Chemical formula of baking soda. sodium bicarbonate

We habitually call baking soda drinking, tea, baking, kitchen. A well-known pack, the design of which has not changed for many years, is in every home, since the use of a universal remedy is found very often. For chemists, this substance is called sodium bicarbonate or bicarbonate, or sodium bicarbonate. But the average consumer does not think about the nature and formula of soda when he cleans dishes with soda, gargles a sore throat or fries air pancakes.

There are several types of soda: soda ash - Na 2 CO 3, bicarbonate (food) - NaHCO 3, crystalline - Na 2 CO 3 10H 2 O and Na 2 CO 3 H 2 O, caustic -NaOH. According to the production method, soda can be Leblanc or more pure ammonia. Although the soda we are used to is a product of industrial production, mankind discovered the beneficial properties of alkali in prehistoric times, when natural soda was extracted from lakes and small deposits.

Soda - universal remedy not only from pain

Start of production of sodium bicarbonate

Soda occurs in nature in the solid state as part of the mineral tron or in the water of some lakes and mineral springs. In addition, the substance can be obtained from the ashes of certain plants. So the substance was mined until the beginning of the 19th century, but the need for soda was constantly increasing - it was necessary for the manufacture of soap, paints, glass, medicine.

Currently, there are soda lakes in the west of Siberia and in Transbaikalia. The most famous springs are Tanzania's Lake Natron and California's Searls. The reserves of natural soda in the United States are so large that they cover almost half of the state's needs. There are no such large deposits in Russia and Europe, so soda is synthesized only by chemical methods from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.

The first artificial soda from rock salt in 1791 was the French chemist Leblanc. The recipe remained a secret for a long time and was the property of France. It can be said that the specificity of French cuisine is explained by the fact that confectioners could receive food alkali and were free to invent recipes for biscuits, puffs, crumbly cookies. At this time, in Austria, Russia and other European countries, baking methods using yeast were developing. The trends continued until the 20th century and allowed Viennese craftsmen to reach unattainable heights in the preparation of the famous yeast rolls and cakes.

French chemist Nicolas Leblanc was the first to obtain soda artificially.

Only 70 years after Leblanc, the Belgian Ernest Gaston Solvay developed an ammonia method for the synthesis of soda from salt. The method was cheaper and better than the Leblanc one, and since the end of the 19th century it has been adopted in Europe and the USA.

In Russia, soda dough won over yeast dough along with the development of a public catering network in the Soviet Union. Cooking is easier and the result is predictable, which cannot be said about yeast dough, so national traditions gradually gave way to fast and reliable culinary techniques.

Composition of baking soda

Sodium bicarbonate is a fine, white powder, easily soluble in water. It reacts with acid to form water, releasing carbon dioxide. Weak alkali does not adversely affect body tissues and plants. Baking soda is in great demand, it is actively used in everyday life for cleaning, cooking, medicine, textile and chemical industries, metallurgy, etc.

The composition of sodium bicarbonate is the sodium salt of bicarbonate acid, which does not include proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The calorie content of the substance is zero. Minerals in soda - selenium and sodium.

Production process

Baking soda and soda ash are synthesized using the Solvay ammonia-chloride method. Sodium chloride concentrate is saturated with ammonia and exposed to carbon dioxide. The resulting sodium bicarbonate is poorly soluble in cold water and is easily separated by filtration. After calcination, soda is formed in the form of a powder.

There are deposits of minerals nahkolit and throne, including soda, in the USA, Turkey, Mexico, and Uganda. The throne mined underground is raised to the surface for further processing, or hot water is poured into underground voids and crystals are evaporated from it. After crushing and heating the crystals, unnecessary gases are removed, and the mineral is poured with water and filtered. The remaining substance is soda, it is dried, sieved and packaged.

Chemical formula of baking soda

Formula of sodium bicarbonate: NaHCO3. The chemical composition is simple:

One atom each of sodium, hydrogen, carbon.
Three oxygen atoms.

Odorless white powder, salty taste. Sodium bicarbonate dissolves well in water; upon contact with air, decomposition is possible only at high humidity. Releases carbon dioxide when exposed to acid or high temperatures.

Baking soda is used to prevent and treat various diseases.

How is baking soda different from soda ash

Both substances are sodium compounds, but their chemical formulas and applications are slightly different:

The main difference is in the pH value. The pH activity of baking soda is close to neutral, the powder can not cause harm to health, provided that the recommended dosage is observed.

Acid-alkaline environment of the body

The functionality of the human body depends on the balance of acid and alkali in the tissues. Only in conditions of equilibrium is it possible to have a normal metabolism, full-fledged immunity and the work of internal organs.

The indicator of acid-base balance is determined by the pH indicator (power Hydrogen), the numbers in it indicate the number of hydrogen atoms in the solution.

Neutral medium - pH7.0.
Acidic environment - pH from 0 to 6.9.
Alkaline environment - pH from 7.1 to 14.0.

The normal environment of the body is slightly alkaline, the ratio of acid and alkali in a state of health is strictly regulated in a natural way and is maintained in the pH range of 7.37-7.44. Even a slight departure from the narrow range leads to diseases, and with significant deviations, cells are destroyed, enzymes lose their effectiveness, and death is possible.

Video: acid-base balance

Why does the body acidify

The main reason for the acidification of internal fluids, which should normally be slightly alkaline, is malnutrition. Our menu is becoming more and more sugar, fast carbohydrates and products with a high degree of processing.

The body is a perfect system capable of restoration and self-adjustment. Buffering properties maintain an optimal pH balance and neutralize acids, but with increased loads, forces are diverted from immune defenses. We complain about pain in the joints, chronic fatigue, fragility of bones, visual impairment and we go to the doctors who prescribe a course of medications. But in many cases, the symptoms can be eliminated by simply changing the diet and introducing alkaline foods into the diet. The menu should contain 80% alkaline foods - vegetables, fruits and cereals, acidic - meat, sugar, dairy products, pastries. In fact, the diet of a modern city dweller is 90% made up of acidifying foods.

How to overcome acidification of the body and make alkalization with soda:

To help the body overcome acidification, you can use ordinary baking soda. Having adjusted normal level pH, you:

Normal pH level - and the person feels great

The healing properties of soda

Beneficial features NaHCO 3 have been known for a long time and are used in folk and traditional medicine. An alkaline solution is drunk, used in injections, rinses, compresses, inhalations. Sodium bicarbonate is effective as an antiseptic, emollient, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, its action manifests itself quickly and, subject to the dosage and treatment regimen, does not harm health.

abrasive action

Fine powder can be used to clean your teeth. Weak alkali removes yellow coating, so it is often added to toothpastes. Soda in its pure form works as an abrasive - you should not use it constantly so as not to damage the enamel. It is better to dip the brush in powder, and apply toothpaste on top. Periodic treatment of the oral cavity with such a composition helps to maintain fresh breath and a snow-white smile.

Acid neutralization

The normal acidity of the stomach is higher than in the blood and other tissues of the body - without gastric juice unable to digest food. However, excess acid leads to heartburn, stomach pain, bloating, and other unpleasant symptoms. Sodium bicarbonate is a natural antacid that neutralizes stomach acid. You can extinguish the acidity with a solution of baking soda or pharmaceutical preparations, including NaHCO3.

Excretion of sputum

With bronchitis, the mucous membranes become inflamed and the lumen of the bronchi narrows. A comprehensive course of treatment necessarily includes the elimination of a painful cough, the attacks of which usually intensify at night. Soda drinking, inhalation and rinsing help soften phlegm and speed up recovery.

Anti-inflammatory effect

Doctors recommend sodium bicarbonate gargles for sore throats. Instillation of the nose helps relieve swelling of the mucous membranes, soften the mucus and speed up the treatment of the common cold. Wash eyes with a weak solution for conjunctivitis.

Bactericidal action

Disinfection of rooms and surfaces with soda is an excellent way to prevent diseases caused by pathogenic microbes. Sodium bicarbonate is non-toxic and does not harm health, at the same time, it washes dirt and disinfects well.

Removal of waste and toxins

Against the background of slagging of the body, diseases of the kidneys, liver, intestines, and other organs and systems develop. Usually, toxins are manifested by indigestion and constipation, but the problem is much more serious. Soda baths and ingestion of the solution help to restore the alkaline balance, activate metabolism and cleanse the body of toxins.

Baking soda along with water and lemon helps you lose weight and quit smoking

Sodium hydrochloride is prescribed for poisoning and alcohol intoxication. A weak alkali binds and removes toxins, and the patient's condition improves.

Anesthesia

Rinses with soda reduce toothache, relieve inflammation of the gums, help with fluxes and stomatitis. It will not be possible to cure caries with sodium bicarbonate, but they will help to wait for an appointment with the dentist without unnecessary torment.

Also, warm soda compresses relieve pain in the joints, gout, and osteochondrosis.

Removal of excess fluid

Baths with sodium bicarbonate remove excess fluid from the body - after each procedure, the weight is reduced by one and a half kilograms. Thanks to this effect, the method has gained popularity as an easy and pleasant way to lose weight. True, lost pounds come back as quickly as they go, but in combination with diet and physical activity, baths can bring real benefits.

An aqueous solution of soda does have diuretic properties, which helps to reduce arterial pressure and enhance the effect of antihypertensive drugs.

Video: 10 uses for baking soda

How to use baking soda medicinally

Colds

With a dry cough, soda inhalations become a real salvation - sputum softens and leaves faster and more painlessly. You can carry out procedures over a pot with a warm solution (up to +57 ° C) or using a nabulizer. It is better to do inhalations for children with a nabulizer or warm up the treatment solution to +30 ° C. Duration - 10 minutes for adults and 3 minutes for children.
Gargling with a solution of two teaspoons of baking soda in a glass of warm water quickly relieves inflammation and speeds up the elimination of phlegm.
Mashed hot potatoes, mixed with a tablespoon of soda, dry mustard, honey and sunflower oil, place in a plastic bag and wrap in a napkin. Warming "pillow" on the chest will warm Airways, and they will quickly be cleared of sputum.
In hot milk, add half a teaspoon of soda and a couple of tablespoons of honey. Drink before bed to reduce inflammation and ease coughing. Such a drink is given to children when they are tormented by coughing fits.

Sore throat

Dissolve a teaspoon of NaHCO3 in a glass of warm water and gargle several times a day. For inhalation, dilute a teaspoon of the powder in a liter of hot water, cover your head with a towel and breathe over the steam for about 10 minutes. A similar solution can be poured into a nebulizer.

The first signs of a cold

If the first signs of a cold appear, a tickle in the throat, a stuffy nose, you can stop the development of the disease by steaming your legs. With a viral infection, this method is contraindicated, since the flu can manifest itself very acutely. Pour water at a temperature of about +40 ° C into the basin, dissolve a tablespoon of tea soda and dry mustard. Keep your feet in the water for 10 minutes, after the procedure you need to put on warm socks and go to bed.

Soar legs at high temperature, pregnancy, varicose veins veins, problems with the heart and blood vessels is contraindicated.

With a cold, soda inhalation is a good adjuvant

Soda can treat a runny nose even in children, the method is safe, but it is not recommended to exceed the recommended concentration. In two teaspoons of warm water, dissolve a pinch of soda powder (on the tip of a knife). Bury a couple of drops in each nostril.

Treatment of thrush

Sodium bicarbonate has fungicidal properties, so its use is justified in the elimination of thrush. The causative agents of the disease - yeast-like fungi Candida - are constantly present in the microflora, but under favorable conditions, their number increases and this causes women a lot of anxiety.

Dissolve a teaspoon of the powder in a liter of boiled warm water and douche.
In children, Candida is manifested by irritation of the oral mucosa. In this case, the oral cavity is treated with a swab dipped in a soda solution.

Before douching and treating a child, you should consult a doctor.

dental problems

Inflammation of the gums

Gums at least once in a lifetime become inflamed in every person. The sensations are unpleasant, the gum hurts and swells, but soda helps to get rid of discomfort even with flux.

Boil water and cool to + 30-35 ° C. Dissolve an incomplete spoonful of sodium bicarbonate in 200 ml of water and rinse first every hour, and from the second day - every three hours. Try not to eat or drink anything for an hour after the procedure.
Addition to the solution described above table salt enhances the bactericidal and analgesic effect.
In a glass of warm boiled water, drip 5 drops of iodine and dissolve a teaspoon of soda. Rinse every three hours for 4-5 days. The procedure should take about 5 minutes.

Teeth whitening

The whitening effect is noticeable after the first procedure, but you should not get carried away with brushing your teeth with soda - the powder thins the enamel and irritates the oral mucosa.

Take soda powder on a damp toothbrush and brush your teeth.
Mix soda with lemon juice and use gruel instead of paste.

Alkaline powder acts as an abrasive and cleans plaque from teeth, but the dentist does not recommend using this method more than once every two to three weeks.

Baking soda can whiten your teeth

Skin problems

Comedones

Comedones form when pores are clogged and upset women of all ages. The fight against black dots on the skin is constantly and mercilessly. Meanwhile, the simplest effective remedy at hand. If there is no inflammation on the skin, a mask will help get rid of comedones. Mix a teaspoon each of baking soda, salt and face wash. With a cotton swab, apply gruel to problem areas for 5-10 minutes. Wash off with cool water.

Furuncles

Furuncle is an acute purulent inflammation of the hair follicle. If boils appear periodically, you should consult a doctor - the causes may require medical treatment. It is permissible to neutralize a single boil with improvised means. Sprinkle the boil with soda. Wash and cut a leaf of aloe, attach downwards with pulp. Secure with a bandage and adhesive tape. Alkali combined with aloe will draw out pus.

Cracks, calluses, corns

Soda softens the skin, prevents cracking and roughness of the feet. For prevention, it is useful to treat problem areas with weak alkali.

Foot baths help with corns, cracks and calluses. In three glasses of warm milk, dissolve a tablespoon of sodium bicarbonate. Keep your feet in the solution for about 20 minutes. Massage your feet with baking soda powder. Wash your feet and apply cream on dry skin. The procedure should be carried out in courses of 7-10 days.

Insect bites

Lotions help relieve itching from bites of mosquitoes, bees and other insects. Dilute sodium bicarbonate in cool water to reduce swelling faster.

Add some water to the baking soda to make a paste. Press the cake to the bite site, fix it with a damp cloth and keep it for two to three hours.
Soak a cotton swab in water, soak it in baking soda and apply to the wound.
If there are many bites, wipe the skin with a strong alkaline solution from a tablespoon of the powder and a glass of water.
For children, the concentration of the solution should be weak, and it is better not to use compresses with alkali - they can cause skin irritation.

Soda for excess weight

The beneficial properties of baking soda lie in its ability to neutralize acid without causing harm to health. Based on this, dosed intake of solutions can be considered useful.

Decided to lose weight? Soda will be a great help!

The idea of burning fat with soda is based on the fact that when ingested, sodium bicarbonate is broken down into carbon dioxide and sodium, and carbon dioxide accelerates lipolysis. Unfortunately, this knowledge does not bring tangible benefits to those who want to lose weight, as well as the use of alkaline cocktails in different combinations. The effect of a harmless dose of NaHCO3 tends to zero, and regular intake of a concentrated solution can result in gastritis.

Soda baths are healthier than drinks. Hydrocarbonate water procedures relax, relieve minor pains, activate blood circulation, soothe skin irritations, and partially normalize the pH balance of mucous membranes. After the bath, the scales are pleased with the loss of one and a half kilograms, but this miracle is explained by the loss of fluid, which is very quickly replenished.

The good news is that soda removes toxins, and without them metabolic processes are activated, and if you follow a diet and an active lifestyle, the weight will decrease.

soda in cooking

Mostly baking soda is used to loosen baked goods, but this is not the only useful property of sodium bicarbonate.

In addition, soda can do:

Tough meat is softer.
The omelet is richer.
Fruits and berries are sweeter.
Boiled vegetables are greener.
Tea and coffee are more aromatic.

Starchy vegetables brighten after washing in a soda solution, and peas and beans cook faster in alkaline water.

Soda does not have to be present in pancakes and pancakes. You can do without soda.

Price, shelf life and storage rules

Baking soda is one of the cheapest products. A half-kilogram package costs only 15 rubles.
The warranty period of storage is 12 months, but in a dry place and secure packaging, the alkali retains its properties longer.
When buying a package, make sure it is intact. Powder in a leaky pack absorbs moisture and loses its beneficial properties. At home, it is advisable to pour soda into a hermetically sealed container made of glass or metal and store at room temperature.
Checking the quality of alkali is simple - pour vinegar on a spoonful of powder. A violent reaction should occur, which is accompanied by hissing and foaming.

Use all the beneficial properties of baking soda - quality is not always determined by price. Habitual product seems outdated, but we use only part of its capabilities. Often we are chasing beautiful packaging and advertised products, forgetting about side effects the latest medicines and detergents. Tea soda is completely harmless when used in the right dosage and in moderation.

is a finely ground crystalline powder, white, odorless, salty (soapy) taste, which causes irritation when it comes into contact with mucous membranes. Easily soluble in water. It is the acidic sodium salt of carbonic acid and sodium. It reacts with acids to form a salt and carbonic acid, which immediately decomposes into carbon dioxide and water. At 60°C, baking soda breaks down into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and water.
A distinctive feature is the mild alkaline properties that do not have a harmful effect on animal and plant tissues.
Density - 2.159 g / cm³. Boiling point - 851° C, melting point - 270° C.

In nature, soda is found in solid form in small deposits as part of the throne mineral, in the form of a solution in the water of some soda lakes and alkaline mineral springs, and in the ashes of some plants. In industry, baking soda is obtained as an intermediate product in the production of soda ash using the ammonia method (the so-called Solvay process).

Application of baking soda.
Baking soda is widely used in various industries, the national economy and in everyday life. Used in chemical, food, light, medical, pharmaceutical industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, etc.
It is registered in the food industry as food additive E500. The main application is cooking, baking, confectionery production, where it is used mainly as the main or additional baking powder in baking, alone or as part of complex baking powder and in ready mixes for baking. It is also used in the production of carbonated drinks.
In medicine, a solution of baking soda is used as a weak antiseptic for rinsing, as well as a traditional acid-neutralizing remedy for heartburn and stomach pain.
In the chemical industry, it is used for the production of dyes, foams and other organic products, fluorine reagents, household chemicals, fillers in fire extinguishers, for separating carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide from gas mixtures. It is also included in the composition of the powder used in powder fire extinguishing systems, utilizing heat and displacing oxygen from the combustion source with the emitted carbon dioxide.
In light industry, sodium bicarbonate is used in the production of sole rubber and artificial leather, leather production (tanning and neutralization of leather), textile industry (finishing silk and cotton fabrics).
In everyday life it is used as an excellent tool for cleaning, washing and removing stains and scale. Baking soda is great at removing bad odors, freshens and cleans carpets, and removes the musty smell of old books. AT medicinal purposes baking soda is used for burns, including sunburn. She is an ambulance and with a bee or wasp sting.

Physical and chemical indicators* of baking soda GOST 2156-76:

Name of indicator	The norm for the variety
Name of indicator	The first	Second
Appearance	White crystalline powder, odorless
Mass fraction sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO 3), %, not less than**	99,5	99,0
Mass fraction of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3),%, not more than**	0,4	0,7
Mass fraction of chlorides in terms of NaCl, %, not more than**	0,02	0,04
Mass fraction of arsenic (As),%, no more	Withstands the test
Mass fraction of water-insoluble substances, %, no more	Withstands the test
Mass fraction of iron (Fe 2+),%, not more than**	0,001	0,005
Mass fraction of calcium (Ca 2+),%, no more	0,04	0,05
Mass fraction of sulfates in terms of SO 4 2-,%, no more	0,02	0,02
Mass fraction of moisture, %, no more	0,1	0,2

Safety requirements for baking soda.
Baking soda is non-toxic, fire and explosion-proof, according to the degree of impact on the body, it belongs to substances of the 3rd hazard class. The maximum allowable concentration of sodium bicarbonate in the air of the working area is 5 mg/m³.

Degree of toxicity	-
Main properties and types of danger
Basic properties	Fine-crystalline powder of white color, odorless.
Explosion and fire hazard	Fire and explosion proof. Non-combustible May decompose when heated to form toxic gases. Containers may explode when heated.
Human danger	Baking soda is dangerous in contact with skin and eyes. Causes irritation on contact with mucous membranes. Continuous work in an atmosphere contaminated with sodium bicarbonate dust may cause irritation of the respiratory tract. In case of fire, burns are possible.
Individual protection means	Protective overall suit L-1 or L-2 complete with industrial gas mask with cartridges A, B. Oil and gasoline resistant gloves, special footwear. In case of fire - fire-retardant suit complete with SPI-20 self-rescuer. Overalls, safety devices.
Necessary actions in emergency situations
General	Take the wagon to a safe place. Isolate danger zone within a radius of at least 100 m. Adjust the indicated distance according to the results of chemical exploration. Remove strangers. Comply with measures fire safety. Do not smoke. Provide first aid to the injured.
In case of leakage, spill and placer	Report to CSEN. Do not touch spilled or spilled material. Do not allow the substance to enter waterways, basements, sewers.
In case of fire	Enter the accident zone in protective clothing and breathing apparatus. Extinguish with water mist, air-mechanical foam from a maximum distance.
Neutralization	Cover with sand or other inert material. Burn the area (individual outbreaks) if there is a threat of getting into groundwater. Call experts for neutralization.
First aid measures	summon ambulance. Fresh air, peace, warmth, clean clothes. Flush eyes and mucous membranes with water for at least 15 minutes.

Packing, transportation and storage.
Baking soda is packed in four-layer or five-layer paper bags weighing up to 50 kg or in specialized disposable containers of the MKR-1.0 type with a polyethylene liner, weighing no more than 1 ton. Sodium bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate), intended for retail trade, is packed in consumer packaging - cardboard packs weighing 500 and 1000 g, plastic bags weighing 500 g.
Baking soda is transported by all modes of transport (except air) in covered vehicles in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for this type of transport. It is allowed to transport sodium bicarbonate by road in bulk using specialized transport (such as a flour truck) or in specially made stainless steel containers. Specialized flexible containers are transported by rail by open rolling stock in carload shipments without transshipment, with loading and unloading on the consignor's (consignee's) sidings.
Baking soda is stored in closed warehouses. Filled specialized soft containers and transport packages are stored both in covered warehouses and in open areas, in 2-3 tiers in height.
Guaranteed shelf life of the product - 12 months from the date of manufacture.

Introduction.

(natron, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) - acid-neutralizing sodium salt. Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3 , sodium bicarbonate. In general, "soda" is the technical name for the sodium salts of carbonic acid H 2 CO 3 . Depending on the chemical composition compounds differ in baking soda (baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) - NaHCO 3, soda ash (sodium carbonate, anhydrous sodium carbonate) - Na 2 CO 3 and crystalline soda - Na 2 CO 3 .10H 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 .7H 2 O, Na 2 CO 3 .H 2 O. Artificial baking soda (NaHCO3) is a white crystalline powder.
Modern soda lakes are known in Transbaikalia and Western Siberia; Lake Natron in Tanzania and Lake Searles in California are very famous. Trona, which is of industrial importance, was discovered in 1938 as part of the Eocene strata of the Green River (Wyoming, USA).
In the US, natural soda supplies more than 40% of the country's need for this mineral. In Russia, due to the lack of large deposits, soda is not mined from minerals.
Soda was known to man about one and a half to two thousand years before our era, and maybe even earlier. It was mined from soda lakes and extracted from a few deposits in the form of minerals. The first information about obtaining soda by evaporating the water of soda lakes dates back to 64 AD. Until the 18th century, alchemists of all countries seemed to be a kind of substance that hissed with the release of some kind of gas under the action of acids known by that time - acetic and sulfuric. At the time of the Roman physician Dioscorides Pedanius, no one had a clue about the composition of soda. In 1736, the French chemist, physician and botanist Henri Louis Duhamel de Monceau was able to obtain very pure soda from the water of soda lakes for the first time. He managed to establish that the soda contains chemical element"Natr". In Russia, back in the time of Peter the Great, soda was called "zoda" or "itch" and until 1860 it was imported from abroad. In 1864, the first soda plant appeared in Russia using the technology of the Frenchman Leblanc. It was thanks to the appearance of their factories that soda became more accessible and began its victorious path as a chemical, culinary and even medicine.

What is baking soda.

In industry, trade and everyday life, under the name of soda, there are several products: soda ash - anhydrous sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3, bicarbonate soda - sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3, often also called baking soda, crystalline soda Na 2 CO 3 .10H 2 O and Na 2 CO 3 .H 2 O and caustic soda, or caustic soda, NaOH. Ordinary soda, depending on the method of preparation, is Leblanc and ammonia. The latter is a purer product. In addition, soda is either in the form of calcined (anhydrous, calcined) or crystalline. This soda contains 10 parts of water.
Modern baking soda is a typical industrial product. However, it was known to mankind long before our era in its natural state and was already used in the culinary of ancient Egypt, on the territory of which there were soda lakes that emitted sedimentary soda in the burning sun of the desert.
In nature, soda is found in solid form in small deposits as part of the throne mineral Na 2 CO 3 NaHCO 3 .2H 2 O, in the form of a solution in the water of some soda lakes and alkaline mineral springs and in the ashes of some plants. Until the beginning of the XIX century. almost exclusively natural soda was used, but with the growth of soda consumption, it became necessary to produce soda on a large scale by artificial means. Currently, the extraction of natural soda is extremely small. There are soda lakes (in the Kulunda steppe), but natural soda makes up a small percentage of its total production. The industrial production of the refined product is closely related to the production of soda, since sodium carbonate (or crude bicarbonate) is used as a raw material for the production of purified baking soda, as well as carbon dioxide from lime kilns.
Currently, the world produces several million tons of soda per year for industrial production, food and medical industries.
Soda was artificially obtained only at the end of the 18th century in France by the chemist Leblanc (1791). The secret of obtaining, as was customary then, was kept secret for a long time, as a result of which soda began to be actively used for the first time in French cooking, especially in French confectionery, and primarily in the manufacture of biscuits and other French cookies, while confectionery in others countries - for example, in Austria, in Russia - developed in a different direction, using other, mainly yeast-based dough-raising agents. That is why in France, in addition to biscuits, dry and puff pastry dominated, and in Germany and Poland, where French chefs worked, shortbread soda dough was developed, while Vienna until the 20th century remained the center of magnificent confectionery and is famous for its excellent yeast "Viennese dough" - the height of the skillful use of yeast in confectionery. Only in 1861, the Belgian chemist E. Solvay developed a modern method for producing soda, to which all European countries and the United States switched in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Only after the First World War and the 1917 revolution did soda confectionery products develop in the USSR, in the 20-30s, mainly through the public catering network, because soda dough makes it possible to achieve stereotypes, the standard of baked goods (the sameness in their weight, form, shape). And after the Second World War, soda confectionery products took the main place in Russia in home cooking due to the loss of skills of new generations to create traditional Russian national sweets, as well as due to the rare appearance on sale of yeast and various spices that were previously used in Russian confectionery ( star anise, galangal, cinnamon, ginger, black pepper, orange peel).

Characteristics of baking soda.

Chemical properties.

Sodium bicarbonate is an acidic sodium salt of carbonic acid. Molecular weight (according to international atomic masses 1971) - 84.00.

Reaction with acids.

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids to form a salt and carbonic acid, which immediately decomposes into carbon dioxide and water:
NaHCO 3 + HCl → NaCl + H 2 CO 3
H 2 CO 3 → H 2 O + CO 2
in cooking, such a reaction is more common with acetic acid, to form sodium acetate:
NaHCO 3 + CH 3 COOH → CH 3 COONa + H 2 O + CO 2
Baking soda dissolves well in water. An aqueous solution of baking soda has a slightly alkaline reaction. The fizz of soda is the result of the release of carbon dioxide CO 2 as a result of chemical reactions.

Thermal decomposition.

At a temperature of 60° C, sodium bicarbonate decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water (the decomposition process is most effective at 200° C):
2NaHCO 3 → Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2
Upon further heating to 1000 ° C (for example, when extinguishing a fire with powder systems), the resulting sodium carbonate decomposes into carbon dioxide and sodium oxide:
Na 2 CO 3 → Na 2 O + CO 2.

Physical and chemical indicators.

Sodium bicarbonate is a white crystalline powder with an average crystal size of 0.05 - 0.20 mm. The molecular weight of the compound is 84.01, the density is 2200 kg/m³, the bulk density is 0.9 g/cm³. The heat of dissolution of sodium bicarbonate is calculated as 205 kJ (48.8 kcal) per 1 kg of NaHCO 3, the heat capacity reaches 1.05 kJ / kg.K (0.249 kcal / kg. ° C).
Sodium bicarbonate is thermally unstable and, when heated, decomposes with the formation of solid sodium carbonate and the release of carbon dioxide, as well as water into the gas phase:
2NaHCO 3 (tv.) ↔ Na 2 CO 3 (tv.) + CO 2 (g.) + H 2 O (steam) - 126 kJ (- 30 kcal) Aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate decompose similarly:
2NaHCO 3 (p.) ↔ Na 2 CO 3 (p.) + CO 2 (g.) + H 2 O (steam) - 20.6 kJ (- 4.9 kcal) An aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate has a slightly alkaline character , in connection with which it does not act on animal and plant tissues. The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is low and with increasing temperature it slightly increases: from 6.87 g per 100 g of water at 0 ° C to 19.17 g per 100 g of water at 80 ° C.
Due to the low solubility, the density of saturated aqueous solutions of sodium bicarbonate differs relatively little from the density of pure water.

Boiling point (decomposes): 851° C;
Melting point: 270°C;
Density: 2.159 g/cm³;
Solubility in water, g/100 ml at 20°C: 9.

Application.

Sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate), used in the chemical, food, light, medical, pharmaceutical industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, supplied in retail.
Registered as a food additive E500.
Widely applied in:

chemical industry - for the production of dyes, foams and other organic products, fluorine reagents, household chemicals, fillers in fire extinguishers, for separating carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide from gas mixtures (gas is absorbed in a bicarbonate solution when high blood pressure and reduced temperature, the solution is restored by heating and reduced pressure).
light industry - in the production of sole rubber and artificial leather, leather production (tanning and neutralization of leather).
textile industry (finishing silk and cotton fabrics). The use of sodium bicarbonate in the production of rubber products is also due to the release of CO 2 when heated, which contributes to giving the rubber the necessary porous structure.
food industry - baking, confectionery, beverages.
medical industry - for preparation injection solutions, anti-tuberculosis drugs and antibiotics.
metallurgy - in the precipitation of rare earth metals and flotation of ores.

Cooking.

The main use of baking soda is cooking, where it is used mainly as the main or additional baking powder in baking (since it releases carbon dioxide when heated), in the manufacture of confectionery, in the production of carbonated drinks and artificial mineral waters, alone or as part of complex baking powder ( for example, baking powder, mixed with ammonium carbonate), for example, in biscuit and shortcrust pastry. This is due to the ease of its decomposition at 50-100 ° C.
Baking soda, mainly used in the manufacture of small cookies, confectionery crumbs, cake sheets and puff pastries. In the last quarter of the XIX century. its use in confectionery began, at first only in France and Germany, and only at the very end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century - also in Russia.
The use of soda opened the way to the factory production of modern biscuits - stamping. At the same time, many old types of cookies - biscuit, puff, broken, gingerbread, puffed, meringues - have receded into the past, disappeared not only from public, but also from household use.
Soda is a necessary everyday helper in the kitchen for washing dishes, canning containers, some fruits and berries before drying. It has the ability to neutralize and kill odors.
It is a mistake to think that soda is a spice only for confectionery. In addition to confectionery production, soda is also used for making English marmalades, in minced meat for dishes of Moldovan, Romanian and Uzbek cuisine (potash soda) and in the preparation of drinks. The amounts of soda added to all of the listed products are extremely small - from "on the tip of a knife" to a pinch and a quarter of a teaspoon. In drinks with soda, its share is much higher - half and a full teaspoon per liter of liquid. For confectionery and other purposes, soda is placed according to the prescription of recipes, usually these are very small doses. Store it in an airtight container, take it with a dry object.
Obtaining soda industrially gave ample opportunities in the preparation of many types of modern confectionery products in European countries. For a long time, Russia followed the traditional path, preferring yeast and other types of dough.
In Russia, they were not used at all until the second half of XIX century soda in baking and confectionery. And at the very end of the 19th century, products of this kind were produced most of all in Ukraine and Poland, as well as in the Baltic states. The Russian population, accustomed from time immemorial to natural types of dough - either yeast, sourdough, or honey and egg, where artificial chemical substances, and gases naturally occurring during baking were used, as a result of the interaction of products such as honey (sugar), eggs, sour cream, alcohol (vodka) or wine vinegar - soda biscuits had extremely low popularity and low demand.
Soda-based confectionery was considered “German” and was ignored both for purely culinary and taste reasons and for “patriotic” reasons.
In addition, Russian national confectionery products - honey gingerbread and gingerbread, glazed pearls and nuts boiled in honey - had such a uniquely excellent taste that they successfully competed with Western European ones, more refined in shape, but "flimsy" in terms of satiety, quality factor. and the taste of French biscuits, where the attractiveness was achieved not at all by the special character of the dough, but by the use of exotic spices, mainly vanilla.
In addition to confectionery, soda has never been used in Russian cuisine and has not actually been used until now. Meanwhile, in the Baltic States, Moldova, Romania, and the Balkans, soda is used as a leavening agent in a number of dishes prepared by frying. So, soda is added to a variety of semi-dough fried dishes: potato pancakes, which also includes wheat flour; a variety of pancakes, sour cream and donuts, cheesecakes made from a combination of cottage cheese and flour, as well as minced meat, if they consist only of meat and onions, without the addition of flour components (flour, white bread, breadcrumbs). Such raw minced meat (beef, pork) is left with a soda additive to stand in the refrigerator for several hours, and then “sausages” are easily formed from this minced meat, which are quickly (in 10-15 minutes) grilled in the oven of any home stove (gas , wood or electric).
A similar use of soda in minced meat is also known in Armenian cuisine, with the only difference being that in such cases the minced meat is not allowed to stand, but is immediately subjected to intense beating with the addition of a few drops (5-8) of cognac, and actually turns into a meat soufflé used for preparing various national dishes(mainly Kalolaks).
In the English-speaking countries of Europe and America (England, Scotland, on the East coast of the USA and Canada), soda is used as an indispensable additive in citrus jam (oranges, pampelmoses, lemons, grapefruits), as well as for the preparation of candied fruits. As a result, a special digestibility of citruses, their hard peels is achieved, the transformation of such jam into a kind of thick marmalade, and at the same time the degree of unpleasant bitterness that is always present in the peel of citrus fruits is reduced (but does not disappear completely!) The peels of oranges, which make up a kind of ballast for us, the waste from the use of these fruits, with the help of soda, become a valuable raw material for obtaining fragrant, highly nutritious marmalade.
In Central Asian cuisines, soda is used in the preparation of non-confectionery types of simple dough in order to give it special elasticity and turn it into a draft dough without using it for this. vegetable oil, as is common in southern European, Mediterranean and Balkan cuisines. In Central Asia, pieces of simple unleavened dough after the usual half-hour aging are moistened with a small amount of water, in which 0.5 teaspoon of salt and 0.5 teaspoon of soda are dissolved, and then they are stretched with their hands into the thinnest noodles (the so-called Dungan noodles), which has a delicate, pleasant taste and is used to prepare national dishes (lagman, monpara, shimy, etc.).
Soda as a meager additive to any food during the cooking process, and it is during heat treatment, is added in many national cuisines, given that in some cases this gives not only an unexpected taste effect, but also usually cleanses the food raw materials and the whole dish from various random side odors and tastes.
In general, the role of soda in the kitchen, even in addition to the culinary process, is very significant. Indeed, without soda, it is almost impossible to perfectly clean the dining room and kitchen enameled, porcelain, glass and faience dishes, as well as kitchen tools and equipment from foreign odors and various plaques and patina. Soda is especially indispensable and necessary when cleaning tea utensils - teapots and cups from tea plaque and films formed on their walls.
It is equally necessary to use soda when washing dishes in which fish was cooked in order to beat off the fishy smell. Usually they do this: they beat off the persistent fishy smell by wiping the dishes with onions, and then they destroy (wash off) the onion smell by cleaning this dishes with soda.
In a word, soda is an indispensable component of kitchen production, and you cannot do without it in a good kitchen. Moreover, its absence from the arsenal of the cook or hostess becomes immediately noticeable, for it binds the one who works at the stove or at the cutting table in many of his actions.
Modern environmental circumstances have caused another new use of soda in the kitchen as a means of improving the quality of vegetable raw materials. You can, for example, recommend washing all processed, but not yet chopped vegetables - before putting them in a boiler or in a frying pan - in a solution of soda in water. Or add one or two teaspoons of soda to already peeled potatoes, poured with cold water and intended for boiling or mashing. This will not only cleanse the potatoes of the chemicals that were used in their cultivation, but also make the product itself lighter, cleaner, more beautiful, remove all side odors acquired during transportation or improper storage, as well as spoilage. The potato itself will become crumbly and tasty after being cooked. Thus, the use of soda before cooking, during cold processing (then the product is thoroughly washed with cold water), can improve the quality of vegetable food raw materials, in particular for starchy vegetables, root crops and leafy crops (cabbage, lettuce, spinach, parsley, etc.). .).
Soda has taken the place of an alkaline agent so firmly that so far nothing has been able to move it from this position. Baking soda as a baking powder can work in two ways. First, it decomposes when heated according to the reaction:
2NaHCO 3 (soda) → Na 2 CO 3 (salt) + H 2 O (water) + CO 2 (carbon dioxide).
And in this case, if you add an excessive amount of soda to the shortbread dough, it may not have time to thermally decompose without residue in a short baking time, and the cookies or cake will get an unpleasant “soda” aftertaste.
In the same way as potash, soda reacts with acids contained in the dough or artificially added there:
NaHCO 3 (soda) + R-COOH (acid) → R-COONa (salt) + H 2 O (water) + CO 2 (carbon dioxide)
A lot of different branded bags and their availability do not cancel the entertainment for young chemists - to make their own baking powder.
proportional composition of such a traditional powder:
2 parts acid tartar salt
1 part baking soda
1 part starch or flour.

The medicine.

Everyone knows what soda looks like - it is a white powder that absorbs water and dissolves perfectly in it. But few people know about the amazing healing properties this "simple" substance. Meanwhile, soda - sodium bicarbonate - is one of the main ingredients of our blood. The results of the study of the effect of soda on the human body exceeded all expectations. It turned out that soda is able to equalize the acid-base balance in the body, restore the metabolism in cells, improve the absorption of oxygen by tissues, and also prevent the loss of vital potassium. Soda helps with heartburn, seasickness, colds, heart disease and headaches, skin diseases. As you can see, soda is a first aid medicine.
A solution of baking soda is used as a weak antiseptic for rinsing, as well as a traditional acid-neutralizing agent for heartburn and stomach pain (modern medicine does not recommend the use due to side effects, including due to "acid rebound") or to eliminate acidosis, etc.
Baking soda is used to treat diseases associated with high acidity; a solution of baking soda is used for gargling, for washing the skin in case of contact with acids.
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) may slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. This conclusion was made by scientists from the Royal London Hospital (Royal London Hospital), UK. They studied 134 people with advanced chronic kidney disease and metabolic acidosis.
One group of subjects received conventional treatment, and the second, in addition to traditional treatment received daily not a large number of baking soda tablets. In those patients who drank sodium bicarbonate, kidney function deteriorated 2/3 more slowly than in others.
Rapid progression of kidney disease was seen in only 9% of the soda group versus 45% of the traditionally treated subjects. In addition, those who took soda were less likely to develop end-stage renal disease, which requires dialysis. It is noteworthy that an increase in the content of sodium bicarbonate in the body did not cause an increase in blood pressure in patients.
Soda is an inexpensive and effective treatment for chronic kidney disease. However, the researchers warn: taking soda should be under the supervision of a doctor, who must correctly calculate the dosage for the patient.

Medicinal properties of baking soda.

Previously, sodium bicarbonate was used very widely (like other alkalis) as antacid with increased acidity of gastric juice, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. When taken orally, baking soda quickly neutralizes the hydrochloric acid of gastric juice and has a pronounced antacid effect. However, the use of soda is not only brilliantly washed dishes and getting rid of heartburn. Baking soda occupies a worthy place in the home first aid kit.
Like the ancient Egyptians, who obtained natural soda from lake waters by evaporation, people also used other properties of soda. It has neutralizing properties and is used in medical practice for the treatment of gastritis with high acidity. Able to kill germs, used as a disinfectant: soda is used for inhalation, rinsing, skin cleansing.
Soda is also widely used in health care.

Prevention of caries.
The acids formed in the mouth as a result of the vital activity of bacteria destroy the enamel of the teeth. These acids can be neutralized by rinsing your mouth with a baking soda solution several times a day. You can do otherwise: moisten your toothbrush with water, dip it in baking soda and brush your teeth. Soda, in addition, has a slight abrasive effect: it will polish the teeth without damaging the enamel.

For bad foot odor.
Baking soda added to the foot bath water neutralizes the acids produced by bacteria, which give the feet an unpleasant smell. Baking soda will also help eliminate the strong smell of sweat under the arms.

For insect bites.
Do not comb the bites of mosquitoes and other bloodsuckers until they bleed. It is better to prepare a porridge-like mixture of water and soda and apply to the bite site. Soda gruel will also relieve itching caused by chicken pox or skin contact with cow parsnip, nettle.

With diaper rash.
Soda lotions significantly improve the condition of babies with diaper rash. They reduce itching and speed up the healing of the skin.

With cystitis.
Pathogenic bacteria live in the bladder in a slightly acidic environment. If your bladder has fallen victim to an infection, the perfect afternoon drink for you is a fizzy cocktail of baking soda and water.

For sunburn.
Add some baking soda to a warm bath to soften the water, turning it into a soothing lotion for irritated skin.

From a sore throat.
Stir 0.5 tsp. spoons of soda in a glass of water and every 4 hours gargle with the prepared solution: it neutralizes acids, causing pain. Rinsing with this mouth solution will help relieve inflammation of the oral mucosa.

From bad breath.
Combined with hydrogen peroxide, baking soda has a powerful oxidizing effect and destroys bacteria that cause bad breath. Add 1 table. a spoonful of soda in a glass of hydrogen peroxide solution (2-3%) and rinse your mouth.

With a cold.
It is useful to do inhalation. To do this, you can take a small kettle, boil in it 1 glass of water with 1 tsp. a spoonful of soda. Make a tube out of hard paper, put it on the spout of the kettle and inhale the steam for 10-15 minutes. This inhalation is very helpful for separating sputum.
For expectoration of viscous sputum 2 times a day, drink on an empty stomach 1/2 cup of warm water, in which 0.5 teaspoon are dissolved. tablespoons of soda and a pinch of salt.

With frequent migraines.
Every day take a solution of boiled water with baking soda. On the 1st day, 30 minutes before lunch, drink 1 glass of solution (0.5 teaspoons of soda + water), 2nd day - 2 glasses, etc., bringing up to 7 glasses. Then reduce the dose in reverse order.

Other.
For rhinitis, stomatitis, laryngitis, conjunctivitis, a 0.5-2% soda solution is used.
To disinfect the oral mucosa, it is useful to rinse your mouth with a weak solution (soda - 85 g, salt - 85 g, urea - 2.5 g) after eating.
Remedy for smoking: rinse your mouth with a solution of baking soda (1 tablespoon per 200 ml of water).
With dry skin, dry dermatitis, ichthyosis and psoriasis are useful therapeutic baths(soda - 35 g, magnesia carbonate - 20 g, magnesium perborate - 15 g). The water temperature should not be higher than 38-39 ° C, first you just need to sit in a warm bath, then gradually increase the temperature. The duration of the bath is 15 minutes.

Firefighting.

Sodium bicarbonate is part of the powder used in powder fire extinguishing systems, utilizing heat and displacing oxygen from the combustion source with the emitted carbon dioxide.

Equipment cleaning. Abrasive blast cleaning technology (ACO).

Equipment and surfaces are cleaned from various coatings and contaminants using the technology of abrasive blast cleaning (ACO) of equipment. Sodium bicarbonate is used as an abrasive (baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO 3 , sodium hydrogen carbonate).
ASO technology using sodium bicarbonate is a new effective method cleaning equipment with a "soft" abrasive. The abrasive is driven by compressed air produced by a compressor. This method has received commercial recognition and has been widely used in Europe and the USA for 25 years due to its versatility and economic feasibility.
The surface treatment of the equipment is similar to conventional sandblasting. The difference lies in the fact that soda particles are a "soft" abrasive material, that is, they do not damage the surface itself.
Principle:
A fragile particle of acidic sodium carbonate explodes on contact with the surface to be cleaned.
The energy released by this flash removes the dirt from the surface being cleaned. Abrasive soda particles are completely broken into fine dust, which easily scatters into different sides perpendicular to the fall, increasing the cleaning effect. For the purposes of dust suppression, soda blast cleaning of equipment is usually carried out using humidification, that is, hydro-abrasive blast cleaning (HASO) of equipment. Sodium carbonate dissolves in water. Therefore, the used abrasive will be dissolved or may be washed off after cleaning is completed.
This is different from quartz sand, which cuts off the coating. The quartz sand also wears away some of the surface being cleaned, which the soda leaves virtually unscathed. There are still many differences between these types of cleaning equipment, but they are already a consequence of the properties of abrasives.
Soluble sodium bicarbonate abrasives are specially formulated for abrasive blast cleaning of equipment. The free-flowing qualities of the abrasives reduce the flux density associated with the poor flowability of conventional sodium carbonate.

Technologies for the production of soda.

Soda was first obtained in 1793 by Leblanc, but food, purified soda was made in 1861 by Solvay.
At the end of the XVIII and beginning of the XIX century. to obtain artificial soda, they began to use the Leblanc method, the essence of which is as follows: sodium sulfate was first obtained from table salt by the action of sulfuric acid on it, then sodium sulfate was fused at high temperature with calcium carbonate and coal. From the resulting alloy, soda was leached with water. The solution was then evaporated.
The invention by the Belgian scientist E. Solvay in the middle of the 19th century of the ammonia method for producing soda contributed to its intensive introduction, primarily in the confectionery business. The main method of artificial production of soda at present in all countries is the ammonia method for the production of soda ash, which is the material for the production of other soda products. At first, France and Germany used soda as a technological additive for loosening dough in order to increase its volume and improve quality. Soda makes the dough soft, fluffy, easily digestible. Since the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century, other countries, including Russia, began to use soda.
Soda is now mined by the industrial ammonia method (Solvay method).
Equimolar amounts of gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide are passed into a saturated solution of sodium chloride, that is, as if ammonium bicarbonate NH 4 HCO 3 is introduced:
NH 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O + NaCl → NaHCO 3 + NH 4 Cl.
The precipitated residue of slightly soluble (9.6 g per 100 g of water at 20 ° C) sodium bicarbonate is filtered off and calcined (dehydrated) by heating to 140 - 160 ° C, while it passes into sodium carbonate:
2NaHCO 3 →(t) Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
The resulting carbon dioxide and ammonia isolated from the mother liquor at the first stage of the process according to the reaction:
2NH 4 Cl + Ca(OH) 2 → CaCl 2 + 2NH 3 + 2H 2 O is returned to the production cycle.
Ammonization of the solution is necessary to introduce carbon dioxide into it, which is sparingly soluble in a saturated solution. The sodium bicarbonate precipitated in the form of crystals is filtered off from a solution containing ammonium chloride and unreacted NaCl, and calcined (calcined). In this case, the formation of soda ash occurs.
The gases released during calcination, containing carbon dioxide CO 2 , are used for carbonization. Thus, part of the spent carbon dioxide is regenerated.
The carbon dioxide necessary for the process is obtained by roasting limestone or chalk. Burnt lime CaO is quenched with water.
Slaked lime Ca (OH) 2 is mixed with water. The resulting milk of lime is used to regenerate ammonia from the solution (filter liquid) obtained after bicarbonate separation and containing ammonium chloride.
For the production of soda, a solution of table salt (brine) with a concentration of about 310 g / l is used, obtained in natural conditions by underground leaching of salt deposits. In addition to NaCl, natural brine usually contains calcium and magnesium salts. During ammonization and carbonization of brine, as a result of the interaction of these impurities with NH 3 and CO 2, precipitation will occur, which will lead to contamination of the apparatus, disruption of heat transfer and the normal course of the process. Therefore, the brine is preliminarily cleaned of impurities: they are precipitated by adding a strictly defined amount of reagents to the brine - a suspension of soda in purified brine and milk of lime. This cleaning method is called soda-lime. The resulting precipitates of magnesium hydrate and calcium carbonate are separated in settling tanks.
Purified and clarified common salt brine is sent to the bubble absorption column. The upper part of the column is used for washing with brine the gas sucked off by the vacuum pump from the vacuum filters and the gas from the carbonization columns. These gases contain a small amount of ammonia and carbon dioxide, which it is advisable to wash with fresh brine and, thus, use them more fully in production. The lower part of the column serves to saturate the brine with ammonia coming from the distillation column. The resulting ammonia-salt brine is then sent to the bubbling carbonization column, where the main reaction of the conversion of the feedstock into sodium bicarbonate takes place. The carbon dioxide CO 2 required for this purpose comes from the shaft lime kiln and sodium bicarbonate calciner and is injected into the column from below.
Carbonization of ammonia-salt brine is the most important stage in the production of soda. The formation of sodium bicarbonate during carbonization occurs as a result of the flow in the carbonization column of complex chemical processes. In the upper part of the column, ammonium carbonate is formed from the ammonia contained in the brine and carbon dioxide supplied to the column.
As the brine passes through the column from top to bottom, ammonium carbonate, reacting with excess carbon dioxide coming from the bottom of the column, passes into ammonium bicarbonate (ammonium bicarbonate).
Approximately in the middle of the upper uncooled part of the column, the exchange decomposition reaction begins, accompanied by the precipitation of sodium bicarbonate crystals and the formation of ammonium chloride in the solution. C), however, it is not necessary to refrigerate it, as this temperature promotes the formation of larger, well-filtered sodium bicarbonate crystals. At the bottom of the column, cooling is necessary to reduce the solubility of sodium bicarbonate and increase its yield. Depending on the temperature, NaCl content in the brine, the degree of saturation with ammonia and carbon dioxide, and other factors, the yield of bicarbonate is 65-75%. It is practically impossible to completely convert table salt into sodium bicarbonate precipitate. This is one of the significant drawbacks of the production of soda by the ammonia method.

Methods for the production of sodium bicarbonate.

Sodium bicarbonate is an intermediate product of the industrial production of soda ash according to the Solvay method, which involves passing equimolar (i.e. containing equal numbers of moles) amounts of gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide through a saturated solution of sodium chloride, which imitates the introduction of ammonium bicarbonate NH 4 HCO 3 into the system:
NH 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 + NaCl / NH 4 HCO 3 → NaHCO 3 + NH 4 Cl.
In the resulting solution, the least soluble salt is sodium bicarbonate, which precipitates as a crystalline precipitate. At the same time, it is important to note that purified sodium bicarbonate is the commercial type of this product.
The most widely used method for purifying salts from impurities is generally their recrystallization from solutions, and water is most often used as a solvent. This method is based on the property of most salts to increase solubility with increasing temperature.
According to the recrystallization method, the salt to be purified is dissolved in water at a high temperature, after which the solution is brought to saturation and then cooled, the last of these processes being preceded by the removal of undissolved impurities by filtration. During the cooling of the solution, the solubility of the salt decreases, it precipitates and is filtered out. As a result of the measures taken, the purity of the salt increases, since all the impurities that make up its composition before the process is carried out dissolve in water and pass into the filtrate, which is the mother liquid, which is returned to the initial stage. As the mother liquid circulates, impurities accumulate in it, which ultimately negatively affects the purity of the products obtained and necessitates the periodic removal of a part of the filtrate from the cycle.
However, if the salt, like sodium bicarbonate, is poorly soluble in water, it is economically unprofitable to purify it by recrystallization, since a large amount of mother liquid must circulate in the system to obtain a unit mass of a pure product, which requires alternate heating and cooling. In connection with this circumstance, on an industrial scale, purified baking soda is obtained not by recrystallization, but by carbonization of a soda solution by passing carbon dioxide under pressure in a saturated solution of sodium carbonate at a temperature of about 75 ° C according to the reaction:
Na 2 CO 3 (p.) + CO 2 (g.) + H 2 O (l.) ↔ 2NaHCO 3 (tv.) + 52.4 kJ (+ 12.5 kcal).
The practical application of the carbonization method can significantly reduce the volume of liquid required to obtain a unit of sodium bicarbonate, since the solubility of soda ash is several times higher than the corresponding indicator of sodium bicarbonate.
A soda solution for carbonization is obtained by dissolving solid technical soda in water, which is formed during the calcination of raw bicarbonate (this process is called the “dry” method) or by decomposition of sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous medium when heated (“wet” method), which is called decarbonization, according to reactions:
2NaHCO 3 (p.) ↔ Na 2 CO 3 (p.) + CO 2 (g.) + H 2 O (steam) - 20.6 kJ (- 4.9 kcal).
The pure baking soda that precipitates when the soda solution is saturated with carbon dioxide is separated, and the mother liquor containing a mixture of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, as well as dissolved impurities (for example, NaCl), is returned to the beginning of the process to obtain the initial solution. Due to the repeated circulation of the mother liquor, impurities accumulate in it that can clog the purified product. As a result, part of the mother liquid is withdrawn from the cycle and generally sent to brine treatment in order to dilute the strong soda solution.

Structural formula

True, empirical, or gross formula: CHNaO 3

Chemical composition of sodium bicarbonate

Molecular weight: 84.006

sodium bicarbonate CHNaO 3(other names: baking soda, baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) - an acidic salt of carbonic acid and sodium. It is usually a white crystalline powder. It is used in the food industry, in cooking, in medicine as a neutralizer of burns of the skin and mucous membranes of a person with acids and a decrease in the acidity of gastric juice. Also - in buffer solutions, since in a wide range of concentrations of solutions, its pH changes slightly.

Sodium bicarbonate is non-toxic, fire and explosion-proof. It is a finely crystalline powder of a salty (soapy) taste, which causes irritation when it comes into contact with mucous membranes. Continuous work in an atmosphere contaminated with sodium bicarbonate dust may cause irritation of the respiratory tract.

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids to form salt and carbonic acid, which immediately decomposes into carbon dioxide and water. In everyday life, such a reaction is more common with acetic acid, with the formation of sodium acetate.

Sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate) is used in the chemical, food, light, medical, pharmaceutical industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, and is supplied to retail trade. Registered as a food additive E500. Application:

in the chemical industry - for the production of dyes, foam plastics and other organic products, fluorine reagents, household chemicals, fillers in fire extinguishers, for separating carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide from gas mixtures (gas is absorbed in a bicarbonate solution at high pressure and low temperature, the solution is reduced at heating and reduced pressure).
in light industry - in the production of sole rubber and artificial leather, leather production (tanning and neutralization of leather), textile industry (finishing silk and cotton fabrics).
in the food industry - baking, confectionery, beverages.

The main use of baking soda is in cooking, where it is used mainly as a main or additional baking powder in baking (since it releases carbon dioxide when heated), alone or as part of complex baking powder (for example, baking powder, together with ammonium carbonate) and in ready-made mixes for baking (cupcakes, cakes, etc.). When using soda in its pure form, it is important to observe the correct dosage, as it leaves a tasteless sodium carbonate in the product. The order of kneading for the dough: soda - into flour, acidic components (vinegar, kefir, etc.) - into liquid.

Sodium bicarbonate is part of the powder used in powder fire extinguishing systems, utilizing heat and displacing oxygen from the combustion source with the emitted carbon dioxide.

A solution of baking soda is used as a weak antiseptic for rinsing, as well as a traditional acid-neutralizing agent for heartburn and stomach pain (modern medicine does not recommend using it due to side effects, including due to "acid rebound"). Correction of metabolic acidosis in intensive care. In alternative medicine, baking soda is sometimes positioned as a "cure" for cancer, but there is no scientific justification or evidence for the effectiveness of such a "treatment".

Baking soda (Sodium bicarbonate) or sodium bicarbonate - natural, non-toxic natural remedy. The beneficial properties of baking soda, the use and treatment of many diseases with it have been known since ancient times.

Experts believe that soda:

thins the blood, preventing the formation of blood clots;
has aseptic properties, inhibiting the activity of microbial flora;
increases the alkaline reserves of the body, normalizes the acid-base balance, eliminating excessive acidification of the body and thus eliminating the underlying cause of many pathological conditions;
removes poisons, radioactive isotopes, heavy metals from the body;
cleanses blood vessels from cholesterol layers;
dissolves urate, cystine and oxalate (acid) stones in the gallbladder, kidneys;
has a mild laxative effect;
rejuvenates tissue cells, slowing down the aging process;
dissolves deposits in the joints;
increases the immune defense of the body;
inhibits the activity of malignant processes.

Sodium bicarbonate can be used in the complex treatment of the following pathologies:

inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth, throat (stomatitis, tonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis),
inflammatory processes in the bronchi, respiratory tract;
fungal skin infections, mucosal candidiasis;
dehydration and intoxication in case of severe food poisoning, ethyl alcohol, fluorine, salts of heavy metals, formaldehyde, chlorophos;
purulent wounds;
dermatological diseases, acne,
inflammatory and degenerative processes in the joints, including sciatica, osteochondrosis, polyarthritis, rheumatism;
urolithiasis and cholelithiasis, because it reduces the acidity of urine, preventing the deposition of uric acid;
acid-dependent diseases, including acidification of the blood - acidosis, leading to excessive blood density, aggression of cancer cells;
metabolic acidosis (including postoperative acidosis, against the background of diabetes mellitus, infections and poisoning);
obesity;
haemorrhoids;
alcoholism, drug addiction;
malignant processes;
toothache.

Treatment with baking soda

Recipes for internal use

The intake of drinking soda inside is advisable for many abnormal conditions of the body and inflammatory processes.

Some recipes:

In order for a dry cough to turn into a productive wet one, put half a teaspoon of soda in hot milk and drink it before going to bed.
In case of poisoning with food or household poisons, immediate gastric lavage is required with a solution of 1 liter of boiled water with 2 teaspoons of sodium bicarbonate. Important! It is forbidden to drink soda in case of poisoning with alkalis and acids!
With severe heartburn, if there are no pharmacy antacids (Phosphalugel, Almagel), you can apply a one-time alkaline solution prepared from boiled water (150 ml) and 1 tablespoon of soda. With a diagnosed stomach or intestinal ulcer, it is strictly forbidden to use such a solution to eliminate heartburn.
If the first symptoms of thrush appear (itching, burning), it is advisable to drink a solution of sodium bicarbonate for 3-5 days, which will reduce the severity of unpleasant manifestations during urination (a teaspoon of 250 ml).
With an attack of tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), a cocktail of 0.5 teaspoon of soda diluted in a third of a glass of water, which is drunk in one gulp, can help.
The development of headache is often provoked by a disorder gastric function. A teaspoon of baking soda mixed with a glass of warm low-fat milk will neutralize the activity of hydrochloric acid which, in turn, will lead to the elimination of pain in the head.
If nausea occurs during a trip in transport and the “sickness effect” is taken in the form of an aqueous solution (0.5 teaspoon of Sodium bicarbonate per third of a glass).
With the development of acidosis, characteristic of ethanol intoxication (withdrawal state), in order to restore acid-base balance, in the first 2 hours (with mild or moderate hangover) you need to take a liter of water with 2 - 5 grams of soda (up to 10 grams, if the condition is severe). Over the next 12 hours, drink 2 liters of liquid with a total of 7 grams of soda. With the development of pain in the stomach due to increased release of carbon dioxide, the amount of soda is reduced to 3 grams per day.
To replenish lost fluid volumes in severe burns and infections, acute poisoning, shock, bleeding, incessant vomiting, with high sweating, dehydration, it is recommended to give the patient a solution of a mixture of a liter of boiled water, 0.5 teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate and salt. The solution is given in 20 ml every 4 to 7 minutes.

Outdoor use

Sodium bicarbonate is often used as an external remedy for various diseases.

The main cases and abnormal conditions in which a solution of Sodium bicarbonate is used:

Exposure to the skin and mucous membranes of acids, toxic substances (organophosphorus compounds), juice of toxic plants (wolf bast, cow parsnip)	As an emergency home remedy, the affected areas are treated with a 2-5% solution.
Acute thrombophlebitis, inflammation of hemorrhoids	Every half an hour, lotions are applied to the affected area with a cool solution of sodium bicarbonate (2%).
Panaritium (acute suppuration of the soft and bone tissues of the finger)	A bath for a sore finger is carried out for 15 minutes up to 6 times a day. A solution of 250 ml of hot water and 1 tablespoon of soda is required. Attention! A consultation with a surgeon is required.
Thrush (candidiasis)	Washing with an alkaline solution (0.5 teaspoon per half a glass of warm water) of the external genitalia, douching. Sodium bicarbonate kills Candida. Apply no longer than 4 days.
Purulent wounds, boils	Since soda tends to thin a thick purulent secret, it increases its fluidity and promotes removal. The gauze folded in several layers is abundantly soaked in a solution of 2 tablespoons of Sodium bicarbonate and 250 ml of boiled hot water. The lotion is applied to the abscess for 20 minutes 5-6 times a day.
Bad smell when sweating	Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic environment, which is preferred by microorganisms that cause a heavy smell of sweat. Armpit cavities are washed several times a day with soda solution, feet - in the morning and evening in a basin. The required concentration is 1 tablespoon per 300 ml of liquid.
Fungal infection of the feet	A thick mixture of 1 large spoon of Sodium bicarbonate and 2 teaspoons of water is rubbed on the affected areas, trying to treat also clean skin. This is done twice a day, keeping the “medicine” on the feet for 20 minutes. After rinsing, the feet are thoroughly dried and treated with baby powder.
Inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa (stomatitis) of the throat (angina, tonsillitis), pharynx, upper respiratory tract	Active gargling of the throat and oral mucosa is done up to 6-8 times during the day, using a warm solution of 2 teaspoons of baking soda per glass of boiled water. For amplification antimicrobial action you can add 0.5 tablespoons of salt and 3 - 4 drops of iodine (in the absence of allergies!). The solution washes out purulent plugs from the lacunae of the tonsils with angina, disinfects the oral mucosa, eliminates inflammation and relieves pain from aphthae in stomatitis.
Toothache, gum disease, gum disease	Active rinsing of the mouth with a warm solution prepared in the proportion of 2 small spoons of soda per glass of liquid is shown.
Dry obsessive cough, laryngitis, respiratory failure, pharyngitis, intoxication of the body by inhalation of iodine vapor, chlorine	Inhalations - inhalation of hot vapors of an alkaline solution (3 small spoons per 300 ml of boiling water) 10 - 15 minutes up to 3 times a day. Be extremely careful not to burn the respiratory tract with steam!
Itching and swelling from insect bites, chickenpox rash	Repeated treatment (up to 10 times a day) of sore spots with cool water (a third of a glass) with a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate.
Itching and inflammation in urticaria, prickly heat, allergic rashes	Taking warm baths with soda (400 - 500 g).
Irritation, pain, redness with thermal burns, including solar	Soak multi-layer gauze with a cool solution of 2 tablespoons of Sodium bicarbonate and 200 ml of water, wring out and apply to the burned area. Keep the lotion until warming, then change it to a new cool lotion.
Pain with scratches, abrasions, cuts.	Hold a cotton pad soaked in an alkaline solution on the painful area (half a glass of cool water with a tablespoon of soda).
Excess weight	To gradually get rid of excess body fat, it is advisable to regularly take hot baths with baking soda (400 grams) and salt (200 grams).
Constipation	To gently cleanse the intestines, put an alkaline enema. Take a tablespoon of powder per liter of boiled warm water.

Treatment with baking soda according to Neumyvakin

The professor advises to start with a minimum portion of the healing substance, taking the powder on the tip of a spoon so that the body adapts. Gradually, monitoring the condition, the dose rises to the optimum - 0.5 - 1 teaspoon. For maximum effectiveness, the powder is stirred in a glass of water or low-fat milk, warmed to 55 - 60C. Such a solution is taken 1-3 times a day one hour before meals or 2 hours after it. Then there will be no increased gas formation, and the liquid will quickly enter the intestines, without affecting the acidity of the stomach.

Treatment of oncological processes with baking soda according to Neumyvakin involves the ingestion of a composition of 2 tablespoons of soda per 250 ml of boiled water. The duration of soda treatment is determined by the patient's well-being, but the optimal regimen is 2 weeks with a break of the same duration.

Treatment of gout with soda using compresses, taking an alkaline solution inside leads to the elimination of pain, inflammation, and the normalization of metabolic processes.

Common recipes:

AT hot water(2 l) stir 2 tablespoons of soda and 10 drops of iodine. Cool to 42 C and use for a foot bath. For a compress, take 2 teaspoons of powder and 5 drops of iodine per 500 ml of water.
For internal use, make a composition with boiled water volume of 3 liters, where 3 teaspoons of Sodium bicarbonate, 5 drops of iodine and 40 g of honey are introduced. Drink within 48 hours.

Application in cosmetology

Soda has valuable properties:

effective in the treatment of acne, pustules, inhibiting the activity of microbes and drying rashes;
relieves inflammation, cleanses the skin of impurities and dead cells;
softens and slightly dries oily skin;
has a whitening effect.

Despite the advantages of soda, it is suitable for use once a week and even less often, which is determined by the type of skin and the severity of defects.

Basic Recipes:

The easiest way is to add a pinch of baking soda to your face wash and mix them in your palm. Suitable for irritated, sensitive skin.
Honey scrub, made from a spoonful of liquid honey and soda on the tip of a knife, gently cleanses delicate skin.
To remove impurities on oily and dense skin, fine salt is mixed with soda (1 to 1), the mixture is diluted with water to a slurry, and the mixture is gently rubbed without injuring the skin.
Mask. Mix 3 tablespoons of fatty kefir, 1 tablespoon of ground oatmeal, 0.5 teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate, 4 drops of boric acid. Keep on the face for 15 minutes.
In the treatment of acne, a thick mixture of water and soda is applied to them, leaving for 3 hours.
To rid your hair of excess sebum and impurities - dust, foam, varnish - it is worth washing your hair with shampoo, where baking soda is added (proportion 4 to 1).
To add whiteness and shine to your teeth, you can simply apply a pinch of baking soda to the toothpaste that is coated on the brush. Such a soft scrub will remove darkening from the teeth without scratching the enamel, and at the same time perfectly disinfect the gums.

Contraindications and possible harm

Long-term and constant intake of soda in the body can be harmful and lead to unpleasant consequences, since concomitant diseases should be taken into account when taking sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate must be used carefully so as not to cause excessive alkalinization of the blood (alkalosis).

Many diseases, contrary to expectations, can worsen with uncontrolled and active use of soda.

The intake of sodium bicarbonate orally is prohibited under the following conditions:

pregnancy;
special sensitivity;
kidney failure;
age up to 5 years;
gastrointestinal bleeding;
ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, intestines, stomach;
malignant processes III-IV stage;
increased and decreased acidity;
diabetes.
diseases in which alkalosis is diagnosed (increased blood pH).

In addition, the following facts must be taken into account:

Taking sodium bicarbonate increases the risk of phosphate stones.
Possible violation of the acid-base balance, which can lead to insufficiency of the functioning of the cardiovascular system, disrupt metabolism, cause an increase in blood pressure;
The irritating effect of soda on the walls of the stomach causes an increase in the production of hydrochloric acid, the appearance of pain, increased gas formation, nausea, bloating and the development of gastritis.
With low acidity, the abuse of soda leads to lethargy of the contractile function of the stomach and intestines, putrefactive processes, constipation and diarrhea.
With increased acidity, repeated use of sodium bicarbonate causes an increase in the production of hydrochloric acid, which leads to an even greater intensity of heartburn.
Brushing your teeth with baking soda more than once a week leads to enamel damage and cavities.
As a product of sodium, soda contributes to increased thirst and the appearance of edema on the legs, under the eyes, puffiness of the face, especially in pregnant women.
External use of the product on thin, dry, irritated skin will dry out the epidermis even more, causing redness, rashes, itching, and burning.

It should be understood that the most useful substance, like a medicine, can be harmful if the dose is exceeded, long-term use, or certain diseases. Therefore, it is most correct to consult your doctor before using drinking soda.