is necessary to receive two doses of the drug, but there are situations when an injection is given three times. A child who received 2 doses is 97% protected from the virus.

How does it work?

The MMR vaccine contains a weakened version of live measles. Its meaning is that when it enters the body, it starts the immune system and thereby causes it to produce antibodies against the measles virus.

If, after immunization, the body encounters a virus, the immune system immediately recognizes it and immediately produces antibodies against measles.

When are children vaccinated against measles: vaccination schedule

According to National calendar and vaccination schedules for children and adults, with the first measles virus vaccine given at 12 to 18 months of age.

The table shows the vaccination calendar for babies:

If there is a medical exemption from vaccinating a child, the doctor can draw up an individual vaccination schedule.

The vaccination can be done in your district children's clinic, according to the vaccination schedule, such a vaccination is provided by the state free of charge.

You can also get immunized in private medical center on a paid basis, with the drug that this center offers.

Vaccination against measles virus in children up to a year

There are situations when immunization is carried out earlier than a year. Although it is not recommended, health is more expensive and doctors sometimes make such decisions. Here are the main reasons:

• A measles outbreak in the city or town where the baby lives;
• Contact with a sick person (if less than three days have passed, urgent immunization is recommended);
• A trip abroad is an indication to vaccinate.

With such an early immunization, it will be necessary to repeat the vaccination two more times: a year and at six years. This is due to the fact that more early age the immune system is imperfect and antibodies to measles infection are not completely produced.

emergency immunization

If a child has been exposed to the virus and has not been fully vaccinated, or has received only one dose of MMR, if less than 72 hours have passed, urgent vaccination is recommended. If more than three days have passed, but less than 6, the vaccination will no longer help, but immunoglobulin can be administered.

Is it necessary to vaccinate?

This question worries most mothers. I would like to answer in one word: Yes.

But I understand that this answer will not suit many. Let's think in this case, if 99% of children get sick when they meet with the virus, what is the probability of infecting an unvaccinated child? The second important point is that the virus is not as terrible as the complications that it causes.

How to prepare a crumb?

To minimize the likelihood side effects from vaccination, you must follow a simple algorithm:

• 3 days before vaccination, remove everything from the diet allergenic products: chocolate, honey, citrus fruits, red and orange fruits and vegetables, as well as those foods that can cause allergies in your baby;
• Some pediatricians recommend drinking an antihistamine 2 days before and 1 day after vaccination to reduce the likelihood of allergic reactions;
• IN home first aid kit have antipyretic syrup or suppositories;
• On the day of vaccination, come to the doctor's office and conduct a complete examination of the child. The baby must be completely healthy: without a runny nose, cough, fever, red throat, diarrhea, vomiting and other symptoms of a cold;
• If something bothers the pediatrician, it is prescribed additional analysis blood to confirm the absence inflammatory process in organism;
• The vaccination itself must be done only in a clinic or a special medical center, in which all the rules for the storage and use of the drug are observed.

At home, no nurse has the right to vaccinate!

• After vaccination, it is recommended to sit in the hallway with the baby for 30 minutes, if there are no complaints or concerns, you can go home.

Where is the child vaccinated against measles?

The injection is given intramuscularly, into the broad (lateral) muscle of the thigh or into the shoulder (WHO recommendations). In these places, the muscle itself is shallow and does not have large nerve endings and blood vessels. It is not safe to vaccinate children against measles in the buttock, because, firstly, there is a high probability of damaging sciatic nerve, secondly, there is a lot of adipose tissue in the buttocks and this reduces the absorption of the drug itself, and as a result, the effectiveness of the vaccine itself decreases.

All this is confirmed by the fundamental documents: “MAINTAINING THE SAFETY OF IMMUNIZATION. Sanitary and epidemiological rules. SP 3.3.2342-08 "paragraph 3.37"

As a rule, one-year-old babies are given an injection in the shoulder, but older children in the thigh muscle.

How long does the vaccine last?

If a child has been given two vaccines, the average duration is 20 years. But sometimes the time is short.

In order to check whether there are antibodies to the measles virus in your body, it is enough to take a blood test for the presence of IgG antibodies. They are produced by the body as a result of measles or after vaccination. The analysis is not complicated, it is done from several hours to 2 days, almost every laboratory does it. If antibodies are not detected, it is recommended to repeat the vaccination.

How many times should a child be given a measles vaccine?

With full observance of the vaccination schedule, the child is vaccinated against measles twice: a year and at 6 years old, before school.

But if the baby was first vaccinated at half a year, then two more visits are recommended: a year and six years.

It is also recommended that girls planning a pregnancy be tested for the presence of antibodies to measles, even if she received two doses of the vaccine in childhood. If antibodies are not detected, it is recommended to get vaccinated again to avoid possible infection with measles during pregnancy.

Should a child be vaccinated against measles?

Parents are concerned about what to do, how to be? On the one hand, everything medical institutions and the state talks about vaccination, on the other side of the mommy community with arguments that there is absolutely no need for this, but you can only harm the baby. What to do? My advice to you, get acquainted with the statistics of the disease: look at what was happening in the world before vaccinations began and what their use led to.

Find out what adverse reactions can be from vaccination, in what percentage and compare them with data on sick and unvaccinated babies

Thinking parents will immediately have a clear picture in their heads. Vaccination has helped the world fight off and prevent measles epidemics around the world. As for side effects, Panadol also has them.

It is this question that Dr. Komarovsky raises in his video, to vaccinate or not, let's see:

conclusions

1. For children, measles vaccination is essential to avoid the disease itself and its complications;
2. According to the vaccination schedule, it is given twice: a year and 6 years, but there are exceptions;
3. The injection is made in the shoulder or thigh muscle. In no case is it done in the gluteal muscle;
4. There is a monocomponent measles vaccine and a three-component one. The advantage is given to the second;
5. All issues of vaccination are regulated by law: ENSURING THE SAFETY OF IMMUNIZATION.

The site provides background information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

Measles is a serious enough infection that, before the introduction vaccination as a preventive measure for the disease, 90% of children under the age of 10 years have been ill. Measles is contagious by airborne droplets or through direct contact. Moreover, the virus that causes the infection circulates exclusively in the human population. Contrary to the popular belief that measles is a harmless infection for children, which is better for a child to have, the mortality statistics for this disease do not look so rosy.

As of today, the mortality rate from measles, even with timely and high-quality therapy, remains from 5 to 10%. In 2001, on the recommendation of the World Health Organization, vaccinations from measles were introduced into the national calendars or immunization programs of many countries, as a result of which, by 2008, it was possible to reduce the number of deaths from the infection from 750,000 to 197,000, that is, almost 4 times.

In addition to the risk of death, measles can have adverse consequences in the form of complications such as encephalitis, protein-losing enteropathy, sclerosing panencephalopathy, and slowly progressive pathology of the nervous system. The frequency of these serious complications ranges from 1 case per 1,000 cases to 1 case per 10,000.

measles vaccine

To date, measles vaccination has been shown to be highly effective in preventing cases of infection, as well as a significant reduction in the number of deaths due to the unfavorable course of the disease. Measles immunization is essential for all people, especially children under 5 years of age, because it is in this age category the infection is most severe, and the risk of death or complications is higher than in older children.

It is known that the course of measles aggravates the lack of vitamin A in the body, due to malnutrition of an adult or a child. Therefore, if the child's living conditions are far from ideal, and the quality of nutrition does not meet the standards for the consumption of vitamins and minerals You must be vaccinated to prevent infection.

Currently, there are monovalent measles vaccines, which contain only one component, and polyvalent ones. Polyvalent contains several components (not only against measles). Today, the following polyvalent vaccines with an anti-measles component are produced in the world:
1. Measles, rubella.
2. Measles, rubella, mumps.
3. Measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox.

The effectiveness of a monovalent vaccine against measles and polyvalent vaccines with a measles component is the same, so the choice of drug is determined by convenience factors, etc. To the market pharmaceuticals World Organization public health authorities allow only effective and safe measles vaccinations, so any vaccine can be used. In addition, all measles vaccines have the property of interchangeability, that is, one vaccination can be given with one drug, and the second with a completely different one, this will not affect the effectiveness in any way, and will not cause any negative consequences.

The measles vaccine is produced in the form of a specially dried powder - a lyophilizate, which is diluted with a solvent before administration. The drug should be stored refrigerated or frozen at -20 to -70 o C, but the solvent must not be frozen.

When using the vaccine, it should be remembered that after dilution of the lyophilizate, the finished product, left for 1 hour at a temperature of 20 o C, will lose its ability to induce immunity against infection by exactly half. And when the drug is ready for administration for 1 hour at a temperature of 37 o C, it completely loses its properties, and actually becomes unusable. In addition, the measles vaccine loses its properties and under the influence of direct sun rays Therefore, it must be stored in colored vials. After dissolving the vaccine preparation, it should be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 6 hours. After this time, any unused vaccine should be discarded.

Measles-rubella-mumps vaccine

The measles-rubella-mumps vaccine contains three components that allow one injection to administer a drug that initiates the formation of immunity to not one, but three infections at once. This vaccine has a low reactogenicity, which is not higher than a monovalent measles vaccine.

In the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, various subtypes of the measles virus can be used, for example, Edmonston, Enders, Peibles, Schwartz, Edmonston-Zagreb, Moraten and AIC - C, CAM - 70, TD - 97, Leningrad - 16, Shanghai - 191. The differences between all these types of vaccine viruses are insignificant and do not exceed 0.6%. At the same time, the maximum variability is observed in strains CAM - 70, TD - 97, Leningrad - 16, Shanghai - 191. Any type of vaccine-type measles creates excellent immunity against the wild measles virus. To date, no variants of transmission of the vaccinal type of measles virus from a vaccinated person to another have been identified.

The complex three-component measles-rubella-mumps vaccine contains sorbitol, hydrolyzed gelatin and the antibiotic Neomycin as preservatives and stabilizing agents. Thanks to these substances - stabilizers, the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine does not contain a mercury compound - thiomersal (merthiolate) as a preservative. Thanks to this, the danger of possible side effects from the ingress of mercury compounds into the body is completely eliminated, which makes the drug completely safe.

However, the absence of a preservative - merthiolate imposes strict storage conditions for the vaccine. Until dissolved, the lyophilizate is stored in the cold or frozen, at a temperature not lower than -70 o C. Before the introduction of the vaccine, the powder is diluted, this solution must be placed in a colored bottle, since the drug is not stable under the action of sunlight. The finished solution can only be used within 6 hours, provided that it is stored in the refrigerator during this period of time. If the solution stays for 1 hour at a temperature of 20 o C, then it will lose its properties by half, and the same period of time at 37 o C - the vaccine will become completely spoiled.

The measles-rubella-mumps vaccination is convenient for vaccination, as it reduces the number of injections and trips to the clinic. If the child or adult has already had an infection (for example, measles, rubella or mumps), then you can choose a vaccine without a component that the human body has already encountered. But you can also vaccinate measles-rubella-mumps - then the component that the person has already been ill with will simply be destroyed by the existing immune cells. The vaccine in this case will not do harm, but will only help to form immunity to other infections, the components against which the complex preparation contains.

Is a measles vaccine necessary?

The measles vaccine has the following positive properties- prevents epidemics of infection, reduces mortality and disability, and also allows you to limit the circulation of the virus in the population. The reactogenicity of the measles vaccine is very low, there are practically no complications. For example, such a complication as encephalitis occurs in 1 case out of a thousand sick people, and in 1 case out of 100,000 vaccinated. As can be seen, the risk of developing a serious complication in the case of vaccination against measles is 100 times less than with a full transmission of the infection.

There is an opinion that infections such as measles, rubella or chickenpox are best recovered in childhood, since they are better tolerated and then provide immunity for life. However, this position is very one-sided and irresponsible. Thus, vaccination provides a significant reduction in the number of circulating viruses in the population, since vaccinated people do not get sick, and the microbe simply has nowhere to live and multiply. In this case, with an active immunization policy, it is possible to eliminate the measles virus from the human population - then the next generations will quite easily do without vaccination, as, for example, happened with smallpox, which has not been vaccinated since the 80s of the XX century. Therefore, immunizing children against measles can help grandchildren who may not need it at all. Otherwise, every generation of children will be forced to suffer from measles and other infections, continuing this vicious circle.

A newborn baby has protection against measles for some time, so they rarely get infected. If the mother had measles or was vaccinated against the infection, then the antibodies in the blood of the child persist for 6 to 9 months, providing him with immunity from the disease. However, this is not a guarantee, because with a low antibody titer or high virus activity, a child can still get this dangerous infection.

Measles is not at all as harmless as it is commonly believed, since in 80% of cases this infection is complicated by:

• otitis media;
• laryngitis;
• pneumonia.

Often these diseases become chronic, and proceed very painfully, forming a constant lack of oxygen in the child, and an inflammatory focus. This is due to the fact that the virus disrupts local immunity airways of the child, as a result of which any bacterial infection can develop very easily and unhindered. Thus, measles seems to increase susceptibility to inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system.

Due to all of the above factors, there is an objective opinion that a child still needs a measles vaccine. It will help protect him from the risk of chronic post-measles inflammatory diseases respiratory system, and reduce the load on the immune system without forcing it to fight a full-fledged pathogen.

Why you need a measles vaccine - video

Measles vaccine for adults

Today in Russia, the need for measles vaccination for adults is due to two main reasons. Firstly, the country has an unfavorable epidemiological situation, there is a large number of migrants from other regions who are carriers of various infections, including measles. Therefore, in order to activate childhood immunity against measles, adults up to 35 years of age are given another dose of the vaccine.

Secondly, in a number of regions of Russia, thanks to the efforts made to vaccinate children against measles, it was possible to reduce the number of cases of the disease by 10-15 times. Usually, the vaccine works effectively for 20 years, after which revaccination is necessary. However, when the incidence of measles was higher, the number of circulating viruses was greater, then the immune system of the vaccinated people encountered the microorganism, but the person did not get the infection. In the course of such contact of the immune system of the vaccinated person with the wild type of the virus, his defense was activated, and revaccination was not required. And when there is no contact with wild measles virus, the immune system needs an additional dose of vaccine to maintain immunity to infection. That is why experts in the field of epidemiology and medicine have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to vaccinate adults under 35 years of age against measles.

Adults can refuse vaccinations, motivating this with the following: "I'll get sick, well, okay, I'm no longer a child - somehow I'll survive." However, remember that there are children around you, the elderly, for whom you can become a source of infection. In addition, complications of measles in adults are quite dangerous, since they can be glomerulonephritis, myocarditis and conjunctivitis with corneal damage, hearing loss (deafness). Therefore, being a responsible and mature person, it is necessary to be vaccinated against this infection in adulthood. In addition, the measles vaccine is required for all adults who come into contact with a sick person. And since almost all children today are vaccinated, the virus causes disease in adults who have not been vaccinated or have not had an infection.

Vaccination of children against measles

Children should be vaccinated against measles as this infection can cause severe neurological complications, or even death. To date, the measles vaccine should not be administered before the age of 9 months. This is due to two circumstances - firstly, maternal antibodies protect the child up to 6-9 months, and secondly, at six months the baby's immune system is not yet able to adequately respond to the introduction of the measles vaccine and form immunity - that is, the vaccine will simply be useless .

The introduction of a measles vaccine to infants at the age of 9 months leads to the formation of immunity in 85 - 90% of those vaccinated. This means that in 10-15% of children after vaccination at 9 months, immunity is not formed, and a second dose of the drug is needed. When vaccinating children already at the age of 1 year, immunity is formed in 100% of babies. Therefore, the World Health Organization considers the optimal time for measles vaccination to be one year old.

However, countries where the epidemiological situation for measles is unfavorable are forced to administer the vaccine to children as early as possible, that is, from the age of 9 months. The consequence of this tactic is the presence of 10 - 15% of children who have not received protection from infection after a single dose of the drug. In this regard, in countries that introduce a measles vaccine at 9 months, a booster immunization is carried out at 15 to 18 months so that all children can develop immunity to infection. This tactic has shown good efficiency and performance.

In Russia, the epidemiological situation is not so deplorable, so it is possible to vaccinate children against measles at the age of 1 year. It is at this age that vaccination is planned in the national vaccination calendar. To prevent possible outbreaks of the epidemic in children's groups, a second dose of the vaccine is administered to activate immunity at the age of 6, before the child enters school. This measles prevention tactic made it possible to completely eliminate outbreaks of infection in schools, so today it is almost impossible to observe a situation where the entire class is on sick leave with the same diagnosis. And 10 years ago this situation was quite typical for Russian cities.

Measles vaccination per year

The introduction of a measles vaccine per year is due to three main factors:
1. By this age, the baby completely disappears maternal protective antibodies that were transmitted through the placenta.
2. It is the age of 1 year that is optimal for immunization against measles, since immunity is formed in almost 100% of children.
3. Children under 5 years of age are highly susceptible to measles, often get sick and carry the infection with subsequent complications.

Therefore, in order to prevent infection with measles in a vulnerable category of children aged 1 to 5 years, it is necessary to vaccinate as early as possible. After vaccination at 1 year old, the child receives immunity, which reliably protects him from infection. The measles vaccine is easily tolerated by one-year-old children, rarely causing reactions that appear 5 to 15 days after the injection, and disappear very quickly.

In children, measles is dangerous for its complications on the nervous system, primarily the formation of encephalitis and meningitis, as well as lung damage in the form of severe pneumonia. These complications of measles are observed in 1 child out of 1000 infected. And the vaccine can provoke complications in the form of damage to the nervous system in 1 child per 100,000 vaccinated children.

As the age of the child increases, with measles, the risk of developing complications from the nervous system decreases, but the risk of other conditions increases, for example, myocarditis, pyelonephritis, optic neuritis and auditory nerve, which can result in a serious deterioration in health and a significant decrease in the quality of life.

How many measles vaccines are needed?

The number of measles vaccinations depends on the age of the first vaccination. So, if the first vaccine was administered to a child at 9 months of age, then there will be 4-5 vaccinations in total: the first at 9 months, then at 15-18 months, at 6 years, at 15-17 years and at 30 years. If the first measles vaccination was delivered at 1 year, then there will be 3-4 vaccinations in total, that is, the first one in a year, then at 6 years old, at 15-17 years old and at 30 years old.

If the child has not been vaccinated against measles in a year, then he is given one dose, as early as possible (for example, at two, or three, or four years). After this vaccination, the next planned one is given at the age of six, before entering school.

If an adult or a child over 6 years old is vaccinated for the first time, then two doses of the drug are administered, with an interval between them of at least 1 month. The optimal interval in this situation between the first and second dose of the vaccine is six months.

Immunization age (vaccination schedule)

According to the national vaccination schedule, measles vaccination is given at the age of:

• 1 year;
• 6 years;
• 15 - 17 years old.

If the mother does not have immunity against measles (the woman was not sick and was not vaccinated), then the child's immunization schedule is as follows:

• 9 months;
• 15 - 18 months;
• 6 years;
• 15 - 17 years old.

If a child under 6 years of age has not been vaccinated against measles, according to the schedule of the national calendar, then vaccination is carried out as soon as possible. At the same time, the second vaccination is given according to the schedule - at the age of 6, but so that at least six months pass between two doses. The next one is again on schedule: at 15-17 years old.

If a child older than 6 years has not been vaccinated against measles, then two vaccines are administered with an interval of six months, as soon as possible. Next vaccination according to the schedule - at 15 - 17 years.

Where to get vaccinated against measles?

You can get the measles vaccine at the vaccination room at the clinic where you live or work. In this case, you need to find out on what days the measles immunization is performed, if necessary, sign up and come to get vaccinated. In addition to the municipal clinic, vaccination can be given in special vaccination centers or private clinics accredited for these medical procedures. In the presence of allergies or other somatic diseases, the measles vaccine can be delivered in specialized immunology departments of general hospitals.

Private vaccination centers provide a vaccination service at home, when a special team arrives, assesses the person's condition, and decides whether or not to administer the drug. This method of immunization minimizes the risk of catching a cold or getting the flu due to staying in the corridors of the clinic.

Where is the vaccine injected?

The measles vaccine is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Most preferred locations for the introduction of the drug - the outer part of the shoulder at the border of the middle and upper third, thigh or subscapular region. Children a year old are vaccinated in the thigh or shoulder, and at 6 years old - under the shoulder blade or in the shoulder. The choice of injection site is determined by the development of the muscle layer and subcutaneous tissue The child has. If there are not enough muscles on the shoulder and a lot of adipose tissue, then the injection is made into the thigh.

The vaccine must not be allowed to enter the skin, since in this case a seal will form, and the drug will enter the bloodstream slowly, as a result of which the manipulation may be completely ineffective. An injection into the buttock should also be avoided, since the fat layer is highly developed here, and the skin is thick enough, which makes it difficult for correct introduction vaccine preparation.

The effect of the vaccine

Vaccination against measles provides a person with immunity for a sufficiently long period of time - an average of 20 years. Today, studies have revealed active immunity against measles in people vaccinated up to 36 years ago. In connection with such a duration of the vaccination, many people may have a question: "Why should a child be revaccinated against measles at 6 years old, when only 5 years have passed from the first vaccination?" This need is due to the fact that after the first vaccination against measles in 1 year, immunity is formed in 96-98% of children, and 2-4% remain without reliable protection. Therefore, the second is aimed at ensuring that children who have not developed immunity at all, or it is weakened, can receive reliable protection against infection before starting school.

The third immunization at the age of 15-17 is carried out with a complex preparation against measles-rubella-mumps. At this age, it is most important to revaccinate boys and girls against mumps and rubella, which can adversely affect fertility, and the measles component is simply additional, stimulating the maintenance and preservation of existing immunity to infection.

Measles after vaccination

The measles vaccine contains live, but highly attenuated viruses that are not capable of causing a full-fledged infection. However, after the injection, delayed reactions may occur that resemble the symptoms of measles. These vaccination reactions develop 5-15 days after vaccination, proceed easily and pass on their own, without any treatment. It is these reactions that people mistake for vaccine-induced measles.

However, another situation may arise. Vaccination could not lead to the formation of immunity, so a child or an adult, upon contact with the virus, easily becomes infected and sick. If morbilliform symptoms develop between days 5 and 15 after injection, then this is a reaction to the vaccine. If the symptoms of measles are observed at any other time, then this is a full-fledged infection associated with the failure of vaccination immunity.

After measles vaccination

Since measles vaccination is a manipulation aimed at inducing an active response of the immune system in order to create immunity to infection, it is not surprising that it can provoke the development various reactions from the body. On the first day after the injection of the drug, the temperature may rise slightly, a seal and mild soreness may appear at the injection site. These symptoms go away on their own and quickly.

There are also a number of delayed reactions that appear 5 to 15 days after the injection. These reactions are a variant of the norm, and do not indicate a pathology or disease due to vaccination. Reactions are more often formed on the first dose of the drug, and the second and subsequent ones cause consequences much less frequently.

Reaction to the vaccine

Many people consider natural vaccination reactions to be the consequences of vaccination. You can call these phenomena whatever you like - the main thing to remember is that this is not a pathology, but normal reaction human body, due to its individual characteristics. Consider the main reactions to the measles vaccine.

Elevated temperature. The temperature can be observed on the first day after vaccination, and on the 5th - 15th day. The rise in temperature in some people is insignificant, while in others - on the contrary, up to a fever of 40 o C. The temperature reaction lasts from 1 to 4 days. Since the temperature does not help the formation of immunity after vaccination, it must be knocked down with paracetamol or ibuprofen preparations. High fever can lead to seizures, especially in children.
Measles-rubella-mumps vaccination - rash. Various small papular rashes Pink colour are observed in approximately 2% of those vaccinated on the 5th - 15th day after vaccination. The rash can cover the entire body, or be only in certain places, most often behind the ears, on the neck, face, buttocks, and arms. The rash resolves on its own and does not require treatment. If the child is prone to allergic reactions, then a rash may form on the first day after the injection.

convulsions against the background of high temperature;

encephalitis and panencephalitis;

pneumonia;

decrease in the number of platelets in the blood;

pain in the abdomen;

glomerulonephritis;

myocarditis;

toxic shock.

Allergies are associated with the presence of antibiotics in the vaccine - Neomycin or Kanamycin, and egg white fragments (quail or chicken). Seizures are a reflection of the high temperature, and not the influence of the components of the vaccine. Severe complication vaccinations - encephalitis, develops in 1 in 1,000,000 vaccinated. It should be remembered that encephalitis is also a complication of measles itself, developing in 1 in 2000 patients. Abdominal pain is most often not directly related to the vaccine, but is due to the activation of existing chronic diseases. Pneumonia is caused by bacteria from the upper respiratory tract entering the lungs. A decrease in the number of platelets is a physiological reaction that is asymptomatic and does no harm.
Gentamicin, etc.);

allergy to protein of chicken and quail eggs;

tumors;

severe reaction to a previous vaccine administration.

In the presence of these conditions, the measles vaccine cannot be given.

Imported measles-rubella-mumps vaccine

The main difference between imported vaccines and domestic vaccines is the presence of chicken egg protein, since it is this substrate that is used to grow viral particles. Russian vaccines contain quail egg protein. There are complex vaccines for measles-rubella-mumps imported - MMR-II (American-Dutch), Priorix (Belgian) and Ervevaks (English). There is also a monovalent measles-only vaccine - Ruvax (French).

The imported measles-rubella-mumps vaccine allows you to make one shot against three infections. And domestic drugs, as a rule, are administered in the form of two injections - one measles-rubella drug, and the second - mumps. In this sense, an imported vaccine is more convenient, since it involves only one injection, not two. Reactions after vaccination with domestic and imported vaccines are observed in exactly the same number of cases.

Measles is serious infectious disease which can be prevented with competent and timely prevention. The measles vaccine is recognized as the only option that guarantees full protection against a formidable disease. According to official statistics, the percentage of sick people (children and adults) after vaccination is reduced by 85%.

Should I get vaccinated against measles?

The measles virus is airborne and has a high degree distribution. Since the incubation period is two weeks, a sick person infects many others before symptoms become apparent. Although early childhood measles is not dangerous, medical mortality data are not encouraging. According to the WHO, even with modern therapy, 5-10% of the deaths of the disease are recorded. Therefore, the use of a vaccine is simply necessary!

Primary manifestations are easily confused with colds. The temperature rises catarrhal manifestations, signs of general intoxication of the body. Then spots appear on the mucous membrane in the mouth, and by the third day a characteristic rash appears.

Even if an infection has occurred, a measles vaccine will greatly alleviate the course of the disease and prevent serious complications.

CNS, respiratory or digestive system may become chronic from past injury or lead to profound disability.

Universal vaccination prevents the spread of infection, reduces mortality and disability. Most people have a mild reaction to the measles vaccine, and there are no complications.

Preparations for immunization

Measles vaccination is carried out separately or is included in the measles complex, and (). Immunization of children is considered mandatory and is noted in the state vaccination calendar. The procedure can be performed with various preparations containing weakened or "dead" viruses. In the future, children will not be able to become infected, but when the vaccine is administered, antibodies will be developed, which will optimally protect the person.

• "Microgen" (live, Russia);
• Ruvax (France);
• "" (Belgium);
• MMR (combined, USA).

The vaccine includes a strain of the virus that is grown on the protein of chicken or quail eggs. The second option: protecting the body with inactivated drugs, the so-called "dead" strains. Combined funds allow you to simultaneously protect the body from three formidable diseases. Domestic remedies do not provide comprehensive protection; you will need to give a one-component measles injection.

In children's clinics, they vaccinate domestically produced "Microgen" free of charge. If desired, parents can purchase imported analogues for their baby at the pharmacy. The attending physician will choose the most optimal option, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient. From the procedure, a child with reduced immunity may get sick, but the course of the disease will be much milder and serious complications will not occur.

Rules for preparing a child for vaccination

Special preparation of the child is not required, but a prerequisite for admission is the state of health and well-being on the eve of vaccination. The pediatrician conducts an examination and gives a medical opinion that the patient is completely healthy. The certificate is presented by the parents to the vaccination office. If the child has a history of chronic diseases, then it is recommended to undergo a prophylactic course of therapy in two weeks.

When enough weak immunity, the child is prescribed antihistamines to prevent possible allergic reactions.

Three days before the introduction of the vaccine, you should not include new foods in the diet, change the regime or go to public places. Since there will be significant stress for the immune system, parents are advised to warn the child from hypothermia or from direct sunlight.

Carrying out preventive vaccinations

With proper implementation of the program and the use of high-quality grafting material, immunity to measles is guaranteed to be developed for 20 years. Parents should be familiar with the medical regulations for measles vaccination, the characteristics of well-being after vaccination and other important points. Currently, all vaccination activities are carried out with the written consent of the parents.

Rejection is also recorded in outpatient card but parents need to understand the implications of the risks involved.

Mandatory vaccination schedule

According to the existing regulations, measles is given to children at the age of 1 year. The second time a child before entering school, the third time a teenager is given a vaccine at the age of 15-17. As a rule, in the vast majority of children, antibodies are produced from the first procedure. Sometimes emergency measures are required if the child has been in contact with a sick person. A positive effect can be achieved in the first three days after a possible infection.

According to existing standards, the age limit for vaccination is 35 years, but in practice there are exceptions. If a person cannot confirm childhood measles immunization, the procedure can be performed at any time. When planning a trip to an epidemiologically dangerous area, you should be vaccinated a month before departure.

The measles vaccine must be given in conjunction with the timing of other vaccinations. If we are talking about a live attenuated strain, then a month should pass after the previous procedure. Inactivated drugs can be administered at any convenient time without taking into account other drug effects.

What part of the body is vaccinated?

Vaccination against measles is carried out intramuscularly, following the examination of the patient and the competent choice of the injection site. In the standard case, children in the year are vaccinated in the thigh, six years old - in the shoulder. The drug must be injected deep into the muscle, and pediatricians do not recommend injecting the vaccine into the buttock. If a subcutaneous injection is obtained, then the substance will be absorbed slowly, the effect of the introduction of the selected vaccine will be lower than required. Adult patients and adolescents are vaccinated in the shoulder or under the shoulder blade.

Be sure to pay attention to the fact that the vaccine does not get the solution on the skin. As a result of incorrect administration, a seal is formed and the agent does not enter the bloodstream. Revaccination will be required, since the entire purpose of the procedure will not be fulfilled.

Rules of conduct after measles vaccination

The well-being of the subsequently performed procedure depends on the individual characteristics of the organism. If the deterioration occurs on the 5-15th day of vaccination, then we can talk about a delayed reaction to the administered drug. There may be some swelling or tenderness at the insertion site, but these symptoms resolve within a couple of days.

As for the children preschool age, then it is recommended to take care of the child, reduce the risk of contracting ARVI, and not take the child to kindergarten. Pediatricians warn against bathing children until the redness from the vaccine has gone. All deviations from normal health are natural, especially in weakened children. Normally, 16 days after measles vaccination, there are no painful signs. If the condition of the child causes concern, then you should call a doctor at home.

What is considered normal after vaccination

After a while from entering the body of a strain of measles, the production of antibodies to this virus begins. The child's body puts up a barrier to infection and this is expressed by the following reactions:

1. swelling and redness at the injection site;
2. catarrhal phenomena: cough, redness of the throat, conjunctivitis;
3. skin rash that resolves after 1 day;
4. problems with appetite and general malaise, drowsiness;
5. fever relieved by antipyretic drugs.

It should be understood that the indisposition from the injection passes quickly enough, this is not a pathology, but a protective reaction.

Complications after vaccination

A significant violation of well-being during measles vaccination is recorded quite rarely. Deviations are caused by individual intolerance to the selected drug or a general weakening of the immune system. Negative reactions can be caused by incorrect injection technique or poor vaccine quality. Persistent health problems include:

• convulsive febrile reaction;
• toxic reaction - 6-11 days of vaccination;
• post-vaccination encephalitis;
• bacterial complications, gastrointestinal disorders;
• allergic reactions of varying severity;
• pneumonia, decreased platelet count.

Allergies to the measles vaccine are associated with the presence of antibiotics and protein fragments in the composition of the drug. Pain in the abdomen signal an exacerbation of chronic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. It should be noted that vaccinal encephalitis is considered an extremely rare complication, with the disease of unvaccinated patients, the risk of brain complications is many times higher.

Seizures in and of themselves are not a sign of intolerance to measles protection. This is an adequate reaction of the body to high temperature, which must be controlled and reduced at high numbers.

Contraindications for immunization

In cases regulated by the rules, vaccination is not recommended. Sometimes from preventive measure done by doctors for a certain period. In other situations, measles should never be vaccinated or until further notice from the infectious disease specialist.

If you have health problems and elevated temperature, after healing and restoring immunity, you will need to skip one month. Reasons for delaying measles vaccination:

1. acute infection of various nature;
2. recurrence of chronic pathologies;
3. pregnancy and lactation;
4. pulmonary tuberculosis;
5. the introduction of immunoglobulins, blood products.

When contraindicated, vaccinations can damage, complicate the course of the underlying disease and cause a severe reaction.

Reasons for permanent withdrawal from vaccination:

1. intolerance to antibiotics (aminoglycosides);
2. malignant tumors;
3. negative reactions to previous injections;
4. allergy to egg white;
5. severe form of acquired immunodeficiency.

Active human immunization against measles has been proven to be reliable and the only way prevention of serious illness. Infectious damage is a mortal danger, and there is no cure for measles in medicine. Parents are advised to carefully observe the timing of vaccinations so that the baby grows up healthy and is well protected.

In the event that during treatment the vaccine causes you to have a fever or other complications, then immediately consult a doctor so as not to aggravate the consequences caused by the rash. Including from rubella, measles infusion and mumps.

IN Lately some parents refuse to vaccinate their child. However, most mothers and fathers are still aware of the need for preventive procedures, although they seek to find out in advance all the information about each prescribed vaccination. Today we will tell you what the measles vaccine is, how to prepare for it and what complications are possible after it.

Do I need to be vaccinated against measles?

To decide whether a child should be vaccinated against measles, it is worth finding out what this disease is and what complications it can give. The disease is infectious, the causative agent is the measles virus (Measles morbillivirus).

The disease spreads by airborne droplets (the virus is carried by a person during sneezing, coughing). Measles is accompanied high temperature(up to 40°C), general weakness and specific papular rash. Also, the disease is characterized by conjunctivitis, redness of the throat, runny nose and cough. After a few days, the acute stage passes, the temperature returns to normal, the rash disappears.

Measles is dangerous not so much for its manifestations - the disease is fraught with complications. We list the most common:

1. One of the most dangerous complications measles is a violation of the central nervous system, in particular, encephalomyelitis. Symptoms of the disease appear on the fifth day of the rash and are an increase in temperature, a strong headache, sleep disturbance. The patient after a while may fall into a coma. For every tenth patient, the diagnosis of measles encephalomyelitis becomes the cause of death.
2. The next type of complications is diseases of the respiratory system. Adults who recover from measles are often diagnosed with pneumonia. In children - otitis media, bronchitis, false croup.
3. Complications from the digestive tract are represented by stomatitis, dyspepsia, intestinal colic.

Due to the long list serious consequences Pediatricians recommend that you definitely vaccinate your child against measles. If the baby gets sick, the disease will pass in a mild form, and parents do not have to fear serious complications.

What drug is used for immunization?

According to statistics, global immunization of the population against measles has reduced mortality from this disease by more than 70%. The vaccine against it can be monocomponent, and can be part of a combined preparation to protect against measles, rubella and mumps. The latter among physicians is called the PDA.

In the Russian Federation, measles vaccination is included in the national vaccination schedule and can be performed with vaccines from various manufacturers:

• measles cultural live vaccine, NPO Microgen, Russia;
• mumps-measles cultural live vaccine, NPO Microgen, Russia;
• MMR II is the name of the combined triple action vaccine against rubella and measles, manufactured in the USA / Netherlands, by Merck & Co.;
• Priorix is ​​a drug for the protection against measles, rubella and mumps, produced in Belgium, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals s.a.

What is the best vaccine? This question cannot be unequivocally answered, since domestic drugs are not inferior in quality to imported ones. Polyclinics usually have a free vaccine made in Russia (monocomponent or two-component). Parents who want to vaccinate their baby with imported trivalent analogues (Priorix, MMR II) can buy the vaccine at a pharmacy.

What is the measles vaccine? As part of the drug, both domestic and imported, there are attenuated strains of measles vaccine viruses grown on the cell base of egg white. Russian manufacturer uses quail egg protein, Belgian and Dutch - chicken.

Preparing your child for vaccination

Preparation for vaccination is not required. The main rule is that a completely healthy child is vaccinated. Before the procedure, he is examined by a pediatrician and gives official permission for vaccination.

However, in some cases it is recommended to start taking it in advance (10-12 days before vaccination). antihistamine at a dosage appropriate for the age of the child. Such a precaution will save the baby from possible manifestations of allergies - hives, inflammation at the injection site, etc.

Vaccination

MMR vaccination is always carried out according to the rules - then the vaccination will be valid long years(on average two decades). Wherein latest research showed that immunity can last longer this moment the period of its “preservation” is considered to be at least 35 years. Consider when a vaccine is prescribed, what is the scheme for administering the vaccine, where the injection is given and how to properly care for the injection site.

Vaccination Schedule

How many times in a lifetime should you be vaccinated against measles? According to the National Vaccination Calendar, the measles vaccine is given twice - the first time at 1 year, then revaccination is carried out at 6 years (we recommend reading:). At the same time, if the revaccination was not performed according to the schedule at the required time, the doctor may recommend a young man to be re-vaccinated before the age of 18, for a girl - up to 25.

Measles vaccination is also recommended for anyone with no history of childhood vaccination, even if the procedure is being performed a third time. According to studies, immunity develops in 95% of children vaccinated at the age of one. In other patients, it is formed after the repeated administration of the vaccine.

Emergency vaccination is indicated if the child has been in contact with an infected person. However, it is done only in the first three days after contact.

Where is the vaccine given?

The injection site is selected depending on where the patient has more muscle volume, since deep intramuscular injection. In this regard, two most convenient sites are recommended for human body- the middle part of the anterolateral surface of the thigh and the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.

As a rule, babies are vaccinated in the thigh, and older children in the shoulder. Recently, pediatricians do not recommend injecting into the gluteal muscle, especially for babies, so as not to damage the sciatic nerve.

How to behave after vaccination?

As a rule, after vaccination, it is recommended not to take the child to kindergarten and try to avoid crowds. Such a precaution is designed to protect the baby from infection with any virus (ARVI) that can complicate the formation of immunity.

Doctors note that the manifestations of PDA are usually observed no earlier than 5-7 days after the injection. Why is the reaction delayed? So the body creates its own barrier against infection, the incubation period of which is about a week.

Many parents are afraid to expose their child water procedures after vaccination, so as not to wet the injection site. There are no direct contraindications to limiting the bathing of the baby, but there are indirect ones. Any vaccination during the formation of immunity weakens the body, so the child can easily catch a cold. While taking a shower, hypothermia of the baby is possible, which can provoke malaise.

In addition, the injection site is a lesion skin, where the infection can penetrate along with water. In this regard, most pediatricians do not recommend washing the baby for as many days as reddening of the skin around the injection site will be noticeable.

What reaction of the body is considered normal?

Usually, children have a certain reaction to the measles vaccine, which is considered normal. The difference is only in the degree of manifestation of symptoms. Consider typical symptoms:

1. Temperature that can last up to 3-4 days. Pediatricians note that the temperature can be observed both on the first day after vaccination, and after a week or two - when the incubation period is over. If the thermometer readings do not exceed 38 ° C, this symptom can be ignored. Otherwise, the temperature should be brought down with Paracetamol or Ibuprofen.
2. The appearance of a rash. The appearance of papules on the skin, similar to the symptoms of measles, is possible 1-2 weeks after vaccination. However, rashes appear only in 1 case out of fifty, so the likelihood of such a reaction is low. The rash should not be a cause for concern, it will pass in a couple of days.
3. Other consequences are also possible - cough, rhinitis, redness of the conjunctiva.

We have described general reactions to the introduction of the vaccine, but there are also local ones. These include redness of the skin at the injection site, tissue thickening, hyperthermia.

Sometimes a child complains that the arm hurts, especially when pressing on the injection site. In this case, you can lubricate the reddened area with any absorbable ointment, and attach a cabbage leaf to small children.

Possible complications and consequences after vaccination

The vaccine is usually well tolerated. Complications after it are considered conditions that require the intervention of a doctor. Among them:

1. Convulsions that fever can provoke if the temperature reaches high values.
2. Allergic reactions threatening lethal outcome- anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, suffocation. Similar phenomena can be caused by antibiotics in the vaccine, as well as traces of chicken protein.
3. Inflammation of the lining of the brain, which can develop as a complication of measles.
4. Pneumonia.
5. A sharp decrease in the level of platelets. It may not be noticeable.
6. Abdominal pain. It occurs as a result of exacerbation of chronic diseases (gastritis, ulcers, colitis, etc.).
7. Violation of the kidneys.
8. Inflammation of the heart valve.

Contraindications for immunization

There are contraindications to measles vaccination. They are divided into temporary and permanent. It is impossible to vaccinate pregnant women, children and adults during an exacerbation of chronic diseases, during SARS and other infections in the acute phase.

To permanent contraindications can be attributed.