Providing first pre-hospital emergency care. General principles of emergency care. First aid for fainting

Emergency conditions(accidents) - incidents that result in harm to human health or a threat to his life. An emergency is characterized by suddenness: it can happen to anyone, at any time and in any place.

People injured in an accident need immediate medical attention. If there is a doctor, paramedic or nurse turn to them for first aid. Otherwise, help should be provided by people near the victim.

The severity of the consequences of an emergency condition, and sometimes the life of the victim, depends on the timeliness and correctness of actions to provide emergency medical care, so every person must have the skills to provide first aid in emergency conditions.

The following types of emergency conditions are distinguished:

Thermal injuries;

Poisoning;

Bites from poisonous animals;

Attacks of illness;

Consequences of natural disasters;

Radiation injuries, etc.

The set of measures necessary for victims in each type of emergency condition has a number of features that must be taken into account when providing assistance to them.

4.2. First aid for sunstroke, heatstroke and fumes

Sunstroke called damage caused by a long-term hit sun rays on an unprotected head. Sunstroke You can also get it if you spend a long time outside on a clear day without a hat.

Heatstroke- This is excessive overheating of the entire body as a whole. Heat stroke can also happen in cloudy, hot, windless weather - during long and hard physical work, long and difficult treks, etc. Heat stroke is more likely when a person is not physically fit enough and experiences severe fatigue and thirst.

Symptoms of sunstroke and heatstroke are:

Cardiopalmus;

Redness and then paleness of the skin;

Loss of coordination;

Headache;

Noise in ears;

Dizziness;

Severe weakness and lethargy;

Decreased heart rate and breathing;

Nausea, vomiting;

Nose bleed;

Sometimes cramps and fainting.

Providing first aid for sun and heatstroke should begin with transporting the victim to a place protected from heat. In this case, it is necessary to lay the victim so that his head is higher than his body. After this, the victim needs to provide free access to oxygen and loosen his clothing. To cool the skin, you can wipe the victim with water and cool the head with a cold compress. The victim should be given a cold drink. In severe cases, artificial respiration is necessary.

Fainting is a short-term loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood flow to the brain. Fainting can occur from severe fright, excitement, great fatigue, as well as from significant blood loss and a number of other reasons.

When a person faints, he loses consciousness, his face turns pale and becomes covered in cold sweat, his pulse is barely palpable, his breathing slows down and is often difficult to detect.

First aid for fainting comes down to improving blood supply to the brain. To do this, the victim is laid so that his head is lower than his body, and his legs and arms are slightly raised. The victim's clothes need to be loosened and his face is sprayed with water.

It is necessary to ensure a flow of fresh air (open the window, fan the victim). To stimulate breathing, you can sniff ammonia, and to enhance the activity of the heart, when the patient regains consciousness, give hot, strong tea or coffee.

Frenzy– human carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Carbon monoxide is formed when fuel burns without a sufficient supply of oxygen. Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs unnoticed because the gas is odorless. When carbon monoxide poisoning appears following symptoms:

General weakness;

Headache;

Dizziness;

Drowsiness;

Nausea, then vomiting.

In severe poisoning, disturbances in cardiac activity and breathing are observed. If the victim is not helped, death may occur.

First aid for fumes comes down to the following. First of all, the victim must be taken out of the carbon monoxide zone or the room ventilated. Then you need to apply a cold compress to the victim’s head and let him smell a cotton swab soaked in ammonia. To improve cardiac activity, the victim is given a hot drink (strong tea or coffee). Hot water bottles or mustard plasters are applied to the legs and arms. If you faint, perform artificial respiration. After which you should immediately seek medical help.

4.3. First aid for burns, frostbite and freezing

Burn- This thermal damage integument of the body caused by contact with hot objects or reagents. A burn is dangerous because under the influence high temperature the living protein of the body collapses, i.e., living human tissue dies. The skin is designed to protect tissues from overheating, but when long-term action damaging factor from a burn affects not only the skin,

but also tissues, internal organs, bones.

Burns can be classified according to a number of characteristics:

According to the source: burns from fire, hot objects, hot liquids, alkalis, acids;

By degree of damage: first, second and third degree burns;

By the size of the affected surface (as a percentage of the body surface).

With a first-degree burn, the burned area becomes slightly red, swollen, and a slight burning sensation is felt. This burn heals within 2–3 days. A second-degree burn causes redness and swelling of the skin, and blisters filled with a yellowish liquid appear on the burned area. The burn heals in 1 or 2 weeks. A third-degree burn is accompanied by necrosis of the skin, underlying muscles, and sometimes bone.

The danger of a burn depends not only on its degree, but also on the size of the damaged surface. Even a first-degree burn, if it covers half the surface of the entire body, is considered a serious illness. In this case, the victim experiences a headache, vomiting, and diarrhea. Body temperature rises. These symptoms are caused by general poisoning of the body due to the breakdown and decomposition of dead skin and tissue. With large burn surfaces, when the body is not able to remove all decay products, kidney failure may occur.

Second- and third-degree burns, if they affect a significant part of the body, can be fatal.

First health care for first and second degree burns, it is limited to applying a lotion of alcohol, vodka or a 1-2% solution of potassium permanganate (half a teaspoon per glass of water) to the burned area. Under no circumstances should blisters formed as a result of a burn be pierced.

If a third degree burn occurs, a dry, sterile bandage should be placed on the burned area. In this case, it is necessary to remove any remaining clothing from the burned area. These actions must be performed very carefully: first, the clothing is cut off around the affected area, then the affected area is soaked in a solution of alcohol or potassium permanganate and only then removed.

For a burn acid the affected surface must be immediately washed with running water or a 1-2% soda solution (half a teaspoon per glass of water). After this, the burn is sprinkled with crushed chalk, magnesia or tooth powder.

When exposed to particularly strong acids (for example, sulfuric acid), rinse with water or aqueous solutions may cause secondary burns. In this case, the wound should be treated with vegetable oil.

For burns caustic alkali the affected area is washed with running water or a weak solution of acid (acetic, citric).

Frostbite- This is a thermal damage to the skin caused by severe cooling. Unprotected areas of the body are most susceptible to this type of thermal injury: ears, nose, cheeks, fingers and toes. The likelihood of frostbite increases when wearing tight shoes, dirty or wet clothes, with general exhaustion of the body, anemia.

There are four degrees of frostbite:

– I degree, in which the affected area turns pale and loses sensitivity. When the cold stops, the frostbitten area becomes bluish-red, becomes painful and swollen, and itching often appears;

– II degree, in which blisters appear on the frostbitten area after warming, the skin around the blisters has a bluish-red color;

– III degree, in which necrosis of the skin occurs. Over time, the skin dries out and a wound forms underneath;

– IV degree, in which necrosis can spread to the tissues underlying the skin.

First aid for frostbite is to restore blood circulation in the affected area. The affected area is wiped with alcohol or vodka, lightly lubricated with Vaseline or unsalted fat, and carefully rubbed with cotton wool or gauze so as not to damage the skin. You should not rub the frostbitten area with snow, as there are pieces of ice in the snow that can damage the skin and facilitate the penetration of germs.

Burns and blisters resulting from frostbite are similar to burns from exposure elevated temperature. Accordingly, the steps described above are repeated.

In the cold season, severe frosts and snowstorms are possible general body freezing. Its first symptom is chilliness. Then the person develops fatigue, drowsiness, the skin turns pale, the nose and lips are bluish, breathing is barely noticeable, the activity of the heart gradually weakens, and possibly unconsciousness.

First aid in this case comes down to warming the person and restoring his blood circulation. To do this, you need to bring it into a warm room, take a warm bath, if possible, and lightly rub the frostbitten limbs with your hands from the periphery to the center until the body becomes soft and flexible. Then the victim must be put to bed, covered warmly, given hot tea or coffee and a doctor called.

However, it should be taken into account that if you stay in cold air for a long time or in cold water all human blood vessels narrow. And then, due to a sharp heating of the body, blood can hit the vessels of the brain, which can lead to a stroke. Therefore, heating a person must be done gradually.

4.4. First aid for food poisoning

Poisoning of the body can be caused by eating various low-quality foods: stale meat, jelly, sausage, fish, lactic acid products, canned food. Poisoning is also possible due to the consumption of inedible greens, wild berries, and mushrooms.

The main symptoms of poisoning are:

General weakness;

Headache;

Dizziness;

Abdominal pain;

Nausea, sometimes vomiting.

In severe cases of poisoning, loss of consciousness, weakening of cardiac activity and breathing are possible; in the most severe cases - death.

First aid for poisoning begins with removing poisoned food from the victim’s stomach. To do this, they induce vomiting: they give him 5-6 glasses of warm salted or soda water to drink, or they insert two fingers deep into the throat and press on the root of the tongue. This cleansing of the stomach must be repeated several times. If the victim is unconscious, his head must be turned to the side to prevent vomit from getting into the Airways.

In case of poisoning with a strong acid or alkali, you cannot induce vomiting. In such cases, the victim should be given oat or flaxseed decoction, starch, raw eggs, sunflower or butter.

A poisoned person should not be allowed to fall asleep. To eliminate drowsiness, you need to spray the victim with cold water or give him strong tea. If cramps occur, the body is warmed with heating pads. After providing first aid, the poisoned person must be taken to a doctor.

4.5. First aid for poisonous substances

TO toxic substances(CA) refer to chemical compounds that can affect unprotected people and animals, leading to their death or incapacitating them. The action of agents can be based on entry into the body through the respiratory system (inhalation exposure), penetration through the skin and mucous membranes (resorption) or through the gastrointestinal tract when consuming contaminated food and water. Toxic substances act in droplet-liquid form, in the form of aerosols, steam or gas.

As a rule, chemical agents are an integral part of chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are understood as military weapons whose destructive effect is based on the toxic effects of chemical agents.

The toxic substances that make up chemical weapons have a number of features. They are capable of causing mass casualties of people and animals in a short time, destroying plants, and infecting large volumes of ground air, which leads to damage to unsheltered people in the area. They can maintain their damaging effect for a long time. Delivery of such chemical agents to their destinations is carried out in several ways: with the help of chemical bombs, liquid airborne devices, aerosol generators, rockets, rockets and artillery shells and mines.

First medical aid in case of damage to the respiratory tract should be carried out in the form of self- and mutual aid or by specialized services. When providing first aid you must:

1) immediately put a gas mask on the victim (or replace a damaged gas mask with a working one) to stop the effect of the damaging factor on the respiratory system;

2) quickly administer an antidote to the victim (specific medicine) using a syringe tube;

3) sanitize all exposed areas of the victim’s skin with a special liquid from an individual anti-chemical package.

The syringe tube consists of a polyethylene body onto which a cannula with an injection needle is screwed. The needle is sterile and is protected from contamination by a cap tightly placed on the cannula. The body of the syringe tube is filled with an antidote or other drug and hermetically sealed.

To administer the drug using a syringe tube, you need to perform the following steps.

1. Using a large and forefinger left hand, grasp the cannula, and right hand support the body, then turn the body clockwise until it stops.

2. Make sure there is medicine in the tube (to do this, press on the tube without removing the cap).

3. Remove the cap from the syringe, turning it slightly; Squeeze the air out of the tube by pressing it until a drop of liquid appears at the tip of the needle.

4. Insert the needle sharply (with a stabbing motion) under the skin or into the muscle, after which all the liquid contained in it is squeezed out of the tube.

5. Without unclenching your fingers on the tube, remove the needle.

When administering an antidote, it is best to inject into the buttock (upper outer quadrant), the anterolateral surface of the thigh and outer surface shoulder In an emergency situation, the antidote is administered at the site of the lesion using a syringe tube and through clothing. After the injection, you need to attach an empty syringe tube to the victim’s clothing or put it in the right pocket, which will indicate that the antidote has been administered.

Sanitary treatment of the victim's skin is carried out with liquid from an individual anti-chemical package (IPP) directly at the site of the injury, as this allows you to quickly stop exposure to toxic substances through unprotected skin. The PPI includes a flat bottle with a degasser, gauze swabs and a case (plastic bag).

When treating exposed skin with PPI, follow these steps:

1. Open the bag, take a swab from it and moisten it with the liquid from the bag.

2. Wipe the exposed skin and the outer surface of the gas mask with a swab.

3. Re-moisten the swab and wipe the edges of the collar and cuffs of clothing in contact with the skin.

It must be taken into account that the liquid from PPI is poisonous and if it gets into the eyes it can cause harm to health.

If chemical agents are sprayed using an aerosol method, the entire surface of the clothing will be contaminated. Therefore, after leaving the affected area, you should immediately take off your clothes, since the chemical agents contained on them can cause damage due to evaporation into the breathing zone and the penetration of vapors into the space under the suit.

If a nerve agent is damaged, the victim must be immediately evacuated from the source of infection to a safe area. During the evacuation of the injured, it is necessary to monitor their condition. To prevent seizures, repeated administration of the antidote is allowed.

If the affected person vomits, his head should be turned to the side and the lower part of the gas mask should be pulled back, then the gas mask should be put on again. If necessary, replace a dirty gas mask with a new one.

At subzero ambient temperatures, it is important to protect the valve box of the gas mask from freezing. To do this, cover it with a cloth and systematically warm it up.

If a suffocating agent (sarin, carbon monoxide, etc.) is affected, the victim is given artificial respiration.

4.6. First aid for a drowning person

A person cannot live without oxygen for more than 5 minutes, therefore, if he falls under water and remains there for a long time, a person can drown. The reasons for this situation may be different: cramp of the limbs when swimming in reservoirs, exhaustion of strength during long swims, etc. Water entering the victim’s mouth and nose fills the respiratory tract, and suffocation occurs. Therefore, assistance to a drowning person must be provided very quickly.

First aid to a drowning person begins with extricating him hard surface. We especially note that the rescuer must be a good swimmer, otherwise both the drowning person and the rescuer may drown.

If a drowning person tries to stay on the surface of the water, he needs to be encouraged, throw him a lifebuoy, a pole, an oar, the end of a rope so that he can stay on the water until he is rescued.

The rescuer must be without shoes and clothes, or, in extreme cases, without outerwear. You need to swim up to a drowning person carefully, preferably from behind, so that he does not grab the rescuer by the neck or arms and pull him to the bottom.

A drowning person is taken from behind under the armpits or by the back of the head near the ears and, holding his face above the water, floats on his back to the shore. You can grab a drowning person with one hand around the waist, only from behind.

On the shore you need restore your breath victim: quickly remove his clothes; free your mouth and nose from sand, dirt, silt; remove water from the lungs and stomach. Then the following actions are performed.

1. The first aid provider kneels on one knee and places the victim stomach down on the other knee.

2. Use your hand to apply pressure on the victim’s back between the shoulder blades until foamy liquid stops flowing from his mouth.

4. When the victim regains consciousness, he needs to be warmed up by rubbing his body with a towel or covering it with heating pads.

5. To enhance cardiac activity, the victim is given strong hot tea or coffee.

6. The victim is then transported to a medical facility.

If a drowning person has fallen through the ice, then it is impossible to run to his aid on the ice when it is not strong enough, since the rescuer may also drown. You need to place a board or ladder on the ice and, approaching carefully, throw the end of a rope to the drowning person or extend a pole, oar, or stick. Then, just as carefully, you need to help him get to the shore.

4.7. First aid for bites of poisonous insects, snakes and rabid animals

In the summer, a person can be bitten by a bee, wasp, bumblebee, snake, and in some areas, a scorpion, tarantula or other poisonous insects. The wound from such bites is small and resembles a needle prick, but when bitten, poison penetrates through it, which, depending on its strength and quantity, either acts first on the area of the body around the bite, or immediately causes general poisoning.

Single bites bees, wasps And bumblebees do not pose any particular danger. If there is a sting left in the wound, it must be carefully removed, and a lotion of ammonia with water or a cold compress from a solution of potassium permanganate or just cold water should be applied to the wound.

Bites poisonous snakes life-threatening. Usually snakes bite a person on the leg when he steps on them. Therefore, you should not walk barefoot in places where there are snakes.

When a snake bites, the following symptoms are observed: burning pain at the site of the bite, redness, swelling. After half an hour, the leg can almost double in size. At the same time, signs of general poisoning appear: loss of strength, muscle weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, weak pulse, and sometimes loss of consciousness.

Bites poisonous insects very dangerous. Their venom causes not only severe pain and burning at the site of the bite, but sometimes general poisoning. Symptoms resemble those of snake venom poisoning. In case of severe poisoning by the venom of the karakurt spider, death may occur within 1–2 days.

First aid for bites from poisonous snakes and insects is as follows.

1. A tourniquet or twist must be applied above the bitten area to prevent the poison from entering other parts of the body.

2. The bitten limb should be lowered and try to squeeze out the blood containing the poison from the wound.

You cannot suck blood from a wound with your mouth, as there may be scratches or broken teeth in the mouth, through which the poison will penetrate into the blood of the person providing assistance.

You can pull the blood along with the poison from the wound using a medical jar, glass or shot glass with thick edges. To do this, hold a lit splinter or cotton wool on a stick in a jar (glass or shot glass) for a few seconds and then quickly cover the wound with it.

Every victim of a snake bite or poisonous insect bite must be transported to a medical facility.

A person gets sick from the bite of a rabid dog, cat, fox, wolf or other animal. rabies. The bite site usually bleeds slightly. If your arm or leg is bitten, you need to quickly lower it and try to squeeze the blood out of the wound. If there is bleeding, the blood should not be stopped for some time. After this, the bite site is washed with boiled water, a clean bandage is applied to the wound and the patient is immediately sent to a medical facility, where the victim is given special vaccinations that will save him from the deadly disease - rabies.

It should also be remembered that you can get rabies not only from the bite of a rabid animal, but also in cases where its saliva gets on scratched skin or mucous membrane.

4.8. First aid for electric shock

Defeats electric shock dangerous to human life and health. High voltage current can cause instant loss of consciousness and lead to death.

The current voltage in the wires of residential premises is not so high, and if you carelessly grab a bare or poorly insulated electrical wire at home, pain and convulsive contraction of the muscles of the fingers are felt in the hand, and a small superficial burn of the upper skin may form. Such a lesion does not cause much harm to health and is not life-threatening if there is grounding in the house. If there is no grounding, then even a small current can lead to undesirable consequences.

A current of higher voltage causes convulsive contraction of the muscles of the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory organs. In such cases, a circulatory disorder occurs, a person may lose consciousness, while he suddenly turns pale, his lips turn blue, breathing becomes barely noticeable, and the pulse is difficult to palpate. In severe cases, there may be no signs of life at all (breathing, heartbeat, pulse). The so-called " imaginary death" In this case, a person can be brought back to life if he is immediately given first aid.

First aid in case of electric shock should begin with stopping the current on the victim. If a broken bare wire falls on a person, it must be reset immediately. This can be done with any object that does not conduct electricity well (a wooden stick, a glass or plastic bottle, etc.). If an accident occurs indoors, you must immediately turn off the switch, remove the plugs, or simply cut the wires.

It should be remembered that the rescuer must take the necessary measures to ensure that he himself does not suffer from the effects of electric current. To do this, when providing first aid, you need to wrap your hands in a non-conductive fabric (rubber, silk, wool), put dry rubber shoes on your feet, or stand on a stack of newspapers, books, or a dry board.

Do not grab the victim by the naked parts of the body while the current continues to affect him. When removing a victim from the wire, you should protect yourself by wrapping your hands in insulating cloth.

If the victim is unconscious, he must first be brought to his senses. To do this, you need to unbutton his clothes, sprinkle water on him, open the windows or doors and give him artificial respiration until spontaneous breathing occurs and consciousness returns. Sometimes artificial respiration has to be done continuously for 2–3 hours.

Simultaneously with artificial respiration, the victim’s body must be rubbed and warmed with heating pads. When the victim regains consciousness, he is put to bed, covered warmly and given a hot drink.

A patient struck by an electric current may have various complications, so he must be sent to the hospital.

Another one of possible options the effect of electric current on a person is lightning strike, the action of which is similar to the action of an electric current of very high voltage. In some cases, the victim instantly dies from respiratory paralysis and cardiac arrest. Red stripes appear on the skin. However, being struck by lightning often results in only severe stunning. In such cases, the victim loses consciousness, his skin turns pale and cold, his pulse is barely palpable, his breathing is shallow and barely noticeable.

Saving the life of a person struck by lightning depends on the speed of providing him with first aid. The victim should immediately begin artificial respiration and continue until he begins to breathe on his own.

To prevent the effects of lightning, a number of measures must be taken during rain and thunderstorms:

During a thunderstorm, you cannot hide from the rain under a tree, as trees “attract” lightning to themselves;

During a thunderstorm, you should avoid elevated areas, as these areas are more likely to be struck by lightning;

All residential and administrative premises must be equipped with lightning rods, the purpose of which is to prevent lightning from entering the building.

4.9. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation complex. Its application and effectiveness criteria

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation– a set of measures aimed at restoring the victim’s cardiac activity and breathing when they stop ( clinical death). This can happen due to electric shock, drowning, or in a number of other cases due to compression or blockage of the airways. The likelihood of a patient’s survival directly depends on the speed of use of resuscitation.

Most effectively used for artificial ventilation lungs - special devices with which air is blown into the lungs. In the absence of such devices, artificial ventilation of the lungs is carried out in various ways, of which the most common is the “mouth-to-mouth” method.

Mouth-to-mouth method of artificial lung ventilation. To assist the victim, it is necessary to lay him on his back so that the airways are free for air to pass through. To do this, his head needs to be tilted back as much as possible. If the victim’s jaws are tightly clenched, it is necessary to move the lower jaw forward and, pressing on the chin, open the mouth, then clean it with a napkin oral cavity from saliva or vomit and begin artificial ventilation:

1) place a napkin (handkerchief) in one layer on the victim’s open mouth;

2) hold his nose;

3) do deep breath;

4) press your lips tightly against the victim’s lips, creating a tight seal;

5) forcefully blow air into his mouth.

Air is inhaled rhythmically 16–18 times per minute until natural breathing is restored.

For injuries to the lower jaw, artificial ventilation can be performed in another way, when air is blown through the victim’s nose. His mouth should be closed.

Artificial ventilation is stopped when reliable signs of death.

Other methods of artificial ventilation. For extensive injuries maxillofacial area artificial ventilation of the lungs using the “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose” methods is impossible, so the methods of Sylvester and Kallistov are used.

During artificial ventilation of the lungs Sylvester's way the victim lies on his back, the person assisting him kneels at his head, takes both his hands by the forearms and sharply raises them, then takes them back behind him and spreads them to the sides - this is how he inhales. Then, with a reverse movement, the victim’s forearms are placed on the lower part of the chest and squeezed - this is how exhalation occurs.

With artificial ventilation of the lungs Kallistov's method The victim is placed on his stomach with his arms extended forward, his head is turned to the side, and clothing (a blanket) is placed under it. Using stretcher straps or tied with two or three trouser belts, the victim is periodically (in the rhythm of breathing) raised to a height of 10 cm and lowered. When the victim is raised as a result of straightening his chest, an inhalation occurs; when lowered due to its compression, an exhalation occurs.

Signs of cessation of cardiac activity and indirect cardiac massage. Signs of cardiac arrest are:

Lack of pulse, heartbeat;

Lack of pupil reaction to light (pupils dilated).

If these signs are identified, you should immediately begin indirect cardiac massage. For this:

1) the victim is placed on his back, on a hard, hard surface;

2) standing on the left side of him, place their palms one on top of the other on the area of the lower third of the sternum;

3) with energetic rhythmic pushes 50–60 times per minute, press on the sternum, after each push releasing the hands to allow the chest to straighten. The anterior wall of the chest should shift to a depth of at least 3–4 cm.

Indirect cardiac massage is performed in combination with artificial ventilation: 4–5 compressions on the chest (as you exhale) alternate with one blowing of air into the lungs (inhalation). In this case, two or three people should provide assistance to the victim.

Artificial ventilation in combination with chest compressions – the simplest way resuscitation(revival) of a person in a state of clinical death.

Signs of the effectiveness of the measures taken are the appearance of spontaneous breathing of a person, restored complexion, the appearance of a pulse and heartbeat, as well as the return of consciousness to the patient.

After carrying out these measures, the patient must be provided with rest, he must be warmed up, given hot and sweet drinks, and, if necessary, tonics must be used.

When performing artificial ventilation of the lungs and chest compressions, elderly people should remember that bones at this age are more fragile, so movements should be gentle. For young children, indirect massage is performed by applying pressure in the sternum area not with the palms, but with the finger.

4.10. Providing medical assistance during natural disasters

Natural disaster called an emergency situation in which human casualties and material losses are possible. Distinguish emergencies natural (hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, etc.) and anthropogenic (bomb explosions, accidents at enterprises) origin.

Sudden natural disasters and accidents require urgent organization of medical assistance to the affected population. Of great importance are the timely provision of first aid directly at the site of the injury (self- and mutual aid) and the evacuation of victims from the outbreak to medical institutions.

The main type of damage in natural disasters is injuries accompanied by life-threatening bleeding. Therefore, it is first necessary to take measures to stop the bleeding, and then provide symptomatic medical care to the victims.

The content of measures to provide medical assistance to the population depends on the type of natural disaster or accident. Yes, when earthquakes This means extracting victims from the rubble and providing them with medical care depending on the nature of the injury. At floods The first priority is to remove victims from the water, warm them, and stimulate cardiac and respiratory activity.

In the affected area tornado or hurricane, it is important to quickly carry out medical triage of those affected, providing assistance first to those most in need.

Injured as a result snow drifts And landslides after being removed from the snow, they warm them up, then provide them with the necessary assistance.

In outbreaks fires First of all, it is necessary to extinguish the burning clothes of the victims and apply sterile bandages to the burned surface. If people are affected by carbon monoxide, immediately remove them from areas of intense smoke.

Whenever accidents at nuclear power plants It is necessary to organize radiation reconnaissance, which will determine the levels of radioactive contamination of the territory. Food, food raw materials, and water must be subjected to radiation control.

Providing assistance to victims. If lesions occur, victims are provided with the following types of assistance:

First aid;

First medical aid;

Qualified and specialized medical care.

First medical aid is provided to those affected directly at the scene of injury by sanitary squads and sanitary posts, other units of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations working in the outbreak, as well as in the form of self- and mutual assistance. Its main task is to save the life of the affected person and prevent possible complications. The removal of the injured to the places of loading onto transport is carried out by rescue force porters.

First medical aid to those affected is provided by medical units, medical units of military units and health care institutions that have survived in the outbreak. All these formations constitute the first stage of medical and evacuation support for the affected population. The tasks of first medical aid are to maintain the vital functions of the affected body, prevent complications and prepare it for evacuation.

Qualified and specialized medical care for those affected is provided in medical institutions.

4.11. Medical care for radiation poisoning

When providing first aid to victims of radiation contamination, it is necessary to take into account that in a contaminated area you cannot consume food, water from contaminated sources, or touch objects contaminated with radiation substances. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to determine the procedure for preparing food and purifying water in contaminated areas (or organizing delivery from uncontaminated sources), taking into account the level of contamination of the area and the current situation.

First medical aid to victims of radiation contamination should be provided in conditions of maximum reduction harmful effects. To do this, victims are transported to uninfected areas or to special shelters.

Initially, it is necessary to take certain actions to save the life of the victim. First of all, it is necessary to organize sanitization and partial decontamination of his clothes and shoes to prevent harmful effects on the skin and mucous membranes. To do this, wash the victim’s exposed skin with water and wipe with damp swabs, wash the eyes, and rinse the mouth. When decontaminating clothing and shoes, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment to prevent harmful effects of radioactive substances on the victim. It is also necessary to prevent contaminated dust from reaching other people.

If necessary, the victim’s stomach is lavaged and absorbent agents are used ( Activated carbon and etc.).

Medical prevention of radiation injuries is carried out using radioprotective agents available in an individual first aid kit.

Individual first aid kit (AI-2) contains a set medical supplies, intended for personal prevention of injuries from radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents. For radiation infections, the following medications contained in AI-2 are used:

– I slot – syringe tube with an analgesic;

– III nest – antibacterial agent No. 2 (in an oblong pencil case), a total of 15 tablets, which are taken after radiation exposure for gastrointestinal disorders: 7 tablets per dose on the first day and 4 tablets per dose daily for the next two days. The drug is taken for prevention infectious complications, which may arise due to weakening protective properties irradiated organism;

– IV nest – radioprotective agent No. 1 (pink pencil cases with a white lid), 12 tablets in total. Take 6 tablets simultaneously 30–60 minutes before the start of irradiation following a civil defense warning signal in order to prevent radiation damage; then 6 tablets every 4–5 hours when staying in an area contaminated with radioactive substances;

– Socket VI – radioprotective agent No. 2 (white pencil case), 10 tablets in total. Take 1 tablet daily for 10 days when consuming contaminated products;

– VII nest – antiemetic (blue pencil case), 5 tablets in total. Use 1 tablet for contusions and primary radiation reaction to prevent vomiting. For children under 8 years of age, take one-fourth of the indicated dose, for children from 8 to 15 years of age - half the dose.

Distribution medical supplies and instructions for their use are attached to the individual first aid kit.

Conditions requiring emergency assistance, are called urgent. First aid in these cases consists of a timely and accurate assessment of the victim’s condition, giving him an optimal position and performing the necessary priority actions to ensure patency of the airway, breathing and blood circulation.

FAINTING

Fainting is a sudden, short-term loss of consciousness that occurs as a result of impaired blood circulation in the brain.

Fainting can last from a few seconds to several minutes. Usually a person comes to his senses after a while. Fainting in itself is not a disease, but rather a symptom of a disease.

Fainting can be due to various reasons:

1. Unexpected sharp pain, fear, nervous shock.

They can cause an immediate decrease in blood pressure, resulting in a decrease in blood flow, disruption of blood supply to the brain, which leads to fainting.

2. General weakness of the body, sometimes aggravated by nervous exhaustion.

General weakness of the body resulting from the most various reasons From hunger, poor nutrition to constant worry, it can also lead to low blood pressure and fainting.

3. Staying in a room with insufficient oxygen.

Oxygen levels can be reduced due to large numbers of people indoors, poor ventilation, and air pollution from tobacco smoke. As a result, the brain receives less oxygen than needed, and the victim faints.

4. Staying in a standing position for a long time without moving.

This leads to stagnation of blood in the legs, a decrease in its flow to the brain and, as a result, to fainting.

Symptoms and signs of fainting:

Reaction - short-term loss of consciousness, the victim falls. IN horizontal position blood supply to the brain improves and after some time the victim regains consciousness.

Breathing is rare and shallow. Blood circulation - pulse is weak and rare.

Other signs are dizziness, tinnitus, severe weakness, blurred vision, cold sweat, nausea, numbness of the limbs.

First aid for fainting

1. If the airways are clear, the victim is breathing and his pulse is palpable (weak and rare), he must be placed on his back and his legs raised.

2. Unfasten tight parts of clothing, such as collars and belts.

3. Place a wet towel on the victim's forehead or wet his face with cold water. This will lead to vasoconstriction and improve blood supply to the brain.

4. When vomiting, the victim must be moved to a safe position or at least turned his head to the side so that he does not choke on the vomit.

5 It must be remembered that fainting can be a manifestation of a serious condition, including acute illness requiring emergency assistance. Therefore, the victim always needs to be examined by a doctor.

6. You should not rush to raise the victim after he has regained consciousness. If conditions allow, the victim can be given hot tea, and then helped to rise and sit down. If the victim feels faint again, he must be placed on his back and his legs raised.

7. If the victim is unconscious for several minutes, most likely it is not fainting and qualified medical assistance is needed.

SHOCK

Shock is a condition that threatens the life of the victim and is characterized by insufficient blood supply to tissues and internal organs.

The blood supply to tissues and internal organs can be impaired for two reasons:

Heart problems;

Reducing the volume of fluid circulating in the body (severe bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.).

Symptoms and signs of shock:

Reaction - the victim is usually conscious. However, the condition can worsen very quickly, even to the point of loss of consciousness. This is due to a decrease in blood supply to the brain.

The airways are usually free. If there internal bleeding, there may be problems.

Breathing is frequent and shallow. This breathing is explained by the fact that the body is trying to get as much oxygen as possible with a limited blood volume.

Blood circulation - pulse is weak and frequent. The heart tries to compensate for the decrease in circulating blood volume by speeding up blood circulation. A decrease in blood volume leads to a drop in blood pressure.

Other signs are skin that is pale, especially around the lips and earlobes, and cool and clammy. This is because the blood vessels in the skin close to direct blood to vital organs like the brain, kidneys, etc. The sweat glands also increase their activity. The victim may feel thirsty due to the fact that the brain senses a lack of fluid. Muscle weakness occurs due to the fact that blood from the muscles goes to the internal organs. There may be nausea, vomiting, chills. Chills mean lack of oxygen.

First aid for shock

1. If the shock is caused by a circulatory disorder, then first of all you need to take care of the brain - ensure the supply of oxygen to it. To do this, if the injury allows, the victim must be laid on his back, his legs raised and the bleeding stopped as quickly as possible.

If the victim has a head injury, then the legs cannot be raised.

The victim must be placed on his back with something under his head.

2. If shock is caused by burns, then first of all it is necessary to ensure that the effect of the damaging factor ceases.

Then cool the affected area of the body, if necessary, lay the victim with his legs elevated and cover him with something to keep warm.

3. If shock is caused by cardiac dysfunction, the victim must be placed in a semi-sitting position, placing pillows or folded clothing under the head and shoulders, as well as under the knees.

It is not advisable to lay the victim on his back, as this will make it more difficult for him to breathe. Give the victim an aspirin tablet to chew.

In all of the above cases, it is necessary to call an ambulance and, until it arrives, monitor the condition of the victim, being ready to begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

When providing assistance to a victim in shock, it is unacceptable:

Move the victim, except when necessary;

Allow the victim to eat, drink, smoke;

Leave the victim alone, except in cases where it is necessary to leave to call an ambulance;

Warm the victim with a heating pad or some other heat source.

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

Anaphylactic shock- an immediate widespread allergic reaction that occurs when an allergen enters the body (insect bites, medicinal or food allergens).

Anaphylactic shock usually develops within a few seconds and is an emergency that requires immediate attention.

If anaphylactic shock is accompanied by loss of consciousness, immediate hospitalization is necessary, since the victim in this case may die within 5-30 minutes due to asphyxia or after 24-48 hours or more due to severe irreversible changes in life important organs.

Sometimes death can occur later due to changes in the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain and other organs.

Symptoms and signs of anaphylactic shock:

Reaction - the victim feels anxiety, a sense of fear, and as shock develops, loss of consciousness is possible.

Airways - swelling of the airways occurs.

Breathing - similar to asthmatic. Shortness of breath, a feeling of tightness in the chest, coughing, intermittent, difficult, may stop completely.

Blood circulation - the pulse is weak, rapid, and may not be palpable on the radial artery.

Other signs are a tense chest, swelling of the face and neck, swelling around the eyes, redness of the skin, rash, red spots on the face.

First aid for anaphylactic shock

1. If the victim is conscious, give him a semi-sitting position to facilitate breathing. It is better to sit him on the floor, unbutton the collar and loosen other pressing parts of the clothing.

2. Call an ambulance.

3. If the victim is unconscious, move him to a safe position, control breathing and blood circulation and be ready to begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

ATTACK OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

Bronchial asthma is an allergic disease, the main manifestation of which is an attack of suffocation caused by obstruction of the bronchial tubes.

An attack of bronchial asthma is caused by various allergens (pollen and other substances of plant and animal origin, industrial products, etc.)

Bronchial asthma is expressed in attacks of suffocation, experienced as a painful lack of air, although in reality it is based on difficulty in exhaling. The reason for this is the inflammatory narrowing of the airways caused by allergens.

Symptoms and signs of bronchial asthma:

Reaction - the victim may be alarmed, during severe attacks he may not be able to utter several words in a row, and he may lose consciousness.

Airways may be narrowed.

Breathing - characterized by difficult, prolonged exhalation with a lot of wheezing, often heard at a distance. Shortness of breath, cough, dry at first, and at the end with viscous sputum.

Blood circulation - at first the pulse is normal, then it becomes rapid. At the end of a prolonged attack, the pulse may become thread-like until the heart stops.

Other signs are anxiety, extreme fatigue, sweating, tension in the chest, speaking in a whisper, bluish skin, nasolabial triangle.

First aid for an attack of bronchial asthma

1. Take the victim out into the fresh air, unfasten the collar and loosen the belt. Sit leaning forward and focusing on your chest. In this position, the airways open.

2. If the victim has any medications, help them use them.

3. Call an ambulance immediately if:

This is the first attack;

The attack did not stop after taking the medicine;

The victim has difficulty breathing and finds it difficult to speak;

The victim showed signs of extreme exhaustion.

HYPERVENTILATION

Hyperventilation is pulmonary ventilation that is excessive in relation to the level of metabolism, caused by deep and (or) frequent breathing and leading to a decrease in carbon dioxide and an increase in oxygen in the blood.

The cause of hyperventilation is most often panic or serious anxiety caused by fright or some other reason.

Feeling extreme anxiety or panic, a person begins to breathe more quickly, which leads to a sharp decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Hyperventilation sets in. As a result, the victim begins to feel even more anxious, which leads to increased hyperventilation.

Symptoms and signs of hyperventilation:

Reaction - the victim is usually alarmed and feels confused. The airways are open and free.

Breathing is naturally deep and frequent. As hyperventilation develops, the victim breathes more and more frequently, but subjectively feels suffocated.

Blood circulation - does not help to recognize the cause.

Other signs include the victim feeling dizzy, a sore throat, tingling in the arms, legs or mouth, and the heart rate may increase. Seeks attention, help, may become hysterical, faint.

First aid for hyperventilation.

1. Bring a paper bag to the victim's nose and mouth and ask him to breathe the air that he exhales into the bag. In this case, the victim exhales air saturated with carbon dioxide into the bag and inhales it again.

Typically, after 3-5 minutes, the level of blood carbon dioxide saturation returns to normal. The respiratory center in the brain receives the appropriate information about this and sends a signal: breathe more slowly and deeply. Soon the muscles of the respiratory organs relax, and the entire respiratory process returns to normal.

2. If the cause of hyperventilation is emotional arousal, it is necessary to calm the victim, restore his sense of confidence, and persuade the victim to sit calmly and relax.

ANGINA

Angina pectoris (angina pectoris) - attack acute pain behind the sternum, due to transient insufficiency coronary circulation, acute myocardial ischemia.

The cause of an attack of angina is insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle, caused by coronary insufficiency due to a narrowing of the lumen of the coronary artery of the heart due to atherosclerosis, vascular spasm, or a combination of these factors.

Angina pectoris may occur as a result of psychoemotional stress, which may lead to a spasm of pathologically unchanged coronary arteries hearts.

However, most often angina still occurs when the coronary arteries are narrowed, which can account for 50–70% of the lumen of the vessel.

Symptoms and signs of angina:

Reaction - the victim is conscious.

The airways are clear.

Breathing is shallow, the victim does not have enough air.

Blood circulation - pulse is weak and frequent.

Other signs - the main sign of pain syndrome is its paroxysmal nature. The pain has a fairly clear beginning and end. The nature of the pain is squeezing, pressing, sometimes in the form of a burning sensation. As a rule, it is localized behind the sternum. Irradiation of pain into the left half of the chest, into the left arm to the fingers, left shoulder blade and shoulder, neck, and lower jaw is typical.

The duration of pain during angina pectoris, as a rule, does not exceed 10-15 minutes. They usually occur during physical activity, most often when walking, and also during stress.

First aid for angina pectoris.

1. If an attack develops during physical activity, it is necessary to stop the exercise, for example, stop.

2. Place the victim in a semi-sitting position, placing pillows or folded clothing under his head and shoulders, as well as under his knees.

3. If the victim has previously had angina attacks for which he used nitroglycerin, he can take it. For faster absorption, a nitroglycerin tablet must be placed under the tongue.

The victim should be warned that after taking nitroglycerin, a feeling of fullness in the head and headache, sometimes dizziness, and, if standing, fainting may occur. Therefore, the victim should remain in a semi-sitting position for some time even after the pain goes away.

If nitroglycerin is effective, the angina attack goes away within 2-3 minutes.

If the pain does not disappear a few minutes after taking the drug, you can take it again.

If, after taking the third tablet, the victim’s pain does not go away and lasts for more than 10–20 minutes, it is necessary to urgently call an ambulance, since there is a possibility of developing a heart attack.

HEART ATTACK (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)

Heart attack(myocardial infarction) - necrosis (death) of a section of the heart muscle due to disruption of its blood supply, manifested in impaired cardiac activity.

A heart attack occurs due to a blockage coronary artery thrombus - a blood clot that forms at the site of narrowing of a vessel due to atherosclerosis. As a result, a more or less extensive area of the heart “turns off,” depending on which part of the myocardium the blocked vessel supplied with blood. The blood clot stops the supply of oxygen to the heart muscle, resulting in necrosis.

The causes of a heart attack can be:

Atherosclerosis;

Hypertonic disease;

Physical activity combined with emotional stress - vasospasm during stress;

Diabetes and other metabolic diseases;

Genetic predisposition;

Influence environment etc.

Symptoms and signs of a heart attack (heart attack):

Reaction - in the initial period of a painful attack, restless behavior, often accompanied by fear of death, later loss of consciousness is possible.

The airways are usually free.

Breathing is frequent, shallow, and may stop. In some cases, attacks of suffocation are observed.

Blood circulation - pulse is weak, fast, and may be intermittent. Possible cardiac arrest.

Other signs are severe pain in the heart area, usually occurring suddenly, often behind the sternum or to the left of it. The nature of the pain is squeezing, pressing, burning. Usually it radiates to left shoulder, hand, shoulder blade. Often during a heart attack, unlike angina, the pain spreads to the right of the sternum, sometimes involves the epigastric region and “radiates” to both shoulder blades. The pain is growing. The duration of a painful attack during a heart attack is calculated in tens of minutes, hours, and sometimes days. There may be nausea and vomiting, the face and lips may turn blue, and severe sweating. The victim may lose the ability to speak.

First aid for a heart attack.

1. If the victim is conscious, give him a semi-sitting position, placing pillows or folded clothes under his head and shoulders, as well as under his knees.

2. Give the victim an aspirin tablet and ask him to chew it.

3. Loosen tight parts of clothing, especially around the neck.

4. Call an ambulance immediately.

5. If the victim is unconscious but breathing, place him in a safe position.

6. Monitor breathing and blood circulation; in case of cardiac arrest, immediately begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

STROKE

Stroke is an acute disturbance of blood circulation in the brain or spinal cord caused by a pathological process with the development of persistent symptoms of damage to the central nervous system.

The cause of a stroke may be a cerebral hemorrhage, cessation or weakening of blood supply to any part of the brain, blockage of a vessel by a thrombus or embolus (a thrombus is a dense clot of blood in the lumen blood vessel or heart cavity formed intravitally; embolus is a substrate circulating in the blood that is not found under normal conditions and can cause blockage of blood vessels).

Strokes are more common in older people, although they can occur at any age. More often observed in men than in women. About 50% of stroke victims die. Of those who survive, approximately 50% are crippled and have another stroke weeks, months or years later. However, many stroke survivors regain their health with the help of rehabilitation measures.

Symptoms and signs of stroke:

Reaction - consciousness is confused, there may be loss of consciousness.

The airways are clear.

Breathing - slow, deep, noisy, wheezing.

Blood circulation - pulse is rare, strong, with good filling.

Other signs are a severe headache, the face may turn red, become dry, hot, disturbances or slowing of speech may be observed, and the corner of the lips may sag even if the victim is conscious. The pupil on the affected side may be dilated.

With a minor lesion there is weakness, with a significant one - complete paralysis.

First aid for stroke

1. Call qualified medical assistance immediately.

2. If the victim is unconscious, check whether the airway is open, and restore airway patency if it is compromised. If the victim is unconscious but breathing, move him to a safe position on the side of the injury (to the side where the pupil is dilated). In this case, the weakened or paralyzed part of the body will remain at the top.

3. Be prepared for rapid deterioration of the condition and for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

4. If the victim is conscious, place him on his back with something under his head.

5. The victim may have a mini-stroke, in which there is a slight speech disorder, slight clouding of consciousness, slight dizziness, and muscle weakness.

In this case, when providing first aid, you should try to protect the victim from falling, calm and support him, and immediately call an ambulance. Control DP - D - K and be ready to provide emergency assistance.

EPILEPTIC ATTACK

Epilepsy is a chronic disease caused by brain damage, manifested by repeated convulsive or other seizures and accompanied by a variety of personality changes.

An epileptic seizure is caused by excessively intense stimulation of the brain, which is caused by an imbalance in the human bioelectric system. Typically, a group of cells in one part of the brain becomes electrically unstable. This creates a strong electrical discharge that rapidly spreads to surrounding cells, disrupting their normal functioning.

Electrical phenomena can affect the entire brain or just part of it. Accordingly, major and minor epileptic seizures are distinguished.

A minor epileptic seizure is a short-term disruption of brain activity, leading to temporary loss of consciousness.

Symptoms and signs of petit mal seizure:

Reaction - temporary loss of consciousness (from several seconds to a minute). The airways are open.

Breathing is normal.

Blood circulation - pulse is normal.

Other signs are a blank gaze, repeated or twitching movements of individual muscles (head, lips, arms, etc.).

A person comes out of such a seizure as suddenly as he entered it, and he continues the interrupted actions, not realizing that a seizure was happening to him.

First aid for minor epileptic seizure

1. Eliminate the danger, sit the victim down and calm him down.

2. When the victim wakes up, tell him about the seizure, since this may be his first seizure and the victim does not know about the illness.

3. If this is the first seizure, consult a doctor.

A grand mal seizure is a sudden loss of consciousness accompanied by severe cramps(convulsions) of the body and limbs.

Symptoms and signs of grand mal seizure:

Reaction - begins with sensations close to euphoric (unusual taste, smell, sound), then loss of consciousness.

The airways are clear.

Breathing may stop, but is quickly restored. Blood circulation - pulse is normal.

Other signs are that the victim usually falls to the floor unconscious, and begins to experience sudden convulsive movements of the head, arms and legs. There may be a loss of control over physiological functions. The tongue is bitten, the face turns pale, then becomes cyanotic. The pupils do not react to light. Foam may appear at the mouth. The total duration of the seizure ranges from 20 seconds to 2 minutes.

First aid for grand mal seizure

1. If you notice that someone is on the verge of a seizure, you need to try to ensure that the victim does not hurt himself if he falls.

2. Make room around the victim and place something soft under his head.

3. Unbutton the clothing around the victim's neck and chest.

4. Do not attempt to restrain the victim. If his teeth are clenched, do not try to unclench his jaws. Do not try to put anything into the victim’s mouth, as this can lead to injury to the teeth and closure of the respiratory tract with fragments.

5. After the convulsions have stopped, move the victim to a safe position.

6. Treat any injuries sustained by the victim during the seizure.

7. After the seizure has stopped, the victim must be hospitalized if:

The seizure happened for the first time;

There was a series of seizures;

There is damage;

The victim was unconscious for more than 10 minutes.

HYPOGLYCEMIA

Hypoglycemia - reduced content blood glucose Hypoglycemia can occur in a diabetic patient.

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce enough of the hormone insulin, which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood.

If the brain does not receive enough sugar, then just like with a lack of oxygen, brain functions are impaired.

Hypoglycemia can occur in a diabetic patient for three reasons:

1) the victim injected insulin, but did not eat on time;

2) with excessive or prolonged physical activity;

3) in case of insulin overdose.

Symptoms and signs of hypoglycemia:

Reaction: consciousness is confused, loss of consciousness is possible.

The airways are clean and free. Breathing is rapid, shallow. Blood circulation - rare pulse.

Other signs are weakness, drowsiness, dizziness. Feelings of hunger, fear, pale skin, profuse sweat. Visual and auditory hallucinations, muscle tension, trembling, convulsions.

First aid for hypoglycemia

1. If the victim is conscious, give him a relaxed position (lying or sitting).

2. Give the victim a sugar drink (two tablespoons of sugar per glass of water), a piece of sugar, chocolate or candy, maybe caramel or cookies. Sweetener doesn't help.

3. Ensure rest until the condition is completely normalized.

4. If the victim loses consciousness, transfer him to a safe position, call an ambulance and monitor his condition, and be ready to begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

POISONING

Poisoning is intoxication of the body caused by the action of substances entering it from the outside.

Poisonous substances can enter the body in different ways. There are different classifications of poisoning. For example, poisoning can be classified according to the conditions under which toxic substances enter the body:

During meals;

Through the respiratory tract;

Through the skin;

When bitten by an animal, insect, snake, etc.;

Through mucous membranes.

Poisoning can be classified according to the type of poisoning:

Food poisoning;

Drug poisoning;

Alcohol poisoning;

Chemical poisoning;

Gas poisoning;

Poisoning caused by insect, snake, and animal bites.

The task of first aid is to prevent further exposure to poison, to accelerate its elimination from the body, to neutralize the remains of poison and to support the activity of affected organs and systems of the body.

To solve this problem you need:

1. Take care of yourself so as not to get poisoned, otherwise you will need help yourself, and the victim will have no one to help.

2. Check the victim's reaction, airway, breathing and blood circulation, and take appropriate measures if necessary.

5. Call an ambulance.

4. If possible, determine the type of poison. If the victim is conscious, ask him about what happened. If unconscious, try to find witnesses to the incident, or packaging of toxic substances or some other signs.

Introduction

The purpose of this essay is to study the basic concepts regarding the provision of first aid, as well as to consider a set of measures for the provision of first aid.
The subject of the study is emergency conditions, accidents, and shock.

Emergency condition

Emergency conditions are a set of symptoms (clinical signs) requiring first aid, emergency medical care, or hospitalization of the victim or patient. Not all conditions are immediately life-threatening, but they do require treatment to prevent significant and long-term effects on physical or mental health a person who finds himself in such a state.

TYPES OF EMERGENCIES:

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

ATTACK OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

HYPERVENTILATION

ANGINA

EPILEPTIC ATTACK

HYPOGLYCEMIA

POISONING

A feature of emergency conditions is the need accurate diagnosis in the shortest possible time and, based on the expected diagnosis, determining therapeutic tactics. These conditions can arise as a result of acute diseases and injuries of the digestive organs, exacerbation of chronic diseases, or as a result of complications.

The urgency of the condition is determined by:
Firstly, the degree and speed of dysfunction of vital organs and systems, primarily:
hemodynamic disturbances (sudden change in frequency, pulse rhythm, rapid decrease or increase in blood pressure, acute development of heart failure, etc.);
dysfunction of the central nervous system (violation of the psycho-emotional sphere, convulsions, delirium, unconsciousness, disturbance cerebral circulation etc.);
respiratory dysfunction (acute change in frequency, breathing rhythm, asphyxia, etc.);

Secondly,
the outcome of an emergency condition or disease (“to foresee a danger means to half avoid it”). For example, a rise in blood pressure (especially against the background of its persistent increase) is a threat of stroke; infectious hepatitis - acute yellow liver degeneration, etc.;

Thirdly, extreme anxiety and behavior of the patient:
directly life threatening pathological conditions;
pathological conditions or diseases that are not directly life-threatening, but in which such a threat can become real at any time;
conditions in which the lack of modern medical care can lead to permanent changes in the body;
conditions in which the shortest possible time it is necessary to alleviate the suffering of the patient;
conditions requiring urgent medical intervention in the interests of others due to the patient’s behavior.

First aid for emergencies

Fainting is a sudden, short-term loss of consciousness that occurs as a result of impaired blood circulation in the brain.

Fainting can last from a few seconds to several minutes. Usually a person comes to his senses after a while. Fainting in itself is not a disease, but rather a symptom of a disease.

First aid for fainting

1. If the airways are clear, the victim is breathing and his pulse is palpable (weak and rare), he must be laid on his back and his legs raised.

2. Unfasten tight parts of clothing, such as collars and belts.

3. Place a wet towel on the victim’s forehead, or wet his face with cold water. This will lead to vasoconstriction and improve blood supply to the brain.

4. If vomiting, the victim must be moved to a safe position or at least turned his head to the side so that he does not choke on the vomit.

5 It must be remembered that fainting can be a manifestation of a serious, including acute, illness that requires emergency care. Therefore, the victim always needs to be examined by a doctor.

7. If the victim is unconscious for several minutes, most likely it is not fainting and qualified medical assistance is needed.

ATTACK OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

Bronchial asthma is an allergic disease, the main manifestation of which is an attack of suffocation caused by obstruction of the bronchial tubes.

First aid for an attack of bronchial asthma

1. Take the victim out into the fresh air, unfasten the collar and loosen the belt. Sit leaning forward and focusing on your chest. In this position, the airways open.

2. If the victim has any medications, help use them.

3. Call an ambulance immediately if:

This is the first attack;

The attack did not stop after taking the medicine;

The victim has difficulty breathing and finds it difficult to speak;

The victim showed signs of extreme exhaustion.

HYPERVENTILATION

First aid for hyperventilation.

1. Bring a paper bag to the victim’s nose and mouth and ask him to breathe the air that he exhales into this bag. In this case, the victim exhales air saturated with carbon dioxide into the bag and inhales it again.

2. If the cause of hyperventilation was emotional excitement, it is necessary to calm the victim, restore his sense of confidence, and persuade the victim to sit calmly and relax.

ANGINA

Angina pectoris (angina pectoris) is an attack of acute pain in the chest caused by transient coronary circulatory failure and acute myocardial ischemia.

First aid for angina pectoris.

1. If an attack develops during physical activity, it is necessary to stop the exercise, for example, stop.

2. Give the victim a semi-sitting position, placing pillows or folded clothing under his head and shoulders, as well as under his knees.

3. If the victim has previously had angina attacks, for the relief of which he used nitroglycerin, he can take it. For faster absorption, a nitroglycerin tablet must be placed under the tongue.

If nitroglycerin is effective, the angina attack goes away within 2-3 minutes.

If the pain does not disappear a few minutes after taking the drug, you can take it again.

HEART ATTACK (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)

Heart attack (myocardial infarction) is necrosis (death) of a section of the heart muscle due to disruption of its blood supply, which manifests itself in impaired cardiac activity.

First aid for a heart attack.

1. If the victim is conscious, give him a semi-sitting position, placing pillows or folded clothes under his head and shoulders, as well as under his knees.

2. Give the victim an aspirin tablet and ask him to chew it.

3. Loosen tight parts of clothing, especially around the neck.

4. Call an ambulance immediately.

5. If the victim is unconscious but breathing, place him in a safe position.

6. Monitor breathing and blood circulation; in case of cardiac arrest, immediately begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Stroke is an acute disturbance of blood circulation in the brain or spinal cord caused by a pathological process with the development of persistent symptoms of damage to the central nervous system.

First aid for stroke

1. Immediately call qualified medical assistance.

2. If the victim is unconscious, check whether the airways are open, and restore airway patency if it is compromised. If the victim is unconscious but breathing, move him to a safe position on the side of the injury (to the side where the pupil is dilated). In this case, the weakened or paralyzed part of the body will remain at the top.

3. Be prepared for rapid deterioration of the condition and for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

4. If the victim is conscious, lay him on his back, placing something under his head.

5. The victim may have a mini-stroke, in which there is a slight speech disorder, slight clouding of consciousness, slight dizziness, and muscle weakness.

In this case, when providing first aid, you should try to protect the victim from falling, calm and support him, and immediately call an ambulance. Monitor DP - D - K and be ready to provide emergency assistance.

EPILEPTIC ATTACK

Epilepsy is a chronic disease caused by brain damage, manifested by repeated convulsive or other seizures and accompanied by a variety of personality changes.

First aid for petit mal seizure

1. Eliminate the danger, sit the victim down and calm him down.

2. When the victim wakes up, tell him about the seizure, since this may be his first seizure and the victim does not know about the illness.

3. If this is the first seizure, consult a doctor.

A grand mal seizure is a sudden loss of consciousness accompanied by severe spasms (convulsions) of the body and limbs.

First aid for grand mal seizure

1. If you notice that someone is on the verge of a seizure, you need to try to ensure that the victim does not hurt himself if he falls.

2. Clear some space around the victim and place something soft under his head.

3. Unfasten the clothes around the victim’s neck and chest.

4. Do not try to restrain the victim. If his teeth are clenched, do not try to unclench his jaws. Do not try to put anything into the victim’s mouth, as this can lead to injury to the teeth and closure of the respiratory tract with fragments.

5. After the convulsions have stopped, transfer the victim to a safe position.

6. Treat all injuries received by the victim during a seizure.

7. After the seizure has stopped, the victim must be hospitalized in cases where:

The seizure happened for the first time;

There was a series of seizures;

There is damage;

The victim was unconscious for more than 10 minutes.

HYPOGLYCEMIA

Hypoglycemia - low blood glucose levels Hypoglycemia can occur in a diabetic patient.

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce enough of the hormone insulin, which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood.

Reaction: consciousness is confused, loss of consciousness is possible.

The airways are clean and free. Breathing is rapid, shallow. Blood circulation - rare pulse.

Other signs are weakness, drowsiness, dizziness. Feelings of hunger, fear, pale skin, profuse sweat. Visual and auditory hallucinations, muscle tension, trembling, convulsions.

First aid for hypoglycemia

1. If the victim is conscious, give him a relaxed position (lying or sitting).

2. Give the victim a sugar drink (two tablespoons of sugar per glass of water), a piece of sugar, chocolate or candy, maybe caramel or cookies. Sweetener doesn't help.

3. Provide rest until the condition is completely normalized.

4. If the victim has lost consciousness, transfer him to a safe position, call an ambulance and monitor the condition, and be ready to begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

POISONING

Poisoning is intoxication of the body caused by the action of substances entering it from the outside.

To solve this problem you need:

1. Take care of yourself so as not to get poisoned, otherwise you will need help yourself, and the victim will have no one to help.

2. Check the victim’s reaction, airways, breathing and blood circulation, and take appropriate measures if necessary.

5. Call an ambulance.

Accidents

An accident is an unforeseen event, an unexpected set of circumstances, resulting in bodily injury or death.

Typical examples are a car accident (or being hit by a car), falling from a height, objects falling into windpipe, falling objects (bricks, icicles) on the head, electric shock. Risk factors may include non-compliance with safety precautions and alcohol consumption.

Accident at work - case traumatic injury health of the victim, which occurred for a reason related to his work activity or during work.

TYPES OF ACCIDENTS:

Car accident
Getting hit by a car
Fire
Burning out
Drowning
Falling out of the blue
Falling from height
Falling into a hole
Electric shock
Careless handling of a power saw
Careless handling of explosive materials
Work injuries
Poisoning

A somatic emergency is a critical condition of a patient caused by a wide range of diseases, which is not based on a traumatic nature.

Allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock

Allergic reaction – increased sensitivity of the human body to medications, food products, plant pollen, animal hair, etc. Allergic reactions are of immediate and delayed types. In the first case, the reaction occurs a few minutes or hours after the allergen enters the body; in the second - after 6-15 days.

Immediate allergic reactions

Signs:

local reaction in the form of redness, thickening or swelling of the skin in the area of medicine injection or insect bite;

allergic dermatosis (urticaria): skin rashes of various types, accompanied by itching, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (especially in children). rashes can spread to the mucous membranes of the body.

hay fever (hay fever): an allergic condition associated with increased sensitivity to plant pollen. Manifested by impaired nasal breathing, sore throat, bouts of sneezing with strong discharge watery secretion from the nose, lacrimation, itching in the eye area, swelling and redness of the eyelids. Possible increase in body temperature. Allergic dermatosis is often associated.

bronchospasm : barking cough, in more severe cases shortness of breath with shallow breathing. In severe cases, asthmatic status may occur, including respiratory arrest. The cause may be inhalation of allergens in the air;

angioedema : against the background of rashes on the skin and its redness, swelling of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and mucous membranes develops without a clear boundary. The swelling spreads to the head, the front surface of the neck, and hands and is accompanied by an unpleasant feeling of tension and tissue expansion. Sometimes there is skin itching;

anaphylactic shock : a complex of immediate allergic reactions of extreme severity. Occurs in the first minutes after the allergen enters the body. It develops regardless of the chemical structure and dosage of the allergen. A constant symptom is cardiovascular failure in the form of decreased blood pressure, weak thread-like pulse, pallor of the skin, profuse sweating (sometimes redness of the skin is noted). In severe cases, massive pulmonary edema develops (bubbling breathing, production of copious foamy pink sputum). Possible cerebral edema with psychomotor agitation, convulsions, involuntary passage of feces and urine, and loss of consciousness.

Delayed allergic reactions

serum sickness : develops 4-13 days after intravenous, intramuscular administration of medications. Manifestations: fever, skin rashes with severe itching, pain in joints and muscles with deformation and stiffness of large and medium-sized joints. A local reaction is often observed in the form of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes and tissue edema.

damage to the blood system : severe form allergic reaction. It is relatively rare, but the mortality rate for this form of allergy reaches 50%. This allergic reaction is characterized by changes in the properties of the blood, followed by an increase in temperature, a decrease in blood pressure, pain, skin rashes, the appearance of bleeding ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth and other organs, and hemorrhages in the skin. In some cases, the liver and spleen become enlarged and jaundice develops.

First aid:

personal safety;

in case of immediate allergic reactions, do not allow further entry of the allergen into the body (withdrawal of the medication, removal of the patient from the source of the natural allergen when the plant that causes the allergy blooms, etc.);

if a food allergen enters the stomach, rinse the patient’s stomach;

for insect bites, see “first aid for insect bites”;

give the patient diphenhydramine, suprastin or tavegil in an age-appropriate dosage;

In case of severe manifestations of an allergic reaction, call an ambulance.

Chest pain

If the pain occurs after an injury, see "Injury."

You should find out the exact location of the pain. The child should be asked to show where it hurts, since the child often calls the pit of the abdomen the chest. The following details are important: how movements affect the nature of the pain, whether they occur during muscle tension or after eating, whether they appear during physical work or during sleep, whether the patient suffers from bronchial asthma, angina pectoris, hypertension. If one of the adult family members constantly complains of chest pain, then the child may begin to imitate them. This kind of pain does not occur when the child is sleeping or playing.

The following main conditions can be distinguished:

pain due to cardiovascular diseases;

pain due to lung diseases.

Pain due to cardiovascular diseases

Pain in the heart area may be a manifestation of insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowing or prolonged spasm of the heart vessels. This happens during an attack of angina. A patient with an attack of pain in the heart area needs emergency care and careful observation at the time of the pain attack.

In men and women under 25 years of age, chest pain is most often associated with vegetative-vascular dystonia or neuralgia.

Angina pectoris – a form of coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease is characterized by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. Causes of angina: spasms of heart vessels affected by atherosclerosis, physical and neuro-emotional stress, sudden cooling of the body. An attack of angina usually lasts no more than 15 minutes.

Myocardial infarction – deep damage to the heart muscle as a result of a sharp narrowing or closure of the lumen of one of the heart arteries. Often a heart attack is preceded by signs of heart damage - pain, shortness of breath, palpitations; a heart attack can develop against the background of complete well-being, especially in young people. The main symptom is an attack of severe, prolonged pain (sometimes up to several hours), which is not relieved by nitroglycerin.

Signs:

The pain is localized behind the sternum or to the left of it, radiates to the left arm or shoulder blade, the pain is pressing, squeezing, accompanied by fear of death, weakness, sometimes trembling in the body, profuse sweating. The duration of a painful attack is from several minutes to several hours.

First aid:

check airway patency, breathing, blood circulation;

give the patient a comfortable position, provide an influx of fresh air, unfasten clothing that is restricting breathing;

give the patient a validol tablet under the tongue;

measure your blood pressure if possible;

if validol has no effect and the attack continues, give a nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue; warn the patient that sometimes nitroglycerin causes a headache, which should not be feared;

strict bed rest;

If after taking nitroglycerin there is no improvement within 10 minutes and the attack continues, call an ambulance.

Pain due to lung diseases

Inflammation of the lungs, complicated by inflammation of the pleura (the membrane lining the chest cavity), causes severe, dagger-like pain, which intensifies with vigorous breathing and radiates to the shoulder.

First aid:

check airway patency, breathing, blood circulation;

urgent hospitalization of the patient, because inflammation of the pleura of an infectious nature is more common in severe forms of pneumonia.

Stomach ache

Abdominal pain is the most common type of complaint. The reasons can be very diverse, ranging from diseases of the digestive tract, worms, appendicitis to inflammation of the lungs, kidneys and bladder, sore throat and acute respiratory infections. Complaints of abdominal pain may occur with “school neurosis,” when a child does not want to go to school due to a conflict with a teacher or classmates.

Pain is localized below the waist:

A man may have diseases of the urinary system; Observe urination and urine output.

A woman may have diseases of the urinary system, pregnancy, painful menstruation, inflammation of the internal genital organs.

The pain started in the lower back and moved to the groin:

Possible pathology of the urinary system, urolithiasis, dangerous aortic aneurysms with dissection.

Pain spreads to the right hypochondrium:

Possible pathology of the liver or gall bladder; Observe the color of the skin, the color of urine and feces, and the nature of the pain.

The pain is localized in the center of the upper abdomen:

This may be cardiac or aortic pain (spreading up the chest and even into the arms).

It is possible that digestive disorders may occur as a result of overeating, emotional or physical stress.

The pain is localized above the waist:

Possible disturbances in the stomach (gastritis) or duodenum.

The pain is localized below the navel:

If there is swelling and a feeling of discomfort in the groin, which increases with physical activity or coughing, a hernia cannot be ruled out (can only be treated by a doctor).

Possible constipation or diarrhea.

In women - if there is dysfunction of the genital organs (watch out for vaginal discharge) or pregnancy.

It is necessary to find out the intensity of the pain and, if possible, its localization (location). In case of severe pain, the patient prefers to lie down, sometimes in an uncomfortable, forced position. Turns with effort, carefully. The pain can be piercing (dagger-like), in the form of colic, or dull, aching, it can be diffuse or mainly concentrated around the navel or “in the pit of the stomach.” It is important to establish the relationship between the occurrence of pain and food intake.

Daggering pain in the abdomen is a dangerous sign. It may be a manifestation of a catastrophe in abdominal cavity– acute appendicitis or peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum). In case of stabbing pain, you must urgently call an ambulance! Before her arrival, do not give the patient any medications. You can place a plastic bag of ice on your stomach.

Acute sudden pain in the abdomen

Signs such as persistent abdominal pain that does not subside within 2 hours, abdominal pain when touched, the addition of vomiting, diarrhea, and elevated body temperature should seriously alert you.

The following diseases require emergency medical attention:

Acute appendicitis

Acute appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix of the cecum. This is a dangerous disease that requires surgical intervention.

Signs:

The pain appears suddenly, usually in the umbilical region, then covers the entire abdomen and only after a few hours is localized in a certain place, usually in the lower right abdomen. The pain is constant, aching and is rarely severe in young children. Body temperature rises. There may be nausea and vomiting.

If the inflamed appendix is located high (under the liver), then the pain is localized in the upper right half of the abdomen.

If the inflamed appendix is located behind the cecum, then the pain is localized in the right lumbar region or “spreads” throughout the abdomen. When the appendix is located in the pelvis, pain in the right iliac region is accompanied by signs of inflammation of neighboring organs: cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), right-sided adnexitis (inflammation of the right appendages of the uterus).

The sudden cessation of pain should not be reassuring, as it may be associated with perforation - a rupture of the wall of the inflamed intestine.

Make the patient cough and see if this causes sharp pain in the abdomen.

First aid:

The patient is prohibited from taking painkillers, eating and drinking!

You can put a plastic bag of ice on your stomach.

Strangulated hernia

This is an infringement of a hernial protrusion of the abdominal cavity (inguinal, femoral, umbilical, postoperative, etc.).

Signs:

acute pain in the hernia area (can only be in the abdomen);

enlargement and thickening of the hernial protrusion;

soreness when touched.

Often the skin over the hernia is bluish in color; the hernia does not repair itself into the abdominal cavity.

When a loop is strangulated in the hernial sac jejunum develops intestinal obstruction with nausea and vomiting.

First aid:

do not try to reduce the hernia into the abdominal cavity!

The patient is prohibited from taking painkillers, eating and drinking!

Call an ambulance to hospitalize the patient in a surgical hospital.

Perforated ulcer

During exacerbations peptic ulcer stomach or duodenal ulcer, a life-threatening complication may suddenly develop - perforation of the ulcer (rupture of the ulcer, in which the contents of the stomach or duodenum pours into the abdominal cavity).

Signs:

In the initial stage of the disease (up to 6 hours), the patient feels sharp “dagger” pain in the upper abdomen, in the pit of the stomach. The patient takes a forced position (legs brought to the stomach). The skin turns pale, cold sweat appears, breathing becomes shallow. The abdomen does not participate in the act of breathing, its muscles are tense, and the pulse may slow down.

In the second stage of the disease (after 6 hours), abdominal pain weakens, tension in the abdominal muscles decreases, and signs of peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum) appear:

rapid pulse;

increased body temperature;

dry tongue;

bloating;

retention of stool and gases.

In the third stage of the disease (10-14 hours after perforation), the clinical picture of peritonitis intensifies. Treating patients at this stage of the disease is much more difficult.

First aid:

provide the patient with rest and bed rest;

the patient is prohibited from taking painkillers, eating and drinking;

Call emergency medical help immediately.

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Gastrointestinal bleeding – bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, upper jejunum, colon into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurs in diseases:

liver (from the veins of the esophagus);

stomach ulcer;

erosive gastritis;

stomach cancer in the last stage;

duodenal ulcer;

ulcerative colitis (diseases of the colon);

hemorrhoids;

other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract ( infectious diseases, diathesis, injuries).

Signs:

the onset of the disease is usually acute;

with bleeding from the upper sections gastrointestinal tract(stomach, esophageal veins) there is bloody vomiting - fresh blood or blood the color of “coffee grounds”. The remaining part of the blood, having passed through the intestines, is released during defecation (feces) in the form of tarry stools (liquid or semi-liquid black stool with a pungent odor);

with bleeding from the duodenum due to peptic ulcer, bloody vomiting is less common than with bleeding from the esophagus or stomach. In this case, the blood, having passed through the intestines, is released during defecation in the form of tarry stool;

for bleeding from the colon appearance blood changes slightly;

hemorrhoidal veins of the rectum bleed with scarlet blood (with hemorrhoids);

with gastrointestinal bleeding observed general weakness, frequent and weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, profuse cold sweat, pale skin, dizziness, fainting;

with severe bleeding - a sharp drop in blood pressure, fainting.

First aid:

Place an ice pack or cold water on your stomach;

in case of fainting, bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to the patient’s nose;

Do not give water or food to the patient!

do not rinse your stomach or do an enema!

Acute pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)

Signs:

They resemble acute appendicitis, but the pain can be severe. In a typical case, the patient complains of constant pain in the epigastric region, which, unlike acute appendicitis, radiates to the shoulders, shoulder blades and is encircling in nature. The pain is accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The patient usually lies motionless on his side. The abdomen is swollen and tense. Possible jaundice.

First aid:

urgently call an ambulance;

do not give the patient any medicine;

You can put a plastic bag of ice on your stomach.

Acute gastritis

Acute gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) is characterized by the appearance of pain and a feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region of the abdomen (“in the pit of the stomach”) after eating. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and belching.

First aid:

If these symptoms develop, you need to call a doctor at home or go to a clinic.

Hepatic colic

Hepatic colic is usually caused by stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts, preventing the free flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder. Most often, hepatic colic is caused by poor diet (consumption of meat, fatty and spicy food, spices in large quantities), excessive physical exertion, driving with shaking.

Signs:

in the right hypochondrium there is a sharp, acute paroxysmal pain, often radiating to the right half of the back, right shoulder blade, and other parts of the abdomen;

vomiting does not bring relief. duration of pain – from several minutes to several hours (sometimes more than a day);

the patient is usually agitated, moaning, covered in sweat, trying to take a comfortable position in which the pain causes less suffering.

First aid:

provide the patient with complete rest and bed rest;

call an ambulance;

Before the doctor arrives, do not feed or drink the patient or give him medications!

Renal colic

Renal colic is a painful attack that develops when there is a sudden obstruction to the outflow of urine from the kidney. An attack most often occurs with urolithiasis - during the passage urinary stones from the kidney along the ureter to the bladder. Less commonly, renal colic develops in other diseases (tuberculosis and tumors of the urinary system, injuries of the kidney, ureter, etc.).

Signs:

the attack usually begins suddenly;

pain is initially felt in the lumbar region from the side of the diseased kidney and spreads along the ureter towards the bladder and genitals;

increased urge to urinate;

cutting pain in the urethra;

nausea, vomiting;

duration renal colic– from several minutes to several hours;

sometimes an attack with short breaks can last for several days.

First aid:

provide the patient with rest and bed rest;

place a heating pad on the patient's lower back or place him in a hot bath for 10-15 minutes;

Call an ambulance.

Life sometimes brings surprises, and they are not always pleasant. We find ourselves in difficult situations or become witnesses to them. And often we are talking about the life and health of loved ones or even random people. How to act in this situation? After all quick action, proper emergency assistance can save a person’s life. What are emergency conditions and emergency medical care, we will consider further. We will also find out what assistance should be provided in case of emergency conditions, such as respiratory arrest, heart attack and others.

Types of medical care

The medical care provided can be divided into the following types:

Emergency. It turns out that there is a threat to the patient’s life. This may be during an exacerbation of any chronic diseases or during sudden acute conditions.
Urgent. It is necessary during a period of acute chronic pathology or in the event of an accident, but there is no threat to the patient’s life.

Planned. This is the implementation of preventive and planned measures. Moreover, there is no threat to the patient’s life even if the provision of this type of assistance is delayed.

Emergency and urgent care

Emergency and emergency medical care are very closely related to each other. Let's take a closer look at these two concepts.

In case of emergency, medical care is required. Depending on where the process occurs, in case of emergency, assistance is provided:

External processes that arise under the influence external factors and directly influence human life.
Internal processes. Result pathological processes in organism.

Emergency care is a type of primary health care that is provided during an exacerbation of chronic diseases, in acute conditions that do not threaten the patient’s life. It may turn out to be day hospital, and in an outpatient setting.

Emergency assistance should be provided in case of injuries, poisoning, acute conditions and diseases, as well as in accidents and in situations where assistance is vital.

Emergency care must be provided in any medical institution.

First aid in emergency situations is very important.

Major emergencies

Emergency conditions can be divided into several groups:

Injuries. These include:

Burns and frostbite.
Fractures.
Damage to vital organs.
Damage to blood vessels with subsequent bleeding.
Electric shock.

2. Poisoning. Damage occurs inside the body, unlike injuries, it is the result of external influences. Disturbance in the functioning of internal organs due to untimely emergency care may be fatal.

Poison can enter the body:

Through the respiratory system and mouth.
Through the skin.
Through the veins.
Through mucous membranes and through damaged skin.

Treatment emergencies include:

1. Acute conditions of internal organs:

Stroke.
Myocardial infarction.
Pulmonary edema.
Acute liver and kidney failure.
Peritonitis.

2. Anaphylactic shock.

3. Hypertensive crises.

4. Attacks of suffocation.

5. Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.

Emergency conditions in pediatrics

Every pediatrician must be able to provide emergency care to a child. It may be required in case of a serious illness or accident. In childhood life-threatening the situation can progress very quickly, since the child’s body is still developing and all processes are imperfect.

Pediatric emergencies that require medical attention:

Convulsive syndrome.
Fainting in a child.
Comatose state in a child.
Collapse in a child.
Pulmonary edema.
State of shock in a child.
Infectious fever.
Asthmatic attacks.
Croup syndrome.
Continuous vomiting.
Dehydration of the body.
Emergency conditions in diabetes mellitus.

In these cases, emergency medical services are called.

Features of providing emergency care to a child

The doctor's actions must be consistent. It must be remembered that in a child, disruption of the functioning of individual organs or the entire body occurs much faster than in an adult. Therefore, emergency conditions and emergency medical care in pediatrics require a quick response and coordinated actions.

Adults should ensure that the child remains calm and fully cooperate in collecting information about the patient's condition.

The doctor should ask the following questions:

Why did you seek emergency help?
How was the injury sustained? If it's an injury.
When did the child get sick?
How did the disease develop? How did it go?
What medications and remedies were used before the doctor arrived?

The child must be undressed for examination. The room should be at normal room temperature. In this case, the rules of asepsis must be observed when examining a child. If it is a newborn, a clean robe must be worn.

It is worth considering that in 50% of cases when the patient is a child, the diagnosis is made by the doctor based on the information collected, and only in 30% - as a result of the examination.

At the first stage, the doctor must:

Assess the degree of impairment of the respiratory system and the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Determine the degree of need for emergency treatment measures based on vital signs.
It is necessary to check the level of consciousness, breathing, the presence of seizures and cerebral symptoms and the need for emergency measures.

It is necessary to pay attention to the following points:

How the child behaves.
Lethargic or hyperactive.
What an appetite.
Condition of the skin.
The nature of the pain, if any.

Emergency conditions in therapy and assistance

The health care professional must be able to quickly assess emergency conditions, and emergency medical care must be provided in a timely manner. Correctly and quickly diagnosed is the key to a quick recovery.

Emergency conditions in therapy include:

Fainting. Symptoms: pale skin, skin moisture, muscle tone is reduced, tendon and skin reflexes are preserved. Blood pressure is low. There may be tachycardia or bradycardia. Fainting conditions may be caused by the following reasons:

Failure of the cardiovascular system.
Asthma, various types of stenosis.
Brain diseases.
Epilepsy. Diabetes mellitus and other diseases.

The assistance provided is as follows:

The victim is placed on a flat surface.
Unbutton clothes and provide good air access.
You can spray water on your face and chest.
Give ammonia a whiff.
Caffeine benzoate 10% 1 ml is administered subcutaneously.

2. Myocardial infarction. Symptoms: burning, squeezing pain, similar to an angina attack. Painful attacks are wave-like, decrease, but do not stop completely. The pain gets stronger with each wave. It may radiate to the shoulder, forearm, left shoulder blade or hand. There is also a feeling of fear and loss of strength.

Providing assistance is as follows:

The first stage is pain relief. Nitroglycerin is used or Morphine or Droperidol with Fentanyl is administered intravenously.
It is recommended to chew 250-325 mg of Acetylsalicylic acid.
Blood pressure must be measured.
Then it is necessary to restore coronary blood flow.
Beta-adrenergic blockers are prescribed. During the first 4 hours.
Thrombolytic therapy is carried out in the first 6 hours.

The doctor’s task is to limit the extent of necrosis and prevent the occurrence of early complications.

It is necessary to urgently hospitalize the patient in an emergency medicine center.

3. Hypertensive crisis. Symptoms: headache, nausea, vomiting, feeling of “goose bumps” in the body, numbness of the tongue, lips, hands. Double vision, weakness, lethargy, high blood pressure.

Emergency assistance is as follows:

It is necessary to provide the patient with rest and good air access.
For type 1 crisis, take Nifedipine or Clonidine under the tongue.
At high blood pressure intravenously "Clonidine" or "Pentamine" up to 50 mg.
If tachycardia persists, use Propranolol 20-40 mg.
For type 2 crisis, Furosemide is given intravenously.
For convulsions, Diazepam or Magnesium sulfate is administered intravenously.

The doctor’s task is to reduce the pressure by 25% of the initial value during the first 2 hours. In case of a complicated crisis, urgent hospitalization is necessary.

4. Coma. May be of different types.

Hyperglycemic. It develops slowly and begins with weakness, drowsiness, and headache. Then nausea, vomiting appears, the feeling of thirst increases, and skin itching occurs. Then loss of consciousness.

Urgent Care:

Eliminate dehydration, hypovolemia. Sodium chloride solution is administered intravenously.
Insulin is administered intravenously.
For severe hypotension, a solution of 10% “Caffeine” is administered subcutaneously.
Oxygen therapy is administered.

Hypoglycemic. It starts off sharp. The humidity of the skin is increased, the pupils are dilated, blood pressure is reduced, the pulse is increased or normal.

Emergency assistance includes:

Ensuring complete peace.
Intravenous administration of glucose.
Correction of blood pressure.
Urgent hospitalization.

5. Acute allergic diseases. TO serious illnesses can be attributed: bronchial asthma and angioedema. Anaphylactic shock. Symptoms: appearance skin itching, there is excitability, increased blood pressure, and a feeling of heat. Then loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest are possible, failure heart rate.

Emergency assistance is as follows:

Place the patient so that the head is lower than the level of the legs.
Provide air access.
Clear the airways, turn your head to the side, and extend your lower jaw.
Introduce "Adrenaline", repeated administration is allowed after 15 minutes.
"Prednisolone" IV.
Antihistamines.
For bronchospasm, a solution of "Eufillin" is administered.
Urgent hospitalization.

6. Pulmonary edema. Symptoms: shortness of breath is pronounced. Cough with white or yellow color. The pulse is increased. Convulsions are possible. Breath is bubbling. Moist rales are heard, and in serious condition"dumb lungs"

We provide emergency assistance.

The patient should be in a sitting or semi-sitting position, legs down.
Oxygen therapy is carried out with antifoam agents.
Lasix is administered intravenously in saline solution.
Steroid hormones such as Prednisolone or Dexamethasone in saline solution.
"Nitroglycerin" 1% intravenously.

Let us pay attention to emergency conditions in gynecology:

Disturbed ectopic pregnancy.
Torsion of the pedicle of an ovarian tumor.
Apoplexy of the ovary.

Let's consider providing emergency care for ovarian apoplexy:

The patient should be in a supine position, with her head raised.
Glucose and sodium chloride are administered intravenously.

It is necessary to monitor indicators:

Blood pressure.
Heart rate.
Body temperature.
Respiratory frequency.
Pulse.

Cold is applied to the lower abdomen and urgent hospitalization is indicated.

How are emergencies diagnosed?

It is worth noting that the diagnosis of emergency conditions should be carried out very quickly and take literally seconds or a couple of minutes. The doctor must use all his knowledge and make a diagnosis in this short period of time.

The Glasgow scale is used when it is necessary to determine impairment of consciousness. In this case they evaluate:

Opening the eyes.
Speech.
Motor reactions to painful stimulation.

When determining the depth of coma, the movement of the eyeballs is very important.

In acute respiratory failure, it is important to pay attention to:

Color of the skin.
Color of mucous membranes.
Respiration rate.
Movement during breathing of the muscles of the neck and upper shoulder girdle.
Retraction of intercostal spaces.

Shock can be cardiogenic, anaphylactic or post-traumatic. One of the criteria may be a sharp decrease in blood pressure. In case of traumatic shock, the following is determined first:

Damage to vital organs.
The amount of blood loss.
Cold extremities.
"White spot" symptom.
Decreased urine output.
Decreased blood pressure.
Violation of acid-base balance.

The organization of emergency medical care consists, first of all, in maintaining breathing and restoring blood circulation, as well as in delivering the patient to a medical facility without causing additional harm.

Emergency care algorithm

Treatment methods are individual for each patient, but the algorithm of actions in emergency conditions must be followed for each patient.

The operating principle is as follows:

Recovery normal breathing and blood circulation.
Help with bleeding is provided.
It is necessary to stop seizures of psychomotor agitation.
Anesthesia.
Elimination of disorders that contribute to disruption of the heart rhythm and its conductivity.
Carrying out infusion therapy to eliminate dehydration.
Decrease in body temperature or increase.
Carrying out antidote therapy in case of acute poisoning.
Enhance natural detoxification.
If necessary, enterosorption is performed.
Fixing the damaged body part.
Correct transportation.
Constant medical supervision.

What to do before the doctor arrives

First aid in emergency conditions consists of performing actions that are aimed at saving human life. They will also help prevent the development of possible complications. First aid in case of emergency conditions should be provided before the doctor arrives and the patient is taken to a medical facility.

Algorithm of actions:

Eliminate the factor that threatens the health and life of the patient. Assess his condition.
Take urgent measures to restore vital functions: restoring breathing, performing artificial respiration, cardiac massage, stopping bleeding, applying a bandage, and so on.
Maintain vital functions until the ambulance arrives.
Transport to the nearest medical facility.

Acute respiratory failure. It is necessary to carry out artificial respiration “mouth to mouth” or “mouth to nose”. We tilt our head back, the lower jaw needs to be moved. Cover your nose with your fingers and take a deep breath into the victim’s mouth. You need to take 10-12 breaths.

2. Heart massage. The victim is in a supine position. We stand on the side and place our palm on top of our chest at a distance of 2-3 fingers above the lower edge of the chest. Then we apply pressure so that the chest moves by 4-5 cm. Within a minute, you need to do 60-80 pressures.

Let's consider the necessary emergency care for poisoning and injuries. Our actions in case of gas poisoning:

First of all, it is necessary to remove the person from the gas-polluted area.
Loosen tight clothing.
Assess the patient's condition. Check pulse, breathing. If the victim is unconscious, wipe his temples and give him a sniff of ammonia. If vomiting begins, it is necessary to turn the victim's head to the side.
After the victim has been brought to his senses, it is necessary to inhale pure oxygen to avoid complications.
Next, you can drink hot tea, milk or slightly alkaline water.

Help with bleeding:

Capillary bleeding is stopped by applying a tight bandage, which should not compress the limb.
We stop arterial bleeding by applying a tourniquet or squeezing the artery with a finger.

It is necessary to treat the wound with an antiseptic and contact the nearest medical facility.

Providing first aid for fractures and dislocations.

In case of an open fracture, it is necessary to stop the bleeding and apply a splint.
It is strictly forbidden to correct the position of the bones or remove fragments from the wound yourself.
Having recorded the location of the injury, the victim must be taken to the hospital.
It is also not allowed to correct a dislocation on your own; you cannot apply a warm compress.
It is necessary to apply cold or a wet towel.
Provide rest to the injured part of the body.

First aid for fractures should occur after the bleeding has stopped and breathing has normalized.

What should be in a medical kit

In order for emergency care to be provided effectively, it is necessary to use a first aid kit. It should contain components that may be needed at any moment.

An emergency first aid kit must meet the following requirements:

All medications, medical instruments, as well as dressings should be in one special case or box that is easy to carry and transport.
A first aid kit should have many sections.
Store in a place easily accessible to adults and out of the reach of children. All family members should know about her whereabouts.
You need to regularly check the expiration dates of medications and replenish used medications and supplies.

What should be in the first aid kit:

Preparations for treating wounds, antiseptics:

Brilliant green solution.
Boric acid in liquid or powder form.
Hydrogen peroxide.
Ethanol.
Alcohol iodine solution.
Bandage, tourniquet, adhesive plaster, dressing bag.

2. Sterile or simple gauze mask.

3. Sterile and non-sterile rubber gloves.

4. Analgesics and antipyretic drugs: “Analgin”, “Aspirin”, “Paracetamol”.

5. Antimicrobial drugs: Levomycetin, Ampicillin.

6. Antispasmodics: “Drotaverine”, “Spazmalgon”.

7. Heart medications: Corvalol, Validol, Nitroglycerin.

8. Adsorbing agents: “Atoxil”, “Enterosgel”.

9. Antihistamines: “Suprastin”, “Diphenhydramine”.

10. Ammonia.

11. Medical instruments:

Clamp
Scissors.
Cooling pack.
Disposable sterile syringe.
Tweezers.

12. Antishock drugs: “Adrenaline”, “Eufillin”.

13. Antidotes.

Emergency conditions and emergency medical care are always highly individual and depend on the person and specific conditions. Every adult should have an understanding of emergency care in order to be able to help their loved one in a critical situation.