Deciphering the dog's tests. Basic physiological indicators in dogs. Blood and urine tests

Among laboratory methods used in veterinary medicine, a worthy place is occupied by biochemical analysis biological fluids. Taking into account the postulate of R. Virchow that “the disease is nothing new for the body”, it can be argued that biochemical analysis is one of the key links in the chain of logical thinking of a doctor when making a diagnosis. At the same time, monitoring of biochemical parameters of blood makes it possible to determine the effectiveness of the treatment.

In the study of the biochemical components of blood, the entire range of indicators is divided into organic and inorganic. Each of the indicators characterizes some part of the metabolism, however, a complete picture of the pathology can only be obtained with a synthetic interpretation of the data.

The study of clinical biochemistry is based on integration with other clinical disciplines, without knowledge of which it is impossible to analyze changes in biochemical parameters during pathological processes. At the same time, biochemistry is the basis for a deep understanding of the dynamics of the disease.

One of the most interesting and least studied sections of clinical biochemistry is fermentology - the science of metabolism, functions and properties of enzymes. Enzymes, high-molecular protein compounds, play the role of catalysts in the body. Without their participation in the body, not a single, even the most insignificant reaction takes place. Depending on the localization in organs and tissues, cellular enzymes are divided into organ-specific and non-specific. The first (indicative) are characteristic of one, strictly defined organ, the second - for several. Changes in the activity of enzymes in biological substrates that go beyond the boundaries of physiological fluctuations are indicative of diseases. various organs and body systems. In pathology, three types of changes in the activity of enzymes in the blood can be observed: hyperfermentemia, hypoenzymemia and dysfermentemia.
The increase in enzyme activity is explained by the release of the enzyme from damaged cells, an increase in the permeability of cell membranes, and an increase in the catalytic activity of enzymes.
Dysfermentemia is characterized by the appearance of enzymes in the blood serum, the activity of which is not manifested in healthy body.
Hypoenzymemia is characteristic of secretory enzymes when their synthesis in cells is impaired.

Another, no less interesting section of clinical biochemistry is the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, which are closely interrelated and can characterize the main metabolism. The following are metabolites whose blood levels may indicate certain diseases.

Protein (total). Content Changes total protein(relative) as a result of changes in blood volume, water loads, infusion of a large volume of blood substitutes saline solutions(hypoproteinemia) or dehydration of the body (hyperproteinemia).
Absolute hypoproteinemia(alimentary) during starvation, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, injuries, tumors, inflammatory processes, bleeding, excretion of protein in the urine, the formation of significant transudates and exudates in terms of volume, with increased protein breakdown, feverish conditions, intoxication, parenchymal hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver. A decrease in protein content below 40 g/l is accompanied by tissue edema.
Hyperproteinemia. With infectious or toxic irritations of the reticuloendothelial system, in the cells of which globulins are synthesized ( chronic inflammation, chronic polyarthritis), with multiple myeloma. There is no protein in the urine, or there are traces (during cooling, stress, absolute protein food, prolonged physical exertion, with the introduction of adrenaline and norepinephrine, fever). Daily excretion of protein above 80-100 mg pathological indicates kidney damage (acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, amyloid degeneration of the kidneys, kidney failure, polycystic kidney disease, poisoning, hypoxia).

Creatinine. Formed in the muscles and excreted by the renal glomeruli.
Creatinemia is noted in patients with acute and chronic disorders kidney function.
The level of creatinine in the blood increases with blockage of the urinary tract, severe diabetes, hyperthyroidism, liver damage, hypofunction of the adrenal glands.
A decrease in the blood is observed with a decrease muscle mass, pregnancy.

Glucose. The main component of energy metabolism. AT physiological conditions blood levels may rise after a rich carbohydrate meal, physical exertion. Decrease - during pregnancy, due to malnutrition, unbalanced diet, after taking ganglioblockers.
Hyperglycemia. At diabetes, acute pancreatitis, trauma and concussion of the brain, epilepsy, encephalitis, toxicosis, thyrotoxicosis, poisoning with CO, mercury, ether, shock, stress, increased hormonal activity of the adrenal cortex, anterior pituitary gland.
Hypoglycemia. With an overdose of insulin, diseases of the pancreas (insulinoma, glycogen deficiency), malignant diseases (cancer of the stomach, adrenal glands, fibrosarcoma), some infectious and toxic lesions of the liver, hypothyroidism, hereditary diseases associated with enzyme deficiency (galactosemia, impaired fructose tolerance), congenital adrenal hypoplasia, after gastrectomy, gastroenterostomy.
Glucosuria (glucose in the urine). With diabetes mellitus, thyrotoxicosis, hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex, impaired renal function, sepsis, trauma and brain tumors, poisoning with morphine, chloroform, strychnine, pancreatitis.

Urea. The end product of protein metabolism is synthesized in the liver. Under physiological conditions, the level of urea in the blood depends on the nature of the diet: with a diet with low content nitrogenous products, its concentration decreases, with excess it increases, during pregnancy it decreases.
An increase in serum urea is observed with anuria caused by urinary excretion disorders (stones, tumors urinary tract), renal failure, acute hemolytic anemia, severe heart failure, diabetic coma, hypoparathyroidism, stress, shock, increased protein breakdown, gastrointestinal bleeding, poisoning with chloroform, phenol, mercury compounds.
The decrease occurs in severe liver diseases, during fasting, after hemodialysis.

Calcium. Main component bone tissue, participates in the process of blood coagulation, muscle contraction, the activity of the endocrine glands.
An increase is observed in hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, acute bone tissue atrophy, acromegaly, multiple myeloma, gangrenous peritonitis, sarcoidosis, heart failure, thyrotoxicosis.
Decrease - with hypoparathyroidism, avitaminosis D, chronic disease kidneys, hyponatremia, acute pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis, senile osteoporosis, massive blood transfusion. A slight decrease in rickets, under the action of diuretics, phenobarbital. May present as tetany.

Magnesium. Activator of a number of enzymatic processes (in the nervous and muscle tissue).
Increased serum levels in chronic renal failure, neoplasms, hepatitis.
Decrease at prolonged diarrhea, violation of absorption processes in the intestine, when taking diuretics, hypercalcemia, diabetes mellitus.

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) catalyzes the separation of phosphoric acid from organic compounds. Widely distributed in the intestinal mucosa, osteoblasts, placenta, lactating mammary gland.
Increased activity of alkaline phosphatase in the blood serum is noted in diseases of the bones: deforming osteitis, osteogenic sarcoma, with bone metastases, lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions, with increased metabolism in bone tissue (fracture healing). With obstructive (subhepatic) jaundice, primary biliary cirrhosis, sometimes with hepatitis, cholangitis, the level of alkaline phosphatase increases up to 10 times. Also in chronic uremia, ulcerative colitis, intestinal bacterial infections, thyrotoxicosis.
Reduction in chronic glomerulonephritis, hypothyroidism, scurvy, severe anemia, accumulation of radioactive substances in the bones.

ALT (alanine aminotransferase). The enzyme is widely distributed in tissues, especially the liver.
Increased ALT activity in serum - with acute hepatitis, obstructive jaundice, cirrhosis of the liver, the introduction of hepatotoxic drugs, myocardial infarction. Increasing ALT - specific feature liver diseases (especially acute), occurs 1-4 weeks before the onset of clinical signs.
Decrease (sharp) with rupture of the liver in late dates total necrosis.

ACT (Aspartate aminotransferase). An enzyme found in small amounts in the tissues of the heart, liver, skeletal muscles, kidney.
Increase in ACT activity occurs with myocardial infarction and persists for 4-5 days. With necrosis or damage to the liver cells of any etiology, acute and chronic hepatitis(ALT is greater than ACT). Moderate increase in patients with liver metastases, with progressive muscular dystrophy.

GGT (Gammaglutamyltranspeptidase). Found in the liver, pancreas, kidneys. Absence increased activity of this enzyme bone diseases allows you to differentiate the source of increased alkaline phosphatase.
Increase in GGT activity is a sign of hepatotoxicity and liver disease. Increase its activity: cytolysis, cholestasis, alcohol intoxication, tumor growth in the liver, drug intoxication. An increase is noted in diseases of the pancreas, in diabetes mellitus and infectious mononucleosis.

Amylase. An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch, glycogen, and glucose.
Increased activity in acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cyst, stomatitis, neuralgia of the facial nerve.
Decrease in pancreatic necrosis, arsenic poisoning, barbiturates, due to reabsorption in peritonitis, obstruction small intestine, perforation of the ulcer or rupture of the fallopian tube.

When examining blood counts for various diseases it is possible to identify a certain integral, which manifests itself in a complex of changes in the concentration of some metabolites.

Liver. Acute condition:

increased activity of ALT;
an increase in ACT activity is a more difficult process;
decrease in the concentration of urea (in severe diseases);
increased creatinine levels;
hypoproteinemia.

Liver. Stagnant phenomena:

increased GGT activity;
increased activity of alkaline phosphatase.

Pancreas:

increased activity of amylase;
decrease in calcium concentration - in acute pancreatitis;
creatinemia - severe diabetes;
hyperglycemia - diabetes, hypoglycemia - deficiency of glucagon, insulin;
increase in GGT activity.

Heart:

increased activity of ACT - myocardial infarction;
increase in calcium concentration - heart failure;
an increase in the concentration of urea is a severe degree of heart failure.

Kidneys:

creatinemia - acute and chronic damage, an increase in the concentration of creatinine with blockage of the urinary tract;
increased urea content;
magnesium - an increase in concentration - in chronic renal failure, a decrease in the level in kidney disease with significant diuresis;
decrease in calcium concentration - in chronic kidney disease;
hyperphosphatemia - in chronic renal failure.

Tumors:

increased activity of alkaline phosphatase - with osteogenic sarcoma;
increased activity of ACT - with liver metastases;
increased activity of GGT - with tumor growth in the liver.

V.V. Kotomtsev, Head of the Department of Biotechnology, USAU, Professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences

A biochemical blood test is necessary to get an idea of the work internal organs animal organism, determining the content of trace elements and vitamins in the blood. This is one way laboratory diagnostics, which is informative for veterinarian and has a high degree reliability.

Biochemical analysis implies laboratory research the following blood counts:

Squirrels

total protein
Albumins
Alpha globulins
beta globulins
Gamma globulins

Enzymes

Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Amylase
Phosphatase alkaline

Lipids

total cholesterol

Carbohydrates

Glucose

Pigments

Bilirubin total

low molecular weight nitrogenous substances

Creatinine

Urea nitrogen

Residual nitrogen

Urea

inorganic substances and vitamins

Calcium

There are certain rules biochemical analysis blood. Deviation from these indicators is a sign of various disorders in the activity of the body.

The results of a biochemical blood test can indicate diseases that are completely independent of each other. Only a professional - an experienced and qualified doctor can correctly assess the state of health of an animal, give a correct, reliable decoding of a biochemical blood test.

total protein

Total protein is an organic polymer made up of amino acids.

The term "total protein" means the total concentration of albumin and globulins in the blood serum. In the body, a common protein performs the following functions: participates in blood clotting, maintains a constant blood pH, performs a transport function, participates in immune reactions and many other features.

Norms of total protein in the blood of cats and dogs: 60.0-80.0 g / l

1.Protein boost may be seen with:

a) acute and chronic infectious diseases,

b) oncological diseases,

c) dehydration of the body.

2. Reduced protein may be with:

a) pancreatitis

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer, toxic liver damage)

c) intestinal disease (gastroenterocolitis) dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract

d) acute and chronic bleeding

e) kidney disease, accompanied by a significant loss of protein in the urine (glomerulonephritis, etc.)

f) decrease in protein synthesis in the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

g) increased protein loss during blood loss, extensive burns, trauma, tumors, ascites, chronic and acute inflammation

h) oncological disease.

i) during fasting, strong physical exertion.

Albumen

Albumin is the main blood protein produced in the liver of an animal. Albumins are isolated into a separate group of proteins - the so-called protein fractions. Changes in the ratio of individual protein fractions in the blood often give the doctor more significant information than just the total protein.

Albumins 45.0-67.0% in the blood of cats and dogs.

1. Increase albumin in the blood occurs with dehydration, loss of fluid by the body,

2.Downgrade content albumin in the blood:

a) chronic diseases liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver tumors)

b) bowel disease

c) sepsis, infectious diseases, purulent processes

f) malignant tumors

g) heart failure

h) drug overdose

i) is a consequence of starvation, insufficient intake of proteins with food.

Globulin fractions:

Alpha globulins are normal 10.0-12.0%

Beta globulins 8.0-10.0%

Gamma globulins 15.0-17.0%

beta globulins: 1. Fraction increase - with hepatitis, cirrhosis and other liver damage.

Gamma globulins: 1. Fraction increase with cirrhosis, hepatitis, infectious diseases.

2.Faction reduction - 14 days after vaccination, with kidney disease, with immunodeficiency states.

Types of proteinograms:

1. Type of acute inflammatory processes

A pronounced decrease in the content of albumins and increased content alpha globulins, increase in gamma globulins.

Observed at initial stage pneumonia, pleurisy, acute polyarthritis, acute infectious diseases and sepsis.

2. Type of subacute and chronic inflammation

Decreased albumin content, increased alpha and gamma globulins

Observed at late stage pneumonia, chronic endocarditis, cholecystitis, urocystitis, pyelonephritis

3. Type of nephrotic symptom complex

Decrease in albumins, increase in alpha and beta globulins, moderate decrease in gamma globulins.

Lipoid and amyloid nephrosis, nephritis, nephrosclerosis, cachexia.

4. Type of malignant neoplasms

A sharp decrease in albumin with a significant increase in all globulin fractions, especially beta globulins.

Primary neoplasms different localization, metastases of neoplasms.

5. Type of hepatitis

Moderate decrease in albumin, increase in gamma globulins, sharp rise beta globulins.

With hepatitis, the consequences of toxic damage to the liver (improper feeding, misapplication medicines), some forms of polyarthritis, dermatoses, malignant neoplasms hematopoietic and lymphoid apparatus.

6. Type of cirrhosis

A significant decrease in albumin with a strong increase in gamma globulins

7. Type of mechanical (subhepatic) jaundice

Decrease in albumins and moderate increase in alpha, beta and gamma albumins.

Abturative jaundice, cancer of the biliary tract and head of the pancreas.

ALT

AlAT (ALT) or alanine aminotransferase is a liver enzyme that is involved in amino acid metabolism. Contains ALT in the liver, kidneys, heart muscle, skeletal muscles.

When the cells of these organs are destroyed, caused by various pathological processes, ALT is released into the blood of the animal's body. Norm of ALT in the blood of cats and dogs: 1.6-7.6 IU

1. Increase ALT - a sign of serious illness:

a) liver toxicity

b) cirrhosis of the liver

c) neoplasm of the liver

d) toxic effect on the liver drugs (antibiotics, etc.)

e) heart failure

f) pancreatitis

i) trauma and necrosis skeletal muscle

2.Decrease in the level of ALT seen with:

a) severe liver diseases - necrosis, cirrhosis (with a decrease in the number of cells synthesizing ALT)

b) vitamin B6 deficiency.

AST

AST (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase is a cellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous tissue, skeletal muscles and other organs.

The norm of AST in the blood is 1.6-6.7 IU

1. Increase in AST in the blood observed if there is a disease in the body:

a) viral, toxic hepatitis

b) acute pancreatitis

c) liver neoplasms

e) heart failure.

f) skeletal muscle injuries, burns, heat stroke.

2. Lowering the level of AST in the blood due to serious illnesses, liver rupture and vitamin B6 deficiency.

Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase is involved in the exchange of phosphoric acid, splitting it from organic compounds and promotes the transport of phosphorus in the body. Most high level alkaline phosphatase content - in bone tissue, intestinal mucosa, in the placenta and mammary gland during lactation.

The rate of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of dogs and cats is 8.0-28.0 IU / l. Alkaline phosphatase affects bone growth, therefore, in growing organisms, its content is higher than in adults.

1. Increased alkaline phosphatase in the blood may be

a) bone disease, including bone tumors (sarcoma), cancer metastases in the bone

b) hyperparathyroidism

c) lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions

d) osteodystrophy

e) liver diseases (cirrhosis, cancer, infectious hepatitis)

f) tumors of the biliary tract

g) lung infarction, kidney infarction.

h) lack of calcium and phosphates in food, from an overdose of vitamin C and as a result of taking certain medications.

2. Decreased level of alkaline phosphatase

a) with hypothyroidism,

b) bone growth disorders,

c) lack of zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12 or C in food,

d) anemia (anemia).

e) taking medications can also cause a decrease in alkaline phosphatase in the blood.

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of starch and other carbohydrates in the duodenal lumen.

Norms of pancreatic amylase - 35.0-70.0 G \ hour * l

1. Increased amylase - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) sharp, chronic pancreatitis(inflammation of the pancreas)

b) pancreatic cyst,

c) tumor in the pancreatic duct

d) acute peritonitis

e) diseases biliary tract(cholecystitis)

f) renal insufficiency.

2. Reducing the content of amylase may be with pancreatic insufficiency, acute and chronic hepatitis.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow-red pigment, a breakdown product of hemoglobin and some other blood components. Bilirubin is found in bile. Bilirubin analysis shows how the animal's liver works. In the blood serum, bilirubin occurs in the following forms: direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin. Together, these forms form the total blood bilirubin.

Norms of total bilirubin: 0.02-0.4 mg%

1. Increased bilirubin - a symptom of the following disorders in the activity of the body:

a) lack of vitamin B 12

b) liver neoplasms

c) hepatitis

d) primary cirrhosis of the liver

e) toxic, drug poisoning liver

Calcium

Calcium (Ca, Calcium) is an inorganic element in the animal body.

The biological role of calcium in the body is great:

Calcium supports normal heartbeat like magnesium, calcium contributes to health of cardio-vascular system generally,

Participates in the metabolism of iron in the body, regulates enzyme activity,

Promotes normal operation nervous system transmission of nerve impulses,

Phosphorus and calcium in balance make bones strong,

Participates in blood coagulation, regulates the permeability of cell membranes,

Normalizes the work of some endocrine glands,

Participates in muscle contraction.

The rate of calcium in the blood of dogs and cats: 9.5-12.0 mg%

Calcium enters the body of the animal with food, the absorption of calcium occurs in the intestines, the exchange in the bones. Calcium is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The balance of these processes ensures the constancy of the calcium content in the blood.

The excretion and absorption of calcium is under the control of hormones (parathyroid hormone, etc.) and calcitriol - vitamin D3. In order for calcium to be absorbed, there must be enough vitamin D in the body.

1. Too much calcium or hypercalcemia can be caused by the following disorders in the body:

a) increased function parathyroid glands (primary hyperparathyroidism)

b) malignant tumors with bone lesions (metastases, myeloma, leukemia)

c) excess vitamin D

d) dehydration

e) acute renal failure.

2. Lack of calcium or hypocalcemia - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) rickets (vitamin D deficiency)

b) osteodystrophy

c) decreased thyroid function

d) chronic renal failure

e) magnesium deficiency

f) pancreatitis

g) obstructive jaundice, liver failure

cachexia.

The lack of calcium can also be associated with the use of medications - anticancer and anticonvulsants.

Calcium deficiency in the body is manifested by muscle cramps, nervousness.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) - necessary for the normal functioning of the central nervous system.

Phosphorus compounds are present in every cell of the body and are involved in almost all physiological chemical reactions. The norm in the body of dogs and cats is 6.0-7.0 mg%.

Phosphorus is a part of nucleic acids that take part in the processes of growth, cell division, storage and use of genetic information,

phosphorus is contained in the bones of the skeleton (about 85% of the total amount of phosphorus in the body), it is necessary for the formation of a normal structure of teeth and gums, provides correct work heart and kidney,

participates in the processes of accumulation and release of energy in cells,

participates in the transmission of nerve impulses, helps the metabolism of fats and starches.

1. Excess phosphorus in the blood, or hyperphosphatemia, can cause the following processes:

a) destruction of bone tissue (tumors, leukemia)

b) excess vitamin D

c) healing of bone fractures

d) decreased function of the parathyroid glands (hypoparathyroidism)

e) acute and chronic renal failure

f) osteodystrophy

h) cirrhosis.

Usually phosphorus is higher than normal due to intake anticancer drugs This releases phosphates into the blood.

2.Lack of phosphorus should be replenished regularly by eating foods containing phosphorus.

A significant decrease in the level of phosphorus in the blood - hypophosphatemia - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) lack of growth hormone

b) vitamin D deficiency (rickets)

c) periodontal disease

d) malabsorption of phosphorus, severe diarrhea, vomiting

e) hypercalcemia

f) increased function of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism)

g) hyperinsulinemia (in the treatment of diabetes mellitus).

Glucose

Glucose is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. More than half of the energy our body uses comes from the oxidation of glucose.

The concentration of glucose in the blood is regulated by the hormone insulin, which is the main hormone of the pancreas. With its deficiency, the level of glucose in the blood rises.

The norm of glucose in animals is 4.2-9.0 mmol / l

1. Increased glucose (hyperglycemia) with:

a) diabetes mellitus

b) endocrine disorders

c) acute and chronic pancreatitis

d) pancreatic tumors

e) chronic diseases of the liver and kidneys

f) cerebral hemorrhage

2. Reduced glucose (hypoglycemia) - characteristic symptom for:

a) diseases of the pancreas (hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer)

hypothyroidism,

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, cancer),

c) adrenal cancer, stomach cancer,

d) arsenic poisoning or overdose of certain medications.

Glucose analysis will show a decrease or increase in glucose levels after exercise.

Potassium

Potassium is found in cells, regulates water balance in the body and normalizes the rhythm of the heart. Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells.

1. Excess potassium in the blood - hyperkalemia is a sign of the following disorders in the body of the animal:

a) cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of blood cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries, deep burns),

b) dehydration,

d) acidosis,

e) acute renal failure,

f) adrenal insufficiency,

g) increase in the intake of potassium salts.

Usually, potassium is elevated due to the intake of anticancer, anti-inflammatory drugs and some other drugs.

2. Potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) - a symptom of disorders such as:

a) hypoglycemia

b) dropsy

c) chronic fasting

d) prolonged vomiting and diarrhea

e) impaired renal function, acidosis, renal failure

f) an excess of hormones of the adrenal cortex

g) magnesium deficiency.

Urea

Urea - active substance, the main breakdown product of proteins. Urea is produced by the liver from ammonia and is involved in the process of concentrating urine.

In the process of synthesis of urea, ammonia is neutralized - a very toxic substance for the body. Urea is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The rate of urea in the blood of cats and dogs is 30.0-45.0 mg%

1. Increased urea in the blood - a symptom of serious disorders in the body:

a) kidney disease (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease),

b) heart failure,

c) violation of the outflow of urine (tumor Bladder, prostate adenoma, bladder stones),

d) leukemia, malignant tumors,

e) severe bleeding,

f) intestinal obstruction,

g) shock, fever,

An increase in urea occurs after exercise, due to the intake of androgens, glucocorticoids.

2. Urea analysis in the blood will show a decrease in the level of urea with such disorders of the liver as hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic coma. A decrease in urea in the blood occurs during pregnancy, phosphorus or arsenic poisoning.

Creatinine

Creatinine is the end product of protein metabolism. Creatinine is produced in the liver and then released into the blood energy exchange muscle and other tissues. Creatinine is excreted from the body by the kidneys with urine, so creatinine is an important indicator of kidney activity.

1. Increasing creatinine - a symptom of acute and chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism. Creatinine levels increase after taking some medical preparations, with dehydration of the body, after mechanical, surgical muscle lesions.

2.Decrease in creatinine in the blood, which occurs during fasting, a decrease in muscle mass, during pregnancy, after taking corticosteroids.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol or cholesterol is an organic compound, the most important component of fat metabolism.

The role of cholesterol in the body:

cholesterol is used to build cell membranes,

in the liver, cholesterol is a precursor of bile,

cholesterol is involved in the synthesis of sex hormones, in the synthesis of vitamin D.

Norms of cholesterol in dogs and cats: 3.5-6.0 mol / l

1. High cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques: cholesterol attaches to the walls of blood vessels, narrowing the lumen inside them. On the cholesterol plaques formed blood clots that can break off and enter the bloodstream, causing blockage of blood vessels in various organs and tissues, which can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases.

Hypercholesterolemia is a symptom of the following diseases:

a) ischemic disease hearts,

b) atherosclerosis

c) liver disease (primary cirrhosis)

d) kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome)

e) chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer

f) diabetes mellitus

g) hypothyroidism

h) obesity

i) somatotropic hormone (GH) deficiency

2.Cholesterol lowering occurs when there is a violation of the absorption of fats, starvation, extensive burns.

Lowering cholesterol can be a symptom of the following diseases:

a) hyperthyroidism,

b) chronic heart failure,

c) megaloblastic anemia,

d) sepsis,

e) acute infectious diseases,

f) terminal stage cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer,

g) chronic lung diseases.

Biochemical and clinical analyzes blood will be taken by our specialists from the patient to establish and clarify the diagnosis at your home. Analyzes are done on the basis of the Veterinary Academy, the deadline is the next day after 19-00 hours.

The norms of a general blood test in dogs are as follows:

Hemoglobin

The blood pigment of erythrocytes that carries oxygen, carbon dioxide.
Boost:
- polycythemia (an increase in the number of red blood cells)
- stay on high altitudes
- excessive exercise stress
- dehydration, blood clots
Reduction:
- anemia

red blood cells

Non-nuclear blood cells containing hemoglobin. They make up the bulk of the formed elements of the blood. The average for a dog is 4–6.5 thousand * 10 ^ 6 / l. Cats - 5-10 thousand * 10 ^ 6 / l.
Increase (erythrocytosis):
- bronchopulmonary pathology, heart defects, polycystic kidney disease, neoplasms of the kidneys, liver, dehydration.
Reduction:
- anemia, acute blood loss, chronic inflammatory process, hyperhydration.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the form of a column during blood sedimentation. It depends on the number of red blood cells, their "weight" and shape, and on the properties of plasma - the amount of proteins (mainly fibrinogen), viscosity.
Norm 0–10 mm/h.
Boost:
- infections
- inflammatory process
- malignant tumors
- anemia
- pregnancy
No increase in the presence of the above reasons:
- polycythemia
- Decreased plasma fibrinogen levels.

platelets

Platelets formed from giant cells bone marrow. Responsible for blood clotting.
The normal content in the blood is 190-550?10^9 l.
Boost:
- polycythemia
- myeloid leukemia
- inflammatory process
- condition after removal of the spleen, surgical operations. Reduction:
- systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus)
- aplastic anemia
- hemolytic anemia

Leukocytes

White blood cells. Produced in red bone marrow. Function - protection from foreign substances and microbes (immunity). The average for dogs is 6.0–16.0?10^9/l. For cats - 5.5–18.0?10^9/l.
There are different types of leukocytes with specific functions (see. leukocyte formula), so the change in the number certain types and not all leukocytes in general.
Increase - leukocytosis
- leukemia
- infection, inflammation
- condition after acute bleeding, hemolysis
- allergy
- with a long course of corticosteroids
Decrease - leukopenia
- some infections pathology of the bone marrow (aplastic anemia)
- increased function of the spleen
- genetic abnormalities of the immune system
- anaphylactic shock

Leukocyte formula

Percentage different types leukocytes.

1. Neutrophils

2.Eosinophils

Participate in immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Rare.
Norm - 0-1% of total number leukocytes.
Increase - basophilia
- allergic reactions to the introduction of a foreign protein, including food allergy
- chronic inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract
- hypothyroidism
- blood diseases acute leukemia, Hodgkin's disease)

4. Lymphocytes

Basic cells immune system. Fight viral infections. They destroy foreign cells and altered own cells (recognize foreign proteins - antigens and selectively destroy cells containing them - specific immunity), secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the blood - substances that block antigen molecules and remove them from the body.
The norm is 18-25% of the total number of leukocytes.
Increase - lymphocytosis:
- hyperthyroidism
- viral infections
- lymphocytic leukemia
Decrease - lymphopenia:
- the use of corticosteroids, immunosuppressants
- malignant neoplasms
- kidney failure
- chronic liver disease
- immunodeficiency states
- circulatory failure

Every owner who sincerely cares about the health of his pet is obliged to regularly examine it. The development of the disease is evidenced by an increase in alkaline phosphatase.

Elevated alkaline phosphatase in dogs

Under alkaline phosphatase refers to an enzyme that provides hydrolysis of phosphoric acid esters.

Most of it contains:

The intestinal mucosa.
placenta.
Liver cells.

The largest amount of the enzyme is found in the liver cells.

When cells die and the permeability of cell membranes increases, alkaline phosphatase enters the bloodstream. It can be detected during the delivery of a biochemical analysis.

Normally, alkaline phosphatase varies from 8.0 to 28.0 IU / l.

Main reasons

An increase in this enzyme is not a reason for comprehensive examination animal.

In pregnant dogs, there is an increase in alkaline phosphatase.

According to veterinarians, in young dogs, changes in indicators in big side is not a pathology.

This is because their skeleton is still growing. But also an increase in alkaline phosphatase is not considered abnormal in pregnant bitches and in animals after fractures.

The level of this enzyme increases when a dog is given:

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
anticonvulsant drugs;
steroid hormones.

Husky and alkaline phosphatase

Do not worry about the owner of the husky. This is a feature of the breed.

Elevated alkaline phosphatase is a feature of the Husky breed.

Development of pathologies

A change in the parameters of this enzyme is observed when:

bone tumors;
, provoking inflammation;
feeding fatty foods;
calcium deficiency;
lung;
Cushing's syndrome;
oncological process in the mammary gland;
tumor pathologies of the biliary tract;
kidney infarction;
hepatic pathologies;
osteodystrophy;
lymphogranulomatosis, accompanied by damage to bone tissue;
hyperparathyroidism.

Fatty foods affect the change in enzyme performance.

An increase in alkaline phosphatase in tetrapods is not a direct symptom of a particular disease. The animal's body can simply send signals that it needs help.

What to do

The clarification of the reason why the alkaline phosphatase indicators have changed takes place in the veterinary clinic, using special equipment. First of all, the doctor directs the animal to pass ultrasound liver and kidneys. X-rays are ordered if necessary.

You need to take tests once a month.

This will help to more accurately and quickly determine the cause of the increase in enzyme levels. At this time, you need to carefully "worm" the dog. Appropriate drugs are taken at the rate of 1 tab. / 10 kg.

After that, the veterinarian performs the following manipulations:

visual inspection.
Feeling of the abdomen.
Inspection of wool.

The owner of the animal must give a detailed answer about what and at what time he feeds his pet. The number of servings also matters.

The veterinarian needs to talk about the dog's diet.

Features of therapy for elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of a dog

In most cases, the dog is prescribed drugs that stabilize the functioning of the liver. After the end of the therapeutic course, the animal is again sent to. If the enzyme levels have increased, the doctor resorts to urgent surgical intervention. The affected organ is removed completely.

The dosage of Essentiale is prescribed by the veterinarian.

During the passage postoperative period alkaline phosphatase may also be elevated.

But this is considered the norm. At the end of this period, the indicators decrease.

After the operation, the owner of the dog undertakes to scrupulously adhere to the recommendations of the veterinarian. If hepatic pathology was a factor provoking an increase in alkaline phosphatase, the pet should be given Essentiale. The dosage is prescribed by the veterinarian individually.

home care

During the postoperative period, you need to feed the dog only the usual food.

You can give your dog boiled chicken.

You should not abruptly switch from "natural" to special "medicated" feed well-known manufacturers . You can feed the animal with boiled chicken. Allowed a small amount of rice. If the dog is fed branded food, portions should be temporarily reduced.
It is not recommended to change the living conditions abruptly . The passage of acclimatization may adversely affect the condition four-legged friend.
It is important to avoid conflict situations with family members . The dog is a great psychologist, subtly feeling the mood of the owner. can drastically worsen its condition and provoke an increase in enzyme levels.
Walk your pet more often . It is recommended to avoid noisy places. If the dog has been training on the playground, you should refrain from training for the time being. The walk should be carried out at a calm pace. Overwork is strictly contraindicated.

Proper preparation for the study

8 hours before the study, you need to stop feeding. Any food can contribute to the distortion of the picture.

The results of the study can be affected by the stress that the dog experiences during the test. For this reason, it is recommended to undergo the examination several times, observing the time intervals.

In order to avoid stress, it is recommended to invite a veterinarian to your home. If the analysis is carried out in comfortable conditions, the doctor will receive a more accurate result.
3-4 days before the study, it is recommended to lower physical activity four-legged friend. From visiting the dog playground should be abandoned in favor of a measured walk.
If the owner gives his pet medication, this must be reported to the veterinarian. In this case, the blood is taken before taking the medication.
The result of the analysis can be obtained the next day. If necessary, a re-examination is scheduled.

Preventive actions

If the cause of the increase in alkaline phosphatase was liver disease, then at the end of the therapeutic course, the doctor undertakes to inform the owner of the dog about the prevention of relapse.

You need to watch your dog's diet.

Need to be paid Special attention animal nutrition. It is advisable to give him only low-fat balanced feed from proven manufacturers. It is believed that the dog will not eat too much. This is not true. Portions should be small.

Video about deciphering a blood test in dogs

For the accurate diagnosis of diseases often require research tests. Most often, blood and urine tests are taken from dogs.

Complete blood count in dogs

It determines the composition of the blood, that is, the amount of hemoglobin, red blood cells, platelets and many other indicators in it. The norm depends on the age and state of health of the dog, that is, its medical history.

The norm of hemoglobin in the blood of a dog is 74-180 g / l. An increase in its level indicates dehydration and thickening of the blood, and a decrease indicates anemia.
The norm of erythrocytes is 3.3-8.5 million / μl, their increased amount may be due to bronchopulmonary pathology, polycystic disease, heart defects, neoplasms of the liver or kidneys, as well as dehydration. A decrease in the number of red blood cells can be caused by large blood loss, anemia, chronic inflammatory processes.
ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In a dog, it should be up to 13 mm / h. Increased ESR value characteristic of various inflammatory processes and infectious diseases, observed and .
The number of leukocytes should be in the range of 6-18.6 thousand / μl. Exceeding this norm can be caused by infectious and inflammatory processes, leukemia, allergic reactions. And the decline infectious pathologies bone marrow, genetic abnormalities, hyperfunction of the spleen.
An increased content of platelets in the blood (more than 500 thousand / μl) can be caused by myeloid leukemia, polycythemia, and a low content is characteristic of anemia and systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus.

Biochemical blood test in dogs

Determines the biochemical parameters of blood. Changes in the main ones indicate a very serious illnesses.

Glucose should be within 4 - 6 mmol / l. Their excess indicates hyperthyroidism, stress, pancreatic necrosis, and a decrease in insulin overdose, insulinoma, hypoadrenocorticism.
total protein in healthy dog is at the level of 50-77 g/l. Elevated indicates chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, dehydration. Reduced - about enteritis, nephrotic syndrome, pancreatitis, blood loss, starvation, heart failure, hypovitaminosis, malignant neoplasms.
Urea nitrogen should be at the level of 4.3-8.9 mmol / l. Its increase indicates a violation of the function of the kidneys and excretion of urine, acute liver dystrophy, absorption in the intestine a large number squirrel. Decrease - about cirrhosis of the liver.
Total bilirubin (a component of bile) should not exceed 7.5 µmol / l, otherwise cirrhosis or liver tumors should be suspected. An increase in creatinine by more than 133 µmol / l indicates a violation of kidney function.

General urinalysis in dogs

It includes both a visual assessment of transparency and color, and its chemical composition.

The urine of a healthy dog should be yellow. A significant change in its color can indicate serious diseases: bilirubinemia (color of beer), hematuria (red-brown), leukocyturia (milky white), myoglobinuria (black urine).
Cloudy urine may indicate the presence of bacteria or a large amount of salts in it.
In a chemical analysis of urine, the level of glucose, protein, ketone bodies, urobilinogen and bilirubin in it is assessed.
Glucose in the urine of a healthy dog should not be. Its presence can be explained either by a violation of the processes of glucose filtration and reabsorption in the kidneys, or by a high concentration of glucose in the blood. This indicates acute renal failure or diabetes mellitus.
The norm of protein content in the urine is its amount up to 0.3 g / l. The reasons for its increase may be destructive processes or chronic infections in the kidneys, urinary tract, hemolytic anemia or