Nature of Japan. Japan's soil resources are very limited: more than one third of soils
Purpose of the lesson: assess Japan's endowment with natural conditions and resources.
Equipment: physical and economic maps of Japan, atlases, contour maps of Japan.
repeat the section on Japan from the course “Physical Geography of the Continents” and “General Economic Geography”.
1. Using a physical map of Japan, answer the questions:
Name the largest islands on which Japan is located, highlighting the largest;
Assess the country's topography from the point of view of transport development.
Name the highest peak in Japan;
Where is the largest plain in Japan, what is it called?
Assess the agroclimatic conditions of the country;
What is the economic importance of the seas washing the shores of Japan, as well as inland water resources?
What do you know about the country's artificial territories?
Assess Japan's endowment with mineral resources;
talk about the problem of the “Northern Territories” (questions are distributed to students in advance, the lesson is held in the form of a seminar)
Japan was the first country in Asia to undergo a demographic transition from the second to the first type of population reproduction.
Lesson 23.
Geography of the population of Japan.
Purpose of the lesson: identify distinctive features population of Japan from other highly developed countries.
Equipment: wall economic map of Japan, atlas maps, textbook, ed. Maksakovsky V.P.
Homework assignment: find additional literature regarding the characteristics of the Japanese population: clothing, family, nutrition, education, etc.
Classroom assignments:
Taking advantage teaching aid edited by Maksakovsky V.P. and table No. 1 (appendix):
1. Analyze the natural movement of the population of Japan from 1950 to 2012.
Make a table according to the example:
Prove that the country has moved from the second type of population reproduction to the first type.
2. Mark urban agglomerations on the contour map:
A). Keihin (cities: Tokyo, YOKOHAMA, Kawasaki, Chiba) - population approximately 27 million people.
b). Hanshin (cities: Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe) - population approximately 25 million people.
V). Tyukyo (city: Nagoya and its suburbs) - population approximately 10 million people.
G). gg. Kitakyushu - Fukuoka - population 3 million people
d). Sapporo – 2 million people
Mark the Tokaido metropolis (“East Coast Road”) with an arbitrary line and give its characteristics.
3. Using the textbook ed. Maksakovsky V.P. (p.235) analyze the dynamics of urban and rural populations in Japan. Draw conclusions.
Interview Questions:
1. Talk about Japanese traditions.
2. What are the features of education in Japan?
3. Tokyo is the most Big city peace.
Modern Japan is one of the generally recognized leaders of the world economy. In terms of indicators such as GDP, technological level of production, labor productivity, gold and foreign exchange reserves and many others, it is ahead of many countries in the world.
On the world market, Japan is a supplier of products from complex, high-tech industries and modern structural materials.
Lesson 24.
Location of Japanese industries.
Purpose of the lesson: consider the location of Japanese industries, analyze the dynamics of production of the main types of industrial products.
Equipment: geographical maps, wall economic map of Japan, statistical collection “Russia and the countries of the world” - M, Rosstat, 2014; “Geographical Picture of the World” - the second book edited by. Maksakovsky V.P., -M., Bustard, 2004
using additional literature and periodicals, find new facts regarding Japanese industries.
1Analyze the dynamics of growth in electricity generation from 1950 to 2012. Draw a conclusion. Calculate electricity production per capita.
(billion kWh)
2. Using the study guide " Geographic Maps world" mark on the outline map:
NPP: Fukushima (capacity - 8.8 million kW). The largest in the world.
Takahama (3.4 million kW)
Share of electricity generation at nuclear power plants – 29.8% (2004)
Thermal power plants: Kashima, Sodegaura, Anegasaki, Himeji (3-4 million kW each)
The share of electricity generation at thermal power plants is 60% (2004)
3. Analyze the dynamics of steel production from 1950 to 2012. Draw conclusions. Explain the reasons for the decline in production in the 80s.
(million tons)
4. Mark on the contour map the centers of ferrous metallurgy: Kitakyushu, Fukuyama, Kimitsu, Muroran, Hiroshima, Nagoya, Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka.
Arrows show the import of coking coal, iron ore, scrap metal (see “Geographical Picture of the World” edited by V.P. Maksakovsky (p. 244).
Using atlas maps, the textbook “Geographical Picture of the World” (pp. 244-246), lecture material, mark on the contour map the mechanical engineering centers of Japan, highlighting shipbuilding, automotive and electronics (highlight independently).
Interview Questions:
1. Identify priority industries in Japan.
2. Give examples modern achievements in these industries.
Lesson 25.
Internal differences in Japan.
Purpose of the lesson: study the economic zoning of Japan, highlight the specialization of each region.
Homework assignments: study the economic zoning of Japan using the textbook " Socio-economic Geography of the Foreign World”, ed. Volsky V.V. and lecture material.
Classroom assignment:
1. On the outline map of Japan, label the economic regions with major cities.
2. Be able to explain the economic specialization of each of them.
Administratively, Japan is divided into 47 prefectures.
Historically, two parts of the country have formed and have great differences:
1- “front” (“Pacific industrial belt”) and 2- “back” - the rest of the country.
1- occupies 1/3 of the territory, 2/3 of the population is concentrated, 45 industrial and ½ agricultural products are produced, more than ¾ of trade and financial transactions are carried out.
3.groups economic regions:
I/Highly developed mixed-use areas of central Japan.
Within their boundaries is the main part of the industrial belt:
1. Kanto: 1/10 of the country's territory, ¼ of the population, more than ¼ of industrial output.
A). main industrial core - Southern Kanto (southern part of the Kanto Plain) - 1/25 of the country’s territory is home to ¼ and produces more than ¼ of industrial products and more than 1/3 of trade and financial transactions.
There is an agglomeration here Keihin (7 thousand km - more than 26 million people)
Center - Tokyo
Cities: Yokohama, Kawasaki - largest ports, Chiba - diverse industry.
b). Northern Kanto - mechanical engineering predominates (branches of Tokyo enterprises). The biggest petrochemical and metallurgical plant in the country Kashima , atomic research center Tokaimura.
V). Tosan- western part of the Kanto region - Tokyo energy base (HPP), sericulture.
2. Kinky- the second most important region in Japan. The textile industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and chemical industry are developed.
Kinki Plain - area ancient culture, agriculture - they grow here the best varieties rye, vegetables, fruits. Livestock farming - meat and dairy, fishing, artificial cultivation of pearls. Here is the agglomeration Hanshin (S- 4.5 thousand km, population more than 121 million people. Center - Osaka.
3.Tokay - between Kanto and Kinki along the transport axis.
Specialization: transport engineering (automobiles), petrochemistry, pulp and paper and textile industries.
The core of the region is the agglomeration Tyuko(approximately 5.5 million inhabitants).
Center - Nagoya. G. Toyota is a satellite city.
4.Hokuriku- the least developed of the central regions. A hydroelectric power station is located here.
Energy-intensive production: special steels, ferroalloys, aluminum, chemical industry.
On the coast of the Sea of Japan is the main rice granary.
Center - Niigata (sister city of Khabarovsk).
II. Areas of Southwestern Japan:
1. Chugoku. Center - Hiroshima (more than 200 thousand inhabitants were killed and injured after the atomic bombing of 1945) - mechanical engineering, chemical industry and metallurgy.
Shimonoseki Port is the end of the Honshu and Kyushu Underwater Tunnel.
2. Kyushu Island. Centers: Itakyushu and Fukuoka (coal industry, metallurgy, petrochemical industry and mechanical engineering), Nagasaki. These three cities are merging into agglomerations.
3.Shikoku Island- non-ferrous metallurgy, petrochemistry, mechanical engineering. A promising area is inside the Sea of Japan.
Niihama - heavy engineering center.
4.Ryukyu Archipelago- tropical farming and fishing. Okinawa Island - US military and military base.
III. Regions of Northern Japan:
1.Tohoku- North of Honshu: diverse natural resources. For a long time it was a rust-growing area, but now it is involved in electrical engineering, pulp and paper, and chemical industries. Center - Sendai.
2.Hokkaido- mining, metallurgy, forestry, pulp and paper, food industry, fishing, petrochemicals. They grow: flax, beets, beans, potatoes, corn. Dairy farming.
Sapporo- center (port of Otaru). In 1972 there were the Olympic Games.
Muroran- center of heavy metallurgy.
Tomakomaya- heavy industry (isk.Gavan), pulp and paper, chemical industry
Topic 6: Economic and geographical characteristics of Western European countries .
Western European countries at the global level are distinguished by a complex and generally unfavorable demographic situation: low birth rates and low natural population growth.
Demographic forecasts indicate that in the future the problems of reproduction here are unlikely to become simpler, primarily due to a further increase in average duration people's lives and increasing the proportion of older people.
Western Europe is the world's largest labor market.
This region is the birthplace of urban agglomerations. Currently, the number of agglomerations with a population of more than 1 million people is: in Germany - 8, in the UK and Italy - 4 each, in France - 3, in Spain - 2, in other countries - 1 each. The level of urbanization is 74%.
“State of Japan” - Origami. general characteristics. Capital of Japan. Cloth. Lesson plan. Map of Japan. Population. Political map peace. Imperial seal. Martial arts. Food in Japanese. National composition. National traditions and characteristics of Japan. National flag of Japan. Fishing. Language and writing.
"Population of Japan" - The vast majority of the country's residents speak Japanese. Population - just over 127 million people (estimated as of July 2009) Birth rate - 7.87 per 1000 (2008). Largest cities: Tokyo (13.05 million) Yokohama (3.27 million) Osaka (2.48 million) Nagoya (2.1 million). Population of Japan. Ethno-racial composition: Japanese 98.5%, Koreans 0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, others 0.6%.
"Economy of Japan" - Natural resources. Unusually many bats. Numerous representatives of the ancient pre-Quaternary flora have been preserved - ferns, horsetails, etc. Automotive industry. Pearl shells. Agriculture. Japan's natural conditions are generally favorable for agriculture.
“The Land of the Rising Sun Japan” - Natural resources and natural conditions History of the development of Japan Population of the country. The Japanese economy is the 3rd economy in the world. Japan Country rising sun. Population of Japan. Culture and traditions Economy of Japan Main centers of Japan. EGP of Japan. Largest cities in Japan. Megalopolis Tokaido. Lesson questions.
"Japanese Islands" - Nature and Art. Kyudo Sumo Kendo Aikido Karate. Trade or die. Population. Sports traditions. Mats covering the floor. There are no strangers between us! We are all brothers to each other Under the cherry blossoms. Japan. Fujiyama Tsukimi. School in Japan. In the world of Japanese words. EGP of Japan. Japan lost the war. Japanese food.
"Islands of Japan" - Religion. Population. Relief. Purpose: to consider the features of the development of Japan. Japan's economy ranks third in the world. Japan is covered with a dense network of short, deep rivers, mostly mountainous. Conclusion. The lowlands are located separate sections along the coasts of the country. Geography. The area of the country is 377.9 thousand km? The capital is Tokyo.
There are 30 presentations in total
Japan is a small Asian country located on islands. In terms of living standards, it ranks first in the world. How did Japan's resources influence this?
A little about the country
The state is located entirely on the Japanese archipelago, which consists of 6,852 large and small islands. All of them are of either mountainous or volcanic origin, some are uninhabited. The main part of the territory is made up of the four largest cities of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku.
The state is washed by the Japanese, Okhotsk, and East China seas of the Pacific Ocean. Shares a border with Far East Russia, South Korea, China and the Philippines. The local population pronounces the country's name as "Nippon" or "Nippon koku", which is often translated as the Land of the Rising Sun.
The area of 377,944 square kilometers is home to approximately 127 million people. The capital of Japan - the city of Tokyo - is located in Japan. It is a constitutional-parliamentary monarchy, headed by the emperor.
Forest resources
Forests are Japan's natural resources, of which the country has plenty. They cover more than 65% of the territory. Approximately a third of forests are artificial plantations. More than 2,500 plant species grow in the country. Subtropical forests grow in the southern mountainous regions, coniferous species predominate in the north, and mixed forests are located in the central part.
Tropical vegetation is found on the islands: palm trees, ferns, fruit trees. Sweet potatoes and sugar cane grow on the Ryukyu Islands. Pine, fir, and evergreen oak trees grow in mountainous areas. The country has a large number of endemics, including Japanese cypress and cryptomeria. Here you can see the relict
At the foot of the mountains on the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, such as Fuji, broad-leaved forests predominate. At an altitude of more than one kilometer, a zone of alpine bushes begins, which give way to alpine meadows. Vast areas are occupied by bamboo forests grown for furniture production.
Water resources
Japan's natural water resources are represented by an abundance of underwater waters, lakes and rivers. Numerous mountain rivers are quite deep, short and fast. Japanese rivers are not suitable for ferrying ships, but they have found use in hydropower. They are also used to irrigate agricultural land.
The largest rivers are the Shinano, 367 kilometers long, and the Tone, 322 kilometers long, both located on the island of Honshu. There are 24 major rivers in total, including Yoshino (Shikoku Island), Chikugo and Kuma (Kyushu) and others. Different areas are characterized by winter or summer high water, which often leads to floods.
The country has both coastal shallow and deep-water mountain lakes. Some of them, for example Cuttiaro, Tovado, are of volcanic origin. Saroma and Kasumigaura are lagoonal. Japan's largest freshwater lake Biwa (670 sq. km.) is located on the island of Honshu.
Minerals
Japan's mineral resources are represented in relatively small quantity. Mostly, they are not enough for the independent development of industry, so the state has to partially cover the shortfall by importing raw materials, such as oil, natural gas, and iron ore.
The country has deposits of sulfur, small reserves of manganese, lead-zinc, copper, silver ore, gold, chromite, iron ore, and barite. Its oil and gas reserves are small. There are small deposits of vanadium, titanium, polymetallic, nickel, lithium, uranium and other ores. In the world, Japan is one of the leaders in iodine production.
Limestones, sands, dolomites and pyrites are contained in significant quantities. The state is rich in iron sands, which have long been used in the manufacture of the famous Japanese steel for blades, knives and swords.
Climate and energy resources
Japan's weather conditions have a favorable effect on the development of agriculture. The length from north to south means that the climate on different islands can vary significantly. In the northern regions it is more severe, in the southern regions, on the contrary, it is soft.
And Kyushu, thanks to the humid monsoon winds and warmth, has a tropical and subtropical climate. Here the harvest period occurs twice a year. Air masses and currents often contribute to heavy rainfall, and in winter they bring snowfall. In the northern regions the climate is temperate.
A large number of sunny days, mountainous terrain, the presence of winds and fast mountain rivers creates conditions for the development of alternative energy. The nuclear power plant accident in 2011 further pushed the country to take this step. IN Lately In addition to hydropower, the country is developing methods for producing photovoltaic, solar thermal, and wind energy.
Natural resources of Japan (table)
Name | Application |
|
mixed, tropical, subtropical, coniferous forests | woodworking, export |
|
mountain rivers (Shinano, Tone, Mimi, Gokase, Yoshino, Chiguko), deep and shallow lakes | hydropower, irrigation, domestic water supply |
|
red soils, yellow soils, brown soils, peaty, slightly podzolic, alluvial soils | cultivation of rice and other grains (wheat, corn, barley), horticulture |
|
Biological | 260 species of mammals, 700 species of birds, 100 species of reptiles, 600 species of fish, more than 1000 species of mollusks | Catch of crabs, oysters, shrimps |
Minerals (used mainly with imported raw materials) | large quantities: limestone, sand, dolomite, pyrite, iodine; small: coal, iron ore, nickel, lead, gold, silver, lithium, tungsten, copper, tin, molybdenum, mercury, manganese, barite, chromium, etc. | industry (metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical); energy |
Energy | sea waves, winds, rivers, sunny days | alternative energy |
Conditions and natural resources of Japan (briefly)
Japan is an amazing and picturesque country. There are mountains, forests, rivers and minerals. Nevertheless, economic assessments of Japan's natural conditions and resources usually sound disappointing. The thing is that most of the country's existing resources are difficult or even impossible to use for industrial purposes.
Japan's natural mineral resources are very diverse, but their quantity is too small. Two-thirds of the state's territory is not suitable for agriculture due to its rugged terrain. Many forests growing in the mountains are inaccessible for logging due to the danger of landslides and avalanches. The rivers are completely unsuited for the development of navigation.
It's all relative. Indeed, despite the poor security natural resources, Japan manages to skillfully get out of the situation. Large exports of timber, seafood and fish, livestock farming, rice and vegetable production, the development of mechanical engineering and high technology, and alternative energy sources do not allow the country to leave the world's leading position in terms of economic level.
Area - 372.8 thousand km2. Population - 127.5 million people
Constitutional monarchy - 47 prefectures. Capital -. Tokyo
EGP
. Japan is an island state. Most of the state's territory is located on islands. Hokkaido. Honshu,. Kyushu and Shikoku, which is washed by the seas. Pacific Ocean. In addition, it owns about 7 thousand small islands
B. Japan is geographically the closest. Russia,. South. Korea,. DPRK. China,. Taiwan. Neighboring states are very different in political systems and economic potential. South. Korea and Taiwan is a new industry real country of the first wave with high rates of economic development. China and. The DPRK is a socialist country, however. China combines command and market economic models. Japan is an active member
UN,. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
The country is located near rich mineral resources. China and. Russia, which is for. Japan is very important important for. Japan's "storehouse" of minerals -. Australia, located on convenient sea pu. Yahah v. Country. Ascendant to go.
Japan is the center of economic development not only in the region, but also in the world. Most neighboring countries are developing dynamically and have significant resource and economic potential and, over time, naturally played a leading role in the world.
Population
In Japan, a type of population reproduction was formed, characteristic features which are low birth rates (9 per 1000 people), low annual population growth (0.2%), the process of “aging of the nation” (average life expectancy is 81 years). Country first in. Asia has made a demographic transition from the traditional type of population reproduction and has approached a state of population stabilization. Insignificant size and migration (migration balance at the beginning of the third millennium close to 00).
The Japanese make up 99.4% of the state's population. They belong to the Mongoloid race. The Japanese language forms a separate language family, because they are completely different from the languages of neighboring peoples. In the north of Hokkaido is home to a small number of aboriginal people (about 20 thousand people). Japan - Ainu. The main religions are Shintoism and Buddhism.
Japan is a densely populated country (about 337 people per km2). The population density is especially high in the southern coastal regions of the city. Honshu and in the north. Kyushu - more than 500 people per 1 km2. In mountainous areas and in the north of the country, the population density is 60 people per 1 km2.
. Japan is one of the most urbanized countries in the world - 78% of the population lives in cities. There are ten millionaire cities in the country. Three largest agglomerations. Japan are merging into the largest metropolis. Tokkaido has a population of over 600 km and has a population of over 600 km.
About 66 million economically active people (52%) are employed. Of these, more than 25% are in industry, 5% in agriculture and about 70% in the service sector. For. Japan is characterized by a relatively small number of unemployed (1.3 million people).
Natural conditions and resources
Japan is poor in mineral resources. Only coal, insignificant reserves of oil, gas, and non-ferrous metal ores (copper, lead, arsenic, bismuth, zinc) are of industrial importance. The chemical industry uses its own sulfur, the construction industry uses dolomite, gypsum, and limestone. The needs of most types of mineral raw materials are met through imports: oil and gas - 99%, coal - 90%, copper - 3/4, iron ore - 99.9%, more than half - lead and zinc
Rivers in In Japan, their mountainous resources are mainly used for both irrigation and electricity generation. An important source drinking water are numerous small lakes
Forests cover 63% of the territory. Japan. Coniferous, broad-leaved and subtropical forests predominate. However, our own forest resources are also not enough to meet production needs!
Japan - Mountain country. Mountains occupy over 3/5 of the territory. In many places they come very close to the sea. Above central part V. Honshu is a towering volcano. Fuji (3776 m). The very plains of the races located in the central part of the island. Honshu (plain. Kanto) they are crossed by numerous irrigation canals. The difficult terrain forces the construction of numerous underground transport tunnels. The decline of flat lands makes it necessary to reclaim land in the bays for the development of large coastal localities.
A characteristic feature of natural conditions. Japan is highly seismic. Sometimes earthquakes cause huge waves - tsunamis
. Climate - subtropical, monsoon. Hokkaido - moderate. In summer there is a southeast monsoon, which is characterized by a predominance of hot and humid air. The winter northwest monsoon causes intense snowfall. Precipitation here ranges from 1000 to 3000 mm per river.
agroclimatic. Japan is located in a humid temperate zone (favorable for growing rye, barley, winter wheat, potatoes, legumes) and subtropical (citrus, tobacco, rice) zones
The basis for tourism and recreation is nature and unique cultural heritage
JAPAN
Territory - 377.8 thousand square meters. km. Population - 125.2 million people. (1995). The capital is Tokyo.
Geographical location, general information.
Japan is an archipelago country located on four large and almost four thousand small islands, stretching in an arc of 3.5 thousand km from northeast to southwest along the eastern coast of Asia. The largest islands are Honshu, Hokaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The shores of the archipelago are heavily indented and form many bays and bays. The seas and oceans surrounding Japan are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources.
The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined, first of all, by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, which contributes to the country's active participation in the international geographical division of labor.
During the feudal period, Japan was isolated from other countries. After unfinished bourgeois revolution Between 1867 and 1868 it embarked on the path of rapid capitalist development. At the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries, it became one of the imperialist powers. In the 20th century, Japan entered and participated in three major wars (Russian-Japanese and two world wars). After the end of World War II, the armed forces were disbanded and reforms were introduced. In 1947, the emperor lost his powers (according to the constitution), now Japan is constitutional monarchy. Supreme body state power and the only legislative body - parliament.
Natural conditions and resources.
The geological basis of the archipelago is underwater mountain ranges. About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with highly dissected relief with an average height of 1600 - 1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 active, including highest peak- Fuji volcano (3,776 m). Frequent earthquakes and tsunamis also have a significant impact on the Japanese economy.
The country is poor in mineral resources, but coal, lead and zinc ores, oil, sulfur, and limestone are mined. The resources of its own deposits are small, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials.
Despite the small area, the length of the country in the meridional direction has determined the existence on its territory of a unique set of natural conditions: the island of Hokkaido and the north of Honshu are located in the temperate maritime climate zone, the rest of Honshu, the islands of Shikoku and Yushu are in the humid subtropical climate, and the Ryukyu Island is in the humid subtropical climate. tropical climate. Japan is located in an active monsoon zone. The average annual precipitation ranges from 2 - 4 thousand mm.
The soils of Japan are mainly slightly podzolic and peaty, as well as brown forest and red soils. Approximately 2/3 of the territory, mainly mountainous areas, is covered with forests (more than half of the forests are artificial plantations). Coniferous forests predominate in northern Hokkaido, mixed forests in central Honshu and southern Hokkaido, and subtropical monsoon forests in the south.
Japan has many rivers, deep, fast and rapids, unsuitable for navigation, but a source for hydropower and irrigation.
The abundance of rivers, lakes and groundwater have a beneficial effect on the development of industry and agriculture.
IN post-war period escalated in the Japanese Islands ecological problems. The adoption and implementation of a number of environmental protection laws reduces the level of environmental pollution.
Population.
Japan is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of population. Japan became the first Asian country to move from the second to the first type of population reproduction. Now the birth rate is 12%, the death rate is 8%. Life expectancy in the country is the highest in the world (76 years for men and 82 years for women).
The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Of other nationalities, the Koreans and Chinese are significant in number. The most common religions are Shintoism and Buddhism. The population is distributed unevenly across the area. The average density is 330 people per km 2, but the coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean are among the most densely populated in the world.
About 80% of the population lives in cities. 11 cities have millionaires. Keihin's largest urban agglomerations. Hanshin and Chuke merge into the Tokyo metropolis (Takaido) with a population of more than 60 million people.
Farming.
The growth rate of the Japanese economy was one of the highest in the second half of the 20th century. The country has largely undergone a qualitative restructuring of the economy. Japan is at a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by highly developed industry, but the most growing area is the non-manufacturing sector (services, finance, R&D).
Although Japan is poor in natural resources and imports raw materials for most industries, it ranks 1-2 in the world in the output of many industries. Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt.
Electric power industry. Mainly uses imported raw materials. In the structure of the raw material base, oil leads, the share of natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy is growing, and the share of coal is decreasing.
In the electric power industry, 60% of the power comes from thermal power plants and 28% from nuclear power plants, including Fukushima - the most powerful in the world.
Hydroelectric power stations are located in cascades on mountain rivers. Japan ranks fifth in the world in terms of hydroelectric power generation. In resource-poor Japan, alternative energy sources are being actively developed.
Ferrous metallurgy. The country ranks 2nd in the world in terms of steel production. Japan's share in the global ferrous metallurgy market is 23%.
The largest centers, now operating almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel, are located near Osaka, Tokyo, and Fuji.
Non-ferrous metallurgy. Due to harmful influence on environment Primary smelting of non-ferrous metals is being reduced. Conversion plants are located in all major industrial centers.
Mechanical engineering. Provides 40% of industrial production. The main sub-sectors among the many developed in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering.
Japan firmly ranks first in the world in shipbuilding, specializing in the construction of large-tonnage tankers and dry cargo ships. The main centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are located in the largest ports (Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe).
In terms of car production (13 million units per year), Japan also ranks first in the world. The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima.
The main enterprises of general mechanical engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt - complex machine tool building and industrial robots in the Tokyo region, metal-intensive equipment - in the Osaka region, machine tool building - in the Nagai region.
The country's share in the world output of the radio-electronic and electrical engineering industries is exceptionally large.
By level of development chemical industry Japan ranks one of the first in the world.
Japan also has developed pulp and paper, light and food industries.
Agriculture Japan remains important industry, although it gives about 2% of GNP; the industry employs 6.5% of EAN. Agricultural production is focused on food production (the country provides 70% of its needs for food itself).
13% of the territory is cultivated in the structure of crop production (provides 70% of agricultural products). The leading role is played by the cultivation of rice and vegetables, and gardening is developed. Livestock farming is developing intensively (breeding large cattle, pig farming, poultry farming).
Due to the exceptional place of fish and seafood in the Japanese diet, the country fishes in all areas of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).
Transport.
All types of transport are developed in Japan with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of cargo transportation volume, the first place belongs to road transport (60%), the second place belongs to sea transport. Role railway transport is declining, while air travel is growing. Due to very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.
Territorial structure of the economy
The territorial structure of the economy is characterized by a combination of two completely various parts. The Pacific belt is the socio-economic core of the country (the “front part”). Here are the main industrial areas, ports, transport routes and developed Agriculture. Peripheral zone (" back part") includes areas where timber harvesting, livestock farming, mining, hydropower, tourism and recreation are most developed. Despite the implementation of regional policies, the smoothing out of territorial imbalances is quite slow.
Figure 12. Territorial structure of the Japanese economy.
(to enlarge the image, click on the picture)
Foreign economic relations of Japan.
Japan actively participates in the MRT, foreign trade occupies a leading place, and the export of capital, production, scientific, technical and other ties are also developed.
Japan's share in world imports is about 1/10. Mainly raw materials and fuel are imported.
The country's share in world exports is also more than 1/10. Industrial goods account for 98% of exports.
Figure 13. Japan's foreign trade.(to enlarge the image, click on the picture)
Leading ideas: show the diversity of cultural worlds, models of economic and political development, interconnection and interdependence of countries around the world; and also be convinced of the need for a deep understanding of the laws of social development and the processes that occur in the world.
Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type transport system, port-industrial complex, "development axis", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, ship stations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of industrial structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.
Skills and abilities: be able to assess the influence of EGP and GGP, the history of settlement and development, characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGRT of the region, country; identify problems and forecast development prospects for the region and country; highlight specific, defining features of individual countries and explain them; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give an explanation for them, draw up and analyze maps and cartograms.