What does a black mole mean? Is a black mole on the body dangerous? Injuries of convex nevi

The color of a mole directly depends on the processes of skin pigmentation. In this regard, sometimes nevi become more saturated in color, and this is normal. But the appearance of a black mole may indicate health problems and require immediate medical intervention. There is always a risk of it degenerating into melanoma. Experts insist on regular examination of the body for new black moles.

What does blackening of a nevus mean?

The appearance of black moles is associated with the accumulation of melanin. It is he who is responsible for the saturation of the nevus pigment. With a large amount of melanin, you may notice that a mole, which until recently was much lighter, has turned black. But this does not mean that she is now a danger.

Normally, the size of a nevus does not exceed 6 mm and should not increase over time. At the same time, its surface remains smooth, without growths and roughness. The form also matters. Only those formations that have uneven outlines are considered dangerous.

It is worth paying attention to moles that have changed their color to a darker one. If the nevus suddenly darkens, this is one of the signs of cancer. Symptoms of a malignant neoplasm are also considered:

change in size - the mole began to sharply increase or decrease;
bleeding from a nevus without damaging it;
hair loss;
the mole is inflamed and hurts;
the appearance of a rim around the nevus, gray or red dots;
itching or burning sensations;
the skin around the nevus dries out.

If there is at least one of the listed signs, then this indicates a malignant process. A dermatologist will help you find out why a mole turns black.

Why do moles darken?

The main reasons that a mole has darkened are:

1. Impact sun rays. Ultraviolet light promotes the accumulation of melanin pigment. Therefore after long stay In the sun, many people notice that the mole has turned completely or partially black. Darker spots may appear on it. It is necessary to protect nevi from the sun to avoid their degeneration. Experts also recommend avoiding solariums for those who have a lot of them.

2. Often the reason that the nevus has darkened lies in changes in hormone levels. This is noted by women during pregnancy or menopause. Adolescence is no exception.

3. Mechanical impact. A mole may turn black if it is damaged. This often occurs upon contact with clothing or household items. To a greater extent various damages Hanging moles are susceptible. They are a regular nevus, but on a stalk.

If you have hanging moles, you need to be extremely careful. They are the ones that can darken and become inflamed, for example, when rubbing with clothing. If a hanging mole has turned black, then its blood supply may have been disrupted. One of the reasons is injuries. Gradually, the mole will turn black, may dry out and even fall off.

When should you see a doctor?

Doctors do not advise removing nevi without a good reason, even if they have changed color. Hanging moles are subject to excision if they are located in an unfavorable location and permanent damage occurs. The appearance of even black moles on the body is normal. Especially if a person has to constantly be under the sun's rays. But if the nevus, which is located under clothing, has darkened, then you need to have it checked by a specialist.

It is also not recommended to get rid of black formations with home remedies, such as acetic acid lotions. Folk recipes will only allow you to delete top part nevus, which is located on the surface of the skin. Its base will remain in the deeper layers of the epidermis and can transform into a dangerous form - melanoma.

If a malignant tumor is suspected, tests are done. If their results are positive, the doctor will remove the nevus. After surgery, the patient may be prescribed a course of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. If the tests do not confirm the presence of pathology, but the person still wants to remove the blackened nevus, then more humane methods of intervention are used, such as a radioknife, laser or liquid nitrogen.

You should consult a doctor if:

it was noticed that the black mole was covered with a crust;
itches;
enlarged or painful;
dried out and began to peel off.

It is these signs that indicate a malignant process.

The crust on the nevus has a different color:

1. A brown tint indicates that the mole has been damaged.

2. The crust often turns black in the place where the nevus was before it was removed. This normal phenomenon, which means that the wound is healing.

3. A dark crust appears after visiting a solarium or sauna.

Regardless of the color of the crust, you should consult your doctor to determine whether the nevus is dangerous. If the nevus turns black, this is a cause for concern. But then it may fall off. This is especially true for hanging moles. Many people do not go to the doctor if they fall off. But this does not mean that the danger has passed. Even if the mole falls off, the malignant process continues.

Since symptoms of a tumor often do not appear for a long time, it is best to submit a fallen mole for histology. With this study it will be possible to determine whether there are altered cells in it.

Methods for removing nevi

If the mole behaves suspiciously, and the doctor has confirmed that it needs to be removed, then the nevus is excised using one of the recommended methods:

1. Laser destruction. The method involves the destruction of pigmented cells of a black mole. The specialist acts on them with a directed laser beam. It provokes thermal evaporation of the skin defect tissue. This procedure is absolutely safe and painless. The laser does not leave scars on the patient's body.

2. Electrocoagulation. The technique involves the use of high-frequency electric current. It destroys the cells of the pigmented epidermis. It is often used when it is necessary not only to get rid of a nevus, but also to obtain tissue for research.

3. Cryodestruction. The method allows you to quickly get rid of black nevi by exposing them to cooled liquid nitrogen. The cells are destroyed and the formation dies.

4. Radio wave surgery is a low-traumatic procedure that allows you to remove black nevi on the face and body. The specialist influences the formation with high-frequency radio waves. The postoperative wound heals very quickly, leaving no scar.

5. Surgical intervention. The operation is carried out only if it is found malignancy or you need to remove a large mole, the roots of which are located very deep. The procedure is performed under anesthesia. Then stitches are placed, which are removed after a few days. This method of removing nevi leads to the formation of scars, sometimes very noticeable. At surgical intervention the risk of pain, bleeding and infection of the wound increases. It is highly undesirable to use this method to remove moles on the face unless there are strict indications for this.

Any of the methods is suitable for removing a hanging mole. If the mole is blackened, inflamed, hurts, or has been damaged, then excision must be performed using any of the listed methods, except surgically. The latter method is advisable for removing nevi that have degenerated into a malignant formation. You can find out about the presence of pathological cells by conducting a dermoscopic examination. The excised tissues are sent for histology. Based on the results of these tests, the doctor will decide whether to get rid of the mole.

They are spots that appear on the skin and cause changes in pigmentation. Some spots are present from the very moment we are born, but can also form throughout life when any changes occur in the body, in particular during the period of bearing a child. What types of moles can appear on the hands and other parts of the body, why they are dangerous - this is our article.

Congenital and acquired nevi

Moles are divided into two large groups: congenital and acquired. The first group has a gradation in size:

Small ones. The size reaches no more than one and a half centimeters.
Average . These include moles that do not reach 10 centimeters in diameter.
Large ones. The diameter of the formation in this case exceeds 10 centimeters.
Giant - can occupy large areas of skin. Most often they cover the entire anatomical area, as a rule, this is most of the chest, lower legs, face and others.

Moles (especially large ones) always attract the eye. But sometimes a person can find almost colorless nevi. These skin-colored moles are a collection of pigment cells, and if you observe, you will notice that they will also darken over time.

Small moles practically do not cause trouble. But giant nevi quite often (almost 50%) degenerate, causing cancer.

Acquired moles

The reason for their appearance is considered genetic features human body. They are formed in childhood. After all, it is during this period that the most intense movement of pigment cells occurs, which “rise” from the deep layers to the surface of the skin.

Moles and birthmarks can have different shapes. What shape the neoplasm will have depends only on nature and heredity. Nevi may have correct form circle, oval, can be in the form of a point or, conversely, occupy a large surface of the skin and have jagged edges, may have an oblong or elongated shape.

Photos of pigment spots:

Classification of moles based on benignity

Initially, a formation on a person’s skin in the form of a mole or birthmark does not pose a threat to his life and health. Throughout life, nevi do not require additional care, however, it is necessary to monitor how moles behave in order to reduce the risk of melanoma.

There are a number of signs, when they appear, you should immediately visit an oncologist:

Asymmetry. The asymmetrical shape of a mole is a cause for concern, a clear sign of cell degeneration.
The edges. If a mole has a fuzzy, blurry outline, this may be a signal of spreading metastases.
Color. Nevus color – important symptom in defining education malignant tumor. The color of the mole should not change over the course of life (minor changes are allowed within the color scheme of the mole), and it should also be uniform, without inclusions of other colors.
Size. Moles that exceed 6-7 mm in diameter require constant monitoring by an oncologist.
Dynamics. Any change in a mole: growth, change in color, the appearance of unpleasant sensations, itching, redness, burning, hair loss on the body of the mole is a reason for an immediate visit to the doctor.

According to the risk of degeneration into malignant formations, moles are divided into benign, malignant and borderline neoplasms.

Benign nevi

Benign moles appear after the first six months of a person’s life, can be located on any part of the body, and do not cause discomfort.

Such moles usually do not exceed 3 mm in diameter, have a clear outline and a uniform color, the shade varies from gray to brown. Over the course of life, the mole does not grow or grows slightly (no more than 1-2 mm in diameter), and may have hair.

Benign nevi are flat in shape, do not have bulges, roughness, and do not crack. There is a risk of degeneration into a malignant tumor in the presence of any mole. In the case of a benign mole, this risk is minimal.

The list of causes of the formation of a malignant tumor is narrowed down to those that are controllable by humans:

do not sunbathe in direct sunlight (12.00 – 15.00);
do not overuse trips to the solarium;
do not try to remove a mole;
eliminate the possibility of injury or rubbing with clothing.

Border formations

This section includes moles/birthmarks, which are accompanied by an increased risk of degeneration into a malignant tumor. According to statistics, about 10% of such moles cause melanoma, so they require constant monitoring by a specialist.

These include:

Dysplastic melanoma nevus;
- Risk of malignancy: 90%.
- Origin: hereditary.
- Color: from light brown to black.
- Size: up to 1 cm.
Nevus Jadasson-Tiche:
- Risk of malignancy: low, mainly due to trauma.
- Origin: acquired.
- Color: from blue to blue-black.
- Size: up to 2 cm.
Borderline pigmented nevus:
- Risk of malignancy: moderate, mainly due to trauma or prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
- Origin: in 80% of cases hereditary.
- Color: brown, presence of concentration rings may be observed.
- Size: up to 1.5 cm.
Giant pigmented nevus:
- Risk of malignancy: 10-12%.
- Origin: congenital.
- Black color.
- Size: up to 7 cm, grows with a person.
Nevus Ota:
- Risk of malignancy: rare, only in case of trauma.
- Origin: congenital.
- Color: blue, blue.
- Size: up to 5 cm, appears only in representatives of the Mongoloid race.
Dubreuil's melanosis:
- Risk of malignancy: 100% if untreated, is a precancerous condition.
- Origin: acquired, occurs mainly in older people.
- Color: brown to dark brown.
- Size: pigment spot with nodular formations, growing, has uneven edges, constantly growing..

First of all, a person can determine the dangerous signs of a mole turning into a tumor on his own. Change in color, its heterogeneity, growth of the mole, the appearance of itching, redness, bleeding - serious signs skin cancer formation. Also, a common cause of oncology is careless and incomplete cosmetic removal of borderline moles.

Malignant neoplasms

Melanoma– a malignant tumor of the skin that develops from melanocytes. It is characterized by rapid development and a high risk of death, however, it has many signs for independent primary diagnosis, unlike other types of cancer.

In addition to the signs described in the paragraph “borderline formations” (asymmetry, growth, color change), there are secondary signs malignant tumor:

vertical growth;
nodular formations;
cracking;
the appearance of red/pink pigment spots around the mole;
shiny surface

Melanoma is classified according to the target area, causes of occurrence and characteristics of the course:

Superficially spreading. The target audience is people aged 25 to 50 years. It has small dimensions, up to 6 mm, non-uniform coloring - alternating brown areas and areas of color healthy skin or lighter. The radial growth phase is quite long - 2-4 years, the vertical growth phase (after the appearance of the nodule) is rapid - several weeks. Death in 30% of cases.
According to the type of lentigo maligna Affects older people over 50 years of age due to prolonged exposure to UV rays. It occurs infrequently, is localized on the face, is large in size and brown in color with black spots.
Acral-lentigous. It is rare, occurring in 70% of cases in men. It affects the subungual space, less often the palms or soles. During the vertical growth phase, it destroys the nail plate and is brown or black in color.
Nodal. The most aggressive form melanoma almost immediately enters the vertical growth phase and is black in color. It affects people over 50 years of age and is localized on the head, neck, and limbs.

Treatment of a malignant tumor depends on the stage of development. On the most early stage and in the case of damage to healthy tissues slightly (1-2 mm in depth), it makes sense to surgically remove the tumor and surrounding healthy tissue. In case of metastasis to the lymph nodes, surgical excision is ineffective; chemotherapy is used.

Photo of melanoma:

Structural classification of moles

All moles/birthmarks can be divided into groups according to the method of their formation and the reasons that caused them.

According to the structure they are distinguished:

pigmented moles;
vascular moles;
warty moles.

Pigmented moles

Pigmented birthmarks and moles are formed from a large accumulation of melanocytes in the epidermis, intradermal layer or between them. Melanocytes are cells that produce melanin, so the color of pigmented moles is characteristic - from beige-brown to dark brown.

Can be various shapes: oblong, oval, irregular shape. The localization of pigmented moles varies widely; the palmoplantar location is rare.

Vertical growth depends on the layer of formation - the deeper the layer, the more convex the mole or spot. It has hair and a soft, smooth surface, does not shine. Many people attach a mystical meaning to the shape of the mole, as well as its location on the body.

Vascular moles

By their nature, vascular moles/birthmarks differ from pigmented ones in that they consist not of melanocytes, but of blood vessels. They have a characteristic color from pink to burgundy.

In most cases, vascular formations are congenital and are explained by intrauterine formation disorders circulatory system. They may consist of blood vessels of different sizes - capillaries, veins, arteries. The most common form is capillary.

Upon closer examination, you can notice microscopic vessels in the structure of the body of the mole. In children, they are often localized on the face and neck, and are found on internal organs. Red vascular formations are called angiomas.

Photos of vascular moles:

Warty moles

Unlike other types, warty moles or papillomas are formed due to infection with the human papillomavirus. Infection occurs through sexual contact, through common personal hygiene items, through micro-abrasions and lesions on the skin, and is also transmitted to the child from the mother during childbirth naturally.

After entering the human body, the virus enters the incubation phase and is activated only under the influence of the following external factors:

hormonal changes;
decreased immunity;
long exposure to the cold;
disease of the gastrointestinal tract.

Papillomas require general and targeted treatment. First of all, the activity of HPV (human papillomavirus) is stopped by taking drugs that increase immunity, antiviral drugs, as well as a preparator that excludes further maintenance favorable environment for virus activity (treatment of the gastrointestinal tract if activation occurs for this reason).

Targeted treatment involves excision of papillomas surgically, using a laser or conservative methods.

Photo of papillomas:

Medical classification of nevi

Exists more than 50 varieties of various skin formations. The main feature of the classification is by which a person can independently diagnose one or another type of nevus.

For medical purposes, the classification is deeper, including a number of features, such as structure, risk of degeneration into melanoma, nature of formation, vertical/horizontal growth and others.

For example, according to the layer of occurrence, nevi are divided into:

Epidermal-dermal. The cells that form the body of the mole (melanocytes or blood vessels) are then concentrated in the epidermis (the top layer of the skin) or in the space between the dermis and epidermis. Such moles are non-convex or slightly convex.
Intradermal. The cells that form the body of a mole are concentrated mainly in the deep layer of skin - the dermis. Such moles are significantly convex.

Lentigo

Lentigo- These are benign formations of melanocytic nature. Lentigo is classified according to the cause of its occurrence; there are juvenile, solar and senile lentigo. Localization is predominantly on the shoulders, neck, and limbs. It is a small granular flat spot from light brown to brown.

In childhood, lentigo is formed under the influence of the release of hormones, solar lentigo occurs mainly in people who are often exposed to ultraviolet radiation, senile lentigo is a sign of inhibition of the biological activity of the body, disturbances in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.

In less than 5% of cases, lentigo can develop into cancerous tumor. Doctors believe that the risk of degeneration occurs in case of severe sunburn. The formation causes inconvenience of an aesthetic nature, but does not cause inconvenience in the form of itching, burning, or a rough surface.

Does not require removal for clinical reasons. However, in cases of traumatization and repeated traumatization, it is recommended to remove lentigo surgically to avoid the risk of degeneration into a malignant formation.

Photo of lentigo:

Complex nevi

This name is due to the location of the mole in both layers of the skin - upper and deep. Complex nevi– benign formations of melanocytic origin, located simultaneously in the epidermis in the dermis. They are dark brown in color, significantly convex, reaching 1-1.2 cm in diameter.

Occurs in all people age categories, the risk of malignancy is up to 80%, so constant monitoring by an oncologist is required. Removal by surgical excision is recommended.

Dysplastic nevi

Borderline skin neoplasms classified as melanoma-hazardous. It looks like a “fried egg” - a dark flat spot with a raised area in the center of a darker color. It has no specific localization, occurs in people of both sexes and all ages - in approximately 5% of people, size varies from 1 mm to 200 mm.

Reason for formation dysplastic nevi is a mutation in melanocytes under the influence of radiation, hormonal surges and a large dose of ultraviolet radiation, as well as a significant decrease in immunity.

There are:

sporadic dysplastic moles;
familial dysplastic moles.

Familial dysplastic nevus– syndrome, probability hereditary predisposition to cancer in family members who do not have skin lesions. Doctors advise removing such moles before signs of degeneration appear in order to avoid the development of cancer and death.

Blue nevi

A benign melanoma-dangerous formation that extremely rarely degenerates into melanoma. It has a characteristic color from blue to blue-black, small size up to 1-1.5 cm in diameter, and has a round, oval or oblong shape. Mainly localized on the legs, hands, and buttocks.

There are simple and cellular:

simple blue nevus– a small formation that rises slightly above the surface of the skin, has a diameter of up to 1 cm, is located on the neck, face, mucous membranes
cellular blue nevus– a larger formation with a heterogeneous tuberous structure, up to 3 cm in diameter.

Giant pigmented nevus

Due to the large (up to 20 cm) size of the nevus, it is easy to diagnose. The formation is melanoma-hazardous, the risk of transformation is 10%. Radical removal of the nevus is recommended, however, this is not always possible. It can cover a significant part of the human body, has a gray to black color, a lumpy surface, and grows with the person.

Giant nevus- a congenital formation that forms at 15-20 weeks of intrauterine development. It is extremely rare - no more than 2% of people on the planet.

Nevi of early childhood

Moles are almost never diagnosed in newborn children; they begin to appear only from 6 months, however, there are congenital nevi formed before the birth of the child.

Moles and birthmarks can grow with the child and remain on the human body throughout life, or they can disappear for no reason. In the early childhood Frequently diagnosed lesions are hemangiomas and port-wine stains.

Hemangiomas

Hemangioma in children– benign vascular formation. It occurs mainly in girls, generally in less than 3% of children of both sexes. The spot has a convex structure, red or bluish color, and can grow significantly radially and vertically, affecting the organs of vision and respiratory tract.

According to morphology they are distinguished:

Simple- consist of capillaries, located on the surface of the skin, have a lumpy structure, predominantly red in color
Cavernous- located under the skin, consists of cavities filled with blood, the surface is tuberous-nodular, the color is red-brown.
Combined- combine the signs of simple and cavernous hemangiomas.

The most common are simple hemangiomas, for which doctors recommend watchful waiting. In case of cavernous or combined hemangiomas, radical therapy is recommended.

Wine stains

Port wine stain or flaming nevus- a benign formation, localized mainly on the face or head. May signal others congenital pathologies. It is a red or burgundy spot that does not rise above the skin.

The reason for the appearance of such spots is a malformation of blood vessels in the womb. It is not melanoma-hazardous and does not pose a danger to the life and health of the child. Grows with a person, with age it acquires more blue tint. It is treated with a laser in the first months of a child’s life.

The mystical meaning of moles

Moles, and especially moles of unusual shape and location, are attributed mystical meaning. It is believed that moles are special marks with which one can draw conclusions about a person’s character and read his fate. Increased attention is paid to moles and birthmarks that are inherited and have an intricate shape and color.

Meaning of moles:

A mole in the shape of a triangle. There is a theory according to which moles located in the shape of a triangle enhance the abilities of those parts of the body on which they are located. It is also believed that people with such a sign can become clairvoyants and psychics, communicate with parallel world spirits, and are also distinguished by their steadfast moral principles and always adhere to the chosen path.
Moles in the shape of a heart. First of all, the appearance of the owners of such a non-standard sign of fate is charming and mysterious. It is believed that a heart-shaped mole indicates that victory and success await its owner on the love front. However, it is worth paying attention to the location and clarity of the contours. If a mole has a defect in appearance, then relationships with the opposite sex will be unstable and short-lived.
Moles in the shape of constellations. First of all, it is worth noting that moles are part of a constellation pattern if they are all the same shape, size and color. The meaning of such moles depends on which particular constellation they are part of. For example, people with birthmarks in the shape of the Gemini constellation are extremely sociable. Those who bear the sign of Leo have clear leadership qualities, and those with moles in the shape of the constellation Cancer will be happy in life.

Regardless of the unusual shape and location of moles, as well as the higher meaning they carry, it is necessary to monitor them medical indicators, see a doctor if necessary. It is important to remember that moles are a pathology of the body, and no amount of charm and allure can replace a person’s health.

As is known, any tissue of the human body is capable of generating tumors. Some of them are accumulations of benign cells, others are atypical malignant ones. But some neoplasms can, under certain conditions, degenerate from a benign tumor to a malignant one. Such formations include moles or nevi. There are different types of moles, and some representatives of this type of neoplasm can pose a serious danger to human health.

Pathogenesis and characteristics of the concepts “nevus” and “mole”

photo of moles on face

Since any person has benign skin formations, the question of what kind of moles there are and whether they pose a danger worries every owner of such an element.

Nevi are a limited malformation of the skin, in which a large number of pigment cells are concentrated, capable of forming a substance of brown color and its various shades - from light brown to violet-brown and black.

Translated from Latin, the word “naevus” means mole, so these terms are identical. But the concept of nevus is more acceptable for defining a dark brown, black, blue neoplasm rather than a bodily one. Light-colored elements on the skin are more often called ordinary moles.

A mole is a skin growth filled with melanocytes. Melanocytes are cells that are capable of producing the pigment melanin. They are concentrated in the lowest layer of the epidermis, which is the ancestor of all skin cells. Melanin gives the skin the color that matches its race. It is produced under the influence of sunlight or artificial ultraviolet irradiation.

The number of melanocytes is approximately the same in all people, but the production of melanin is different. This determines a person’s skin type, of which there are 4:

The skin color of representatives of type 1 is light, almost white. They are characterized by blue or green eyes and red hair. The skin often has freckles. In such people, the skin practically does not tan, since they produce very little melanin.
Individuals with the second type are characterized by light brown hair color, green, blue or grey eyes. The skin tans, but they form frequently and quickly.
The third skin type is characterized by the rare development of sunburn; such people tan easily. Hair color is dark brown or chestnut, eye color is gray or light brown.
People with the fourth type have dark skin and are insensitive to ultraviolet radiation, dark hair color, black, and brown eyes.

The effect of melanin on the human body

photo of pigmented nevus

Melanin is a protein substance that has a protective function, and this pigment protects the skin from the negative effects of ultraviolet rays. Melanin absorbs photons, scatters radiation, and also, forming a protective layer in the skin, reflects ultraviolet radiation. This pigment is formed under the influence of the sun.

A sufficient amount of melanin is formed in people with skin types 3 and 4, which is why such people are least likely to suffer from sunburn, and most importantly, from skin cancer. Individuals with types 1 and 2 have low levels of melanin production, so their skin is not adequately protected from ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, in a fair-skinned person, the risk of developing a malignant neoplasm is very high, even in the absence of moles. But, it should be borne in mind that if there is a large number of dangerous nevi in a person with types 3 and 4, skin cancer can develop with a high probability with a significant ultraviolet irradiation.

As mentioned earlier, a nevus is a collection of melanocytes. With intense tanning, the mole cells are forced to absorb a large number of photons, and this is a considerable amount of energy. The photon energy is transmitted to the cell nucleus, where all genetic information is concentrated, or more precisely, DNA and chromosomes. As a result, the genetic material of skin cells undergoes point mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, which is considered the impetus for the launch of the malignant process. If the human immune system and cell abilities can neutralize this process, then restoration occurs—DNA repair. Otherwise, the process of malignant degeneration of the mole cells starts.

Under the layer of epidermal cells is the dermis - a layer of skin in which a network of lymphatic and blood vessels is localized, nerve fibers. Lymphocytes located in the skin also undergo mutations when exposed to insolation, which plays an important role in the development of cancer in other localizations.

Types of moles

The types of moles are many and varied. Moles can be located on absolutely any part of the body and even on the mucous membranes. Depending on the morphological characteristics (color, size, shape, surface), the following types are distinguished:

By color:
- Red (vascular tumors - hemangiomas).
- Brown and black (birthmarks, common moles and dysplastic nevi).
- Purple (warty) raised moles).
- Blue and blue nevi.
- White (fibro-epithelial growths).
To size:
- Small (no more than 5 mm).
- Medium (up to 15 mm).
- Large (up to 10 cm).
- Giant (over 10 cm).
Form:
- Flat (smooth surface).
- Convex (rough surface).
- Warty growths (can grow on a stalk).

There is a wide variety of moles on the human body and several of their classifications. But the principle of their construction is the same and carries the same meaning: does the mole pose a danger in terms of degeneration into a cancerous tumor. The types of moles are determined depending on their appearance, structure and the possible likelihood of transformation into melanoma.

There are:

Melanoma-dangerous nevi are formations that are highly likely to degenerate into a malignant tumor. Such nevi are also called dysplastic, they include:
- Giant birthmarks painted in Brown color and any shades of this color.
- Elements of blue and cyan color – such formations have the highest risk of degeneration into skin cancer.
- Intermediate - nevus cells are located at the border of the epidermis and dermis. The rate of transformation into skin cancer is very high. The localization of such nevi is the palms and soles.
- Precancerous Dubreuil melanosis is a nevus on the face, the appearance of which resembles a pigment spot. An irregularly shaped formation such as geographic map. Its size is more than 2 cm, the degree of coloring is different and heterogeneous.
A melanoma-dangerous nevus, the cells of which are localized in the upper part of the epidermis, found in the vast majority of people:
- Fibrous-epithelial moles (convex, white).
- Verrucous (warty growths of various colors).
- Papillomatous.

Types of moles, namely age spots:

photo of a giant nevus on the hand

Lentigo– most often such multiple spots appear on the face, have red or light brown color, sometimes they are dark. The shape is wrong. Their sizes are small.
Coffee stains- in some cases, such nevi are related to neurofibromatosis. If several coffee stains appear on the body, you should contact a neurologist.
Mongolian spots They are gray-blue in color, irregular in shape, vary in size and are found in children. They do not pose any danger and go away on their own by puberty.

Pigment spots can occur in pregnant women due to hormonal changes in the body.

Leather healthy newborn The child is devoid of ordinary moles and dysplastic nevi. Over time, closer to the first year of life, single moles begin to appear on the body. As you grow older, moles become more numerous and are defined this fact heredity. If a child at 3-4 years of age already has a large number of moles, then parents should limit his exposure to the sun. In general, melanoma is rare in children.

Congenital nevi are rare. Most often, a newborn child may have such types of neoplasms as age spots, vascular tumors (often called birthmarks). In extremely rare cases, blue nevi are recorded, which quickly degenerate into a cancerous tumor.

Signs of moles that are not cause for concern

Melanomic moles most often have the following symptoms:

Benign birthmarks have a uniform color and the same color over the entire surface (light or dark brown). The surface is smooth and even. Over time, the spots do not change their size and shape. Such spots do not cause discomfort, they do not itch, do not turn red or become inflamed. The shape is usually correct. The spots may be irregular in shape, in such cases they are simply observed.
Moles that rise above the skin, often looking like warts. They may be devoid of pigment, their size varies from 1 mm to 8-10 mm. The surface is smooth, permeated with hair. Moles can be very raised above the skin, and also look like a pigmented spot that is barely raised. Color varies from flesh and light brown to brown and black. Their shape is round, the boundaries are clear.
Neoplasms may look like small red dots; such formations have a vascular nature of origin. They are a benign tumor of the wall of blood vessels, but are commonly called moles or birthmarks. They are actually called hemangiomas.

Signs of “activation” of a mole

You can suspect the degeneration of a mole based on certain signs:

If the nevus has increased in size over Lately. To monitor the size of a mole or spot, the tracing method is used, when transparent paper is placed at the location of the tumors and redrawn. After some time, the drawing is applied again and the size of the moles is compared over time. You can also take photos and make comparisons. It is best to monitor the dynamics with a doctor. Normally, moles do not change their original size. An increase in formation of more than 6 cm in diameter is an unfavorable indicator of activation.
The shape of a melanoma-free mole is round and should always remain that way. If there has been a change in the form of education over time, then this sign considered suspicious. Irregularly shaped age spots are also a reason for close monitoring by a doctor. You can track the shape of nevi using tracing paper and dynamic photos.
Color pigment spot or a mole that does not pose a danger, is homogeneous and constant. If there is a change in color towards darkening or discoloration, or inclusions appear on the surface, then such signs require a visit to an oncologist. The inclusions can be black or dark brown, and occasionally there are red, purple and blue dots on the mole. Color tracking is carried out using a photo of the spot and mole.
The surface of the skin neoplasm is also an observation point. If, upon palpation of a mole, bumpiness is noted over time, then this sign is also considered suspicious.
If a person suddenly began to “feel” his mole: it began to get in the way, hair fell out from the surface, became conspicuous, bothered, turned red, began to itch - these signs require a visit to the doctor. Such nevi have a risk of degeneration.
If symptoms such as ulceration and bleeding appear, then these signs are considered unfavorable.
If growths in the form of papillomas appear around a mole, this is also a cause for concern.

Signs of degeneration of ordinary moles can be systematized and presented in the form of a table, where the main types of neoplasms and their symptoms are concentrated.

Melanoma is by far the most insidious and malignant tumor in humans. The abundance of lymphatic and blood vessels in the skin, the extremely rapid rate of cell reproduction, lead to metastasis in as soon as possible.

Causes of degeneration of nevi

The main causes of malignancy of moles:

Hereditary factor.
Excessive solar exposure. In this case, an important role is played sunburn received in childhood. The greater the dose of solar radiation received in childhood, the more likely the appearance of dysplastic nevi in an adult. Such formations have a very high risk of degeneration.
A tan obtained in a solarium is last years leading factor in increasing the incidence of melanoma.
Decreased immunity (chronic diseases, stress, pregnancy).
Aging.

When the tumor size is less than 1 mm in diameter, about 90% of patients live more than 5 years. When the melanoma diameter is more than 1 mm, there are already metastases. In the presence of such malignant nevi, the survival prognosis is extremely low.

The mortality rate from skin cancer is especially high in northern countries. People living in cold climates have skin types 1 and 2, so their skin is least protected from ultraviolet radiation. A decrease in the thickness of the ozone layer increases the risk of developing melanoma significantly.

It is possible to live long and safely with moles. If you have a large number of nevi, you should simply see a doctor and know the “mole map” of your body. By following your doctor’s recommendations to limit exposure to sun, use sunscreen, maintain immunity, and timely remove dysplastic tumors, you may never know what skin cancer is.

The main factors in the transition of moles to melanoma-hazardous ones are:

Radiation
Chemical exposure
Cauterization or other cosmetic procedures

A biopsy, a partial removal of tissue from a mole, can lead to a transition to melanoma. As a result of friction and injury, it may transform into a formation.

Causes of moles and spots

The reasons for the formation of black moles can be different. Nevi can occur in humans under the influence of hormones called melatropins. They can be found in certain quantities in different parts of the body.

They begin to develop in the lower parts of the epidermis, and flat ones are formed in upper layers. Moles can most often arise due to a person’s genetic predisposition. Birthmarks in infants appeared in the same places where the mother's black moles appeared. They can appear both in infancy and adolescence.

Also one of common factors the occurrence of moles is considered hormonal disorder in organism. Changes in hormones can cause moles. Some factors causing stains cannot be influenced by humans. Many people lead an unhealthy lifestyle, which can cause complications.

Frequent exposure to sunlight or tanning beds can lead to melanoma. Ultraviolet rays stimulate the formation of moles and tumors. The sun's rays are the most dangerous, especially for people with fair skin and people with many moles.

Treatment of moles involves eliminating them using modern methods. After they are removed, they may appear again, so doctors do not recommend eliminating them. There are some factors in which you should consult a doctor: Damage to tissue integrity.

Spots change their size, shape, color, structure, density
Painful sensations
Discharge or fluid

If the nevi are very small or there are many of them on the face and body, then they are not touched. For any specific case, only a professional specialist can give advice.

Treatment of spots

First, a person must take tests, after which the doctor will be able to prescribe medicinal preparations for removing moles and spots. Most often a mole is removed surgical method with a local.

Many people have moles on their bodies, but this is not a cause for concern. In many cases, subject to certain rules and in the right way life, these educations will not lead to serious consequences.

But, if a person experiences one of the above factors of change in formation, it is recommended to urgently consult a doctor who will recommend a specific method of removal.

At large cluster pigment substance, the mole turns out to be dark-black. TO benign formations can be classified as those whose size is more than 4 mm, its appearance is usually round in shape, and the surface is smooth.

Black moles are not considered a pathology, even if there are many of these spots on the body. The appearance of a nevus at an older age, or if they change color - turn red, turn black, grow - all these are symptoms of melanoma. A slight impact by squeezing, rubbing or breaking the integrity of cuts can lead to complications.

A black mole must be constantly observed; if it has dried up and fallen off, this does not mean that the danger no longer exists. Once a mole has formed in a person, it should not change in the future.

While watching the video you will learn about which moles are dangerous.

If you have questions or complications, you should consult your doctor for advice! The spot or spot that appears from birth should change in size according to the development of the child.

When a black mole forms on the body, dermatologists note that in most cases this neoplasm is benign. If you follow the basic recommendations of doctors, it will never lead to the development of skin cancer.

What it is?

A black mole is a formation that is an accumulation of melanin. This pigment is formed from melanocyte cells in the outer layers of the skin and provides protection against adverse effects. ultraviolet radiation.

Reasons for appearance

Only 10% of newborns have pigmented spots on their body. Typically, a child’s first moles begin to actively appear between the ages of 2 and 6 years. With age, the frequency of their occurrence gradually decreases - this is due to changes in hormonal levels.

There are 3 main reasons for the appearance of moles.

Cause	Description
Hormonal changes in the body	The rapid appearance of black moles is observed during puberty, pregnancy, stimulation of melanotropic hormone synthesis
Exposure to UV radiation	After a long stay in the open sun or frequent visits to the solarium. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause discoloration of nevi already present on the skin - they become darker
Microtraumas of the skin	Light moles may darken due to intracellular changes that occur as a result of systematic trauma to the skin (cuts, friction, squeezing)

Kinds

Small black moles may appear and disappear periodically, and their appearance may change. This is explained by the fact that melanocytes are able to migrate from one layer of skin to another.

Moles are:

Flat - a round pigmented spot with a smooth dry surface, the diameter does not exceed 5 mm. This is the most common type of tumor, found on the back, front of the body, arms and legs.
Convex - as a person grows older, the area of pigmentation can not only increase in size, but also rise above the surface of the skin. Such moles are always intensely colored, their surface can be smooth or rough. A black mole on the leg may resemble a wart.
Hanging – you need to pay attention to these formations Special attention, since they are easy to injure or tear off. If a hanging mole turns black, this indicates a disruption in its blood supply due to frequent damage.
Black-red - formed as a result of the accumulation of a population of melanocytes deep in the dermis.

Important! The benign nature of moles is indicated by the presence of hard or vellus hairs on them. Cancer cells destroy hair follicles.

What formations are dangerous?

You should consult a doctor in the following cases:

cracks appeared on the surface of the nevus, and the area of skin around the formation became inflamed (reddened, a feeling of itching, burning appeared);
the mole periodically bleeds and crusts form on it;
the edges of the nevus have become asymmetrical, “ragged”;
The color of the mole changes - inclusions or areas of a different color appear;
hairs that grew on the surface of the mole fall out;
there is an increase in lymph nodes.

Such symptoms indicate activation of a malignant process in the human body.

Diagnostics

To understand whether a mole is dangerous or not, dermatologists use the following methods.

External examination of education.
Dermatoscopy – obtaining an image of the surface of a mole, magnified 20 times, and then studying it.
Examination of the structure of a nevus under a microscope after its removal.

Removal

Important! Removal malignant moles only possible under the strict supervision of a doctor.

There are several ways to get rid of a black mole:

microdermabrasion - removal of the upper keratinized layer of skin using laser beams of a certain length;
radio wave therapy - excision of a pigmented area by exposing it to high-frequency radio waves;
surgery– carried out if a patient is diagnosed with a dysplastic, nodular or giant pigmented nevus.

Prevention

Only in 10% of cases the appearance of pigmented areas on the skin is a prerequisite for the development of a malignant tumor.

To reduce the risk of skin cancer, you should:

avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight;
use sunscreen;
do not abuse visits to the solarium;
do not cover moles with adhesive tape;
give preference to natural fabrics in clothing;
Try not to injure existing moles.

Birthmark - these are all names for a benign pigment formation on the human skin. Moles can be present on the skin from birth or appear throughout life, be various colors(from light brown to black), rise above the skin or be completely flat - whatever the nevi, they are safe until they begin to degenerate into melanoma - skin cancer. on the body are especially prone to such degeneration if there is favorable conditions.

Causes

The cause of the most common mole is an excess of melanin pigment in the skin, which leads to the growth of melanocyte cells, their concentration is called a nevus.

As for blacks, there are much more of these formations.

Why moles darken:

Direct exposure to sunlight. Ultraviolet promotes the appearance of new birthmarks, and changing the color of existing ones down to black.
Changes in hormonal levels. Many black moles on the body may appear during pregnancy or during puberty.
Systematic mechanical damage to the skin. This problem is typical for moles that are located in places that are constantly exposed to shaving and friction with clothing. It is recommended to remove such formations after consultation with a doctor.
Hereditary factor. It is rare to see a mole on the body of a newborn. There is a version that they are simply negligible to be seen with the naked eye. But already at 2-3 years of life, nevi may appear on the child’s body. And if one of the parents has black moles on the body, the baby may also have them black.
Bacterial or viral skin diseases.
Exposure to x-rays or radiation.

If one of the black moles on the body has darkened even more for no reason, this is a reason to immediately contact an oncodermatologist.

Safe nevi

There are several classifications of moles, depending on the time of their appearance, color, size and appearance.

Black moles on the body are divided into:

All of these moles are benign provided they have:

diameter less than 0.5 cm;

clearly defined oval or round shape;
smooth surface.

Any deviation from the norm, even one black mole on the body, is a reason to visit medical institution.

Suspicious moles

In addition to ordinary moles that do not cause concern to their owner, there are several types of nevi that can be dangerous not only to health, but also to human life.

Dangerous neoplasms:

If there is the slightest suspicion of nevus degeneration, it must be remembered that early diagnosis melanoma can save life.

Critical symptoms

Sometimes black moles on the body are located in such places that it can be difficult to independently assess their appearance. In such situations, other symptoms of a change in the mole should alert the owner.

Symptoms of nevus degeneration:

bleeding from a mole;
burning sensation, itching;
loss of hair growing from the formation;
the appearance of inflammation and ulcers;
The surface of such a mole is rough to the touch, you can feel the scales.

Particular attention should be paid to moles that appeared after the age of 35.

Self-diagnosis methods

To make it easier for patients to remember what to pay attention to when observing nevi, doctors formulated the so-called FIGARO rule, which got its name from the first letters of 6 points that indicate a change in a mole.

FIGARO Rule:

shape - the formation is raised above the level of the skin;
change in the size of the nevus, noticeably accelerated growth rate;
the boundaries of the mole are unclear;
asymmetry - the 2 halves of the nevus differ from each other;
size exceeds 0.5 cm;
the color changes - multi-colored dots are added, and may become completely discolored.

To make it easier to track possible growth and changes in the color of skin tumors, it is recommended to independently measure and record their diameter and take photographs.

Establishing diagnosis

If a black mole appears on the body, you cannot limit yourself to self-diagnosis. Considering the danger of melanoma, only a doctor can make a correct diagnosis and decide whether to remove a mole.

Diagnostic methods:

interviewing the patient - the doctor needs to know whether the patient has been exposed to direct sunlight, whether there is a hereditary factor, what is his general condition;
dermatoscopy - examination of skin tumors without surgical intervention;
histology analysis - determining the presence of malignant cells in the formation;
blood test for tumor markers;
general tests blood and urine;
biopsy - taking a sample of mole tissue for analysis.

If the degeneration of a mole into a malignant neoplasm is confirmed, other diagnostic methods (CT, MRI) are used to determine the stage of the disease, activity cancer cells, presence of metastases.

Treatment and observation

If the appearance of a black mole on the body poses a probable danger of the nevus to the life and health of the patient, the attending physician decides to remove the formation.

Mole removal methods:

with help liquid nitrogen, or cryodestruction - getting rid of pathological formations using ultra-low temperature;
laser removal - gradual removal of pigmented tissue, the least traumatic method, often used on the face;
electrocoagulation - cauterization with electric current, in contrast to laser, which is prohibited for dark skin, suitable for any type of epidermis;
excision with a radio knife, or radio wave method - the device does not contact the skin, leaving no traces;
surgical removal - recommended only for malignant tumors, as it allows nearby tissue to be removed along with the melanoma to prevent relapse.

The method for removing a nevus is strictly individual and is selected by the attending physician based on the type of mole, the patient’s tests, the characteristics of his skin and the general state of health and immunity.

Risk group

There are groups of people who are especially susceptible to the degeneration of moles into malignant formations.

Risk groups include:

people over 35 years of age who have new blackheads or moles on their body;
patients whose number of moles exceeds 50, regardless of age;
people with light skin, hair, eye color;
owners of nevi susceptible to hereditary factors;
people with weak immune systems.

To prevent the occurrence of melanoma, patients at risk are recommended to visit a dermatologist every 3 months, and for other owners of moles - annually.

Preventive measures

If a person has a tendency to form black spots on the body, similar to moles, it is especially important to adhere to the following recommendations to avoid their degeneration into oncology.

Prevention of melanoma:

Avoid exposure to direct sunlight, especially in daytime when the sun is most active;
do not visit the solarium;
avoid mechanical damage moles, if there are nevi in places of constant friction with clothing, razor trauma, it is recommended to remove such formations after consultation with a doctor;
abandon synthetic materials that create a greenhouse effect and contribute to skin irritation;
People with fair skin should avoid prolonged exposure to the sun, regardless of the time of day.

In addition to all of the above, treatment and removal of moles using traditional methods is prohibited. Self-medication can aggravate the problem and delay the moment of correct diagnosis and the start of life-saving therapy.