The internal organs of the human abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity and its main structure in the human body

Abdomen represents the space within which the vital organs function. Human anatomy confirms that this system is located under the diaphragm. As a container for the stomach, spleen, gallbladder, intestines and abdominal aorta, its visceral sheet serves as a natural outer covering.

In addition to organs located intraperitoneally, there are extraperitoneal organs in the retroperitoneal space, which include the liver, kidneys, ureters, and adrenal glands.

The above visceral layer of the covering of the peritoneum partially touches the two spaces of the colon. These internal organs are located mesoperitoneally.

The structure of the abdominal region, as a rule, implies a multi-level distinction by specialists, so doctors often divide the internal space into three floors.

The structure of the first, topmost, includes several subsections:

• liver bag;
• pregastric gap;
• stuffing bag.

Regardless of the gender of a person, the anatomy of this part of the peritoneum does not differ between the female and male body. The so-called hepatic bag affects the right side of the gland, and a little deeper you can find elements of the excretory system of the body, and one of the adrenal glands.

In the proper space of the pregastric fissure of the abdominal cavity, several important organs are also located, including the spleen, stomach and left hepatic region.

The department, called the stuffing bag, is also a cavity and communicates with the peritoneal space through an impassable opening. The upper extreme part of the bag is separated by the caudate lobe of the liver, from the side of the visceral layer - by a section of the "tandem" of the liver and duodenum, the lower limit of which is the duodenum, and back border Serosa serves.

Median section of the peritoneum

The second floor (or middle) is quite difficult to consider. This can be done only in the case of raising the transverse colon and the greater omentum. Conventionally, this section of the abdominal cavity has a division into smaller sections. In this part, 4 zones can be distinguished, divided by the ascending and descending side of the colon and the mesentery of the small intestine.

The structure of the middle floor of the peritoneum also implies the presence of two lateral canals - the mesenteric sinuses. The serous fold attaches the small intestine to the back wall of the abdomen, forming the so-called root of the mesentery at the base of the attachment. Normally, the length of this anatomical formation should not exceed 17 cm.

It is worth noting that the mesentery itself is attached unevenly. Starting from the second vertebra in the lumbar spine, it ends at the iliac recess on the right side. The mesentery is an indispensable part of the peritoneal cavity, since it contains nerve endings, The lymph nodes and blood vessels.

The main differences between the structure of the peritoneum in women and men

The structure of the organs of the lower peritoneum is directly dependent on gender. The anatomy of this system is due to the location in the pelvic space. As already mentioned, the coating with a thin surface shell of all internal organs serves as a feature inherent in the peritoneum.

Serosa is a connective structure, due to which the membrane has the possibility of specific absorption. It also produces natural lubrication: the friction of the organs that exists in the mesothelium is reduced, so the person does not experience any discomfort in this area of ​​the body. However, if the development inflammatory process, for example, due to infection in any organ, a sharp painful syndrome may appear.

The presence of internal genital organs in a woman, located in the lower floor of the abdominal cavity, indicates that the structure of this department has its own characteristics. In particular, the presence of fallopian tubes having a connection with the uterus will become noticeable for visualization by doctors when passing ultrasound peritoneum. Among the reproductive organs of a man, when examining this department, you can see the prostate gland. By the way, the organs of the peritoneum in the male body are located in a closed gap, however, in both sexes, they in any case have a serous coating. The difference lies only in the area of ​​the film surface: the serosa can completely cover the inside or partially.

What is a stomach?

Despite the rather close location of the two sections - the abdominal and thoracic - friction between them also does not occur. The anatomy of human organs allows you not to experience any discomfort due to the peculiarities of their physiology: the cover of the epithelium and serosa is the main merit in this.

The organ systems of both cavities are separated by a diaphragm. As already mentioned, upper bound The peritoneum closes the stomach, the size of which is influenced by the volume of food contained. This organ performs one of the main functions of digestion, since proteins are broken down in the gastric sac, water is absorbed, after which the incoming nutritional components are mixed and moved into the intestine.

The speed and quality of the digestion process is largely predetermined by several factors:

• capacity of the gastric chamber;
• the person's age;
• his gender;
• functionality and performance of the body;
• the presence or absence of pathologies.

Features of the structure of the gastric sac

The filled stomach normally has the shape of a pear, the volume of its filling in an adult should not exceed one liter. Meanwhile, with excessive consumption of food and liquids, the indicator can increase to almost 4 liters and the location of the organ can change significantly. A full stomach can even sink to the line of the upper pelvic bones, to the navel.

You should pay attention to the structure of the stomach, which has:

• input area;
• lower part - pylorus;
• main body;
• bottom (is a bulge adjacent to the diaphragmatic septum).

Selection gastric juice, as evidenced by the anatomy of the peritoneum, occurs due to the glandular ducts on the walls of the organ. The stomach glands produce hydrochloric acid, due to which pepsinogen (fermenting agent in chemical composition gastric juice) is activated and helps the speedy digestion of protein products.

Small and large intestine: description

The contents of the stomach exit the chamber into the small intestine, which, in turn, ends with a smooth transition to the large intestine. In fact, this part of the esophagus and abdominal cavity is the longest. In an adult, its dimensions reach 7 meters in length and about 5 cm in width. Conventionally, the small intestine includes a longitudinal and empty component. The part of the intestine connected to the stomach is called the duodenum, its size can reach 30 cm.

The ducts of bile and pancreas have access to this intestine. It turns out that the duodenum plays no less important role in the digestive process than, for example, the stomach. In its space, there is a splitting of all the substances that enter the body. nutrients and trace elements under the action of juice produced by the pancreas. The assimilation and absorption of fatty acids is helped by bile, on which, in addition, intestinal tone and the intensity of peristalsis depend.

The excretory and absorption capacity of the duodenum is due to the presence of specific villi, in the structure of which central lymphatic vessels play a significant role. All useful components entering the body are absorbed thanks to the venous and arterial capillaries located on both sides of the vessel.

The size of the large intestine is almost twice as large as the longer small intestine. The length of the organ is about 2 meters, it consists of three sections, which are called the blind, colon and rectum. The latter is the terminal region of the large intestine in the abdominal cavity. Ending in the perineum area, it has a length of about 15-20 cm.

What does the pancreas and liver look like in the body?

One of the most important glands in the human body is the pancreas. Its mass sometimes reaches 100 grams, and its length is more than 20 cm. An organ with back side stomach and includes the body, tail and head. The structure of the gland implies the presence of a pancreatic duct, which is located along its width. Through the lobar ducts, a whole complex of enzymes in the composition of the pancreatic juice enters the duodenum. This function The breakdown of proteins into amino acids by the pancreas is called exocrine.

A feature of the pancreas, which functions in the human abdominal cavity, is also the concentration of a certain amount of glandular cells. Peculiar clots produce insulin. The intake of this hormone into the blood affects the efficiency of the liver and its retention of sugar. Decreased insulin secretion increases the risk of developing diabetes as blood sugar levels rise.

The largest gland in human body the liver is considered - its mass in an adult can reach one and a half kilograms. It is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity on the right side next to the diaphragm. In the inner part of the organ there is an auxiliary department, which is a kind of reservoir - gallbladder, which is necessary to collect bile, continuously produced by the liver. Resembling an elongated bag, it can hold up to 80 milliliters of bile fluid.

The abdominal cavity has the following structure: it is a special zone located below the diaphragm and consisting of many organs. Aperture is top it and separates this zone from the sternum.

The main area of ​​the peritoneum consists of tendons and abdominal muscles.

The anatomy of some organs of the human abdominal cavity is a separate subject of study in the medical literature.

What is included in the abdominal cavity?

The abdominal cavity consists of 2 main parts:

Peritoneum.
. Retroperitoneal space

The organs in the abdominal cavity are located between the peritoneum and the walls of the abdomen. With an increase in volume, they begin to lag behind the main part, connect with the tissues of the peritoneum and form a single whole with it. Thus, a serous fold appears, which includes two sheets. These folds are called mesentery.

Complete coverage of the organs by the peritoneum indicates an intraperitoneal location. An example of this is the intestines. When closed by the peritoneum, only three sides indicate a mesoperitoneal position. Such an organ is the liver. When the peritoneum is located in the anterior part of the organs, it indicates an extraperitoneal structure. These organs are the kidneys.
The abdominal cavity is lined with a smooth layer called epithelium. Its high humidity is provided by a layer of capillaries of the serous substance. The peritoneum promotes easy movement of the internal organs relative to each other.

What and what main organs are included in the abdominal cavity?

When studying the anatomy and structure of the human body, the human abdominal cavity is divided by experts into several parts:

The structure of its upper region includes: the liver bag, omental gland, pre-gastric fissure. The liver bag is located to the right of the liver. It is connected to the peritoneum with a special hole. In its upper part is the liver. In the anterior part, it is separated by various ligaments.

The liver is located on the right, between the ribs. It is closed by the visceral peritoneum. Lower region this body connected to a vein and part of the diaphragm. It is divided by the falciform ligament into two parts. All of it is permeated with many different vessels of the circulatory system, fibers and nodes of the lymphatic system. With their help, it connects with other organs located in the abdominal region. On palpation of the liver, the adrenal gland is easily detected.

The pancreatic fissure consists of the spleen, stomach, left hepatic lobe.
The spleen is the main organ in supplying the body with blood and provides correct work lymphatic system. It is all permeated with many capillaries and has nerve endings. The splenic artery is involved in providing this organ with a large amount of blood. Principal body digestive system is the stomach. It is involved in supplying the body with nutrients. With its help, food is processed with the participation of gastric juice. It also processes food and moves it to the intestines.

Many people think that the pancreas is located under the stomach, but this is not entirely true. It is located near the back of the stomach at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. Anatomy of this organ: divided into 3 main zones: tail, body and head. The head has a continuation in the form of a small hook-shaped process. The stomach is completely permeated with capillaries located in the dorsal surface of the glands. It separates it from the inferior vena cava. The pancreatic duct is located throughout the stomach. It ends in the area of ​​the intestines.

In the intestine, organic elements enter the bloodstream and the formation of feces. Masses are removed from the body with the help of anus natural way.

The anatomy of the back is the parietal sheet, which covers the entire abdominal aorta, pancreas, kidneys on the left side, adrenal glands and inferior pudendal vein. The greater omentum enters the region of the colon. It covers some areas of the small intestine. This organ is represented by 4 connected serous sheets. Between the petals there is a zone connected to the stuffing bag. Most often, you can observe the absence of this cavity, especially in adults. In the region of the omentum there are nodes of the lymphatic system, which are necessary for the elimination of lymph from the body.

The structure of the main part: it includes the ascending, descending cavities of the colon and the mesentery small intestine. The abdominal cavity is divided into several main sections: the lateral canals and the two mesenteric sinuses. The mesentery is a fold consisting of 2 serous sheets. It is necessary for fixing the small intestine at the back of the human abdomen. The basis of attachment is called the root of the mesentery. It consists of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, as well as many different nerve fibers. Back area The abdominal cavity consists of a huge number of heterogeneities that are of particular importance for the human body.

Most often, retroperitoneal hernias appear in them.

The lower part is represented by many organs that make up the human pelvic region.
In order for all organs inside the human abdominal cavity to be located strictly horizontally and in a normal structure, it is necessary to have a good press.
In order for the internal organs to be reliably protected, the cavity with outside closed by the following authorities:
. spine
. pelvic bones
. Press muscles

The gallbladder, located on the right side, is attached to the right lower wall of the liver. Usually in the pictures it is presented in the form of a small pear. It consists of a neck, body and bottom. It is also associated with such important organs as: the liver, blood vessels and the peritoneal region.

If a person has pathologies in the structure of organs located in the abdominal cavity, one should resort to the help of a doctor.

Improper development and location can be the cause of the appearance of adhesions formed in small intestine.
In order to identify abnormalities in the formation of internal organs, they resort to the help of ultrasound diagnostics.
The structure of the abdominal cavity in men and women and their main differences.
All organs included in this part of the body are equipped with a thin serous membrane. It is made up of soft connective tissue a large number of dense differentiated fibers and unilateral epithelial tissue. The epithelial tissue is called mesothelial. Its main advantage is high degree suction useful substances. Only in it is the development of useful substances that prevent the friction of organs against each other. Due to this, there is no pain in this area in a person.

The organs of the abdominal cavity in a woman are slightly different in structure than in men. Initially, in women in this area, especially in its lower part, the fallopian tubes are located, which are connected to the uterus. They are necessary for the normal functioning of the ovaries, the process of fertilization and bearing a child. The female reproductive system outward manifestation isolated by the vaginal opening. When conducting complete examination women undergo diagnostic ultrasound methods. They help to determine the state of the human body on this moment, identify existing problems and prescribe the necessary treatment.

When studying the anatomy of the abdominal organs of a man, it should be noted that they are in a closed space and are interconnected.
Similarities between male and female systems consist in the fact that the internal organs have a serous membrane. However, in women they are only partially covered, either only on one side or on some organs.
In addition, the main difference is the cells that arise in the body of a man and a woman. For example, in a woman it is the eggs, and in men it is the spermatozoa.

Another difference, according to experts, is that most women have big belly unlike men. And this happens for the following reasons:
. A woman's large intestine is 10 times longer than a man's.
. Women drink more fluids
. In men, the intestines are located in the form of a horseshoe, while in women it is even, but has many loops.
. This feature associated with the anatomy and structure of a woman and the ability to bear a child and protect him from possible damage.
. hormonal factor.

Diagnostics.

The main diagnostic method is an ultrasound examination of a person.

Treatment.

If the diagnosis is made: appendicitis, then only surgical intervention can help in this case.
Inflammation of the stomach can go away on its own and a visit to the doctor is required if the symptoms continue for 2-3 days. Due to the large loss of water, a person is recommended to consume as much liquid as possible. With the development of inflammation, it is necessary to contact a specialist for comprehensive survey and appointments proper treatment. Usually this is taking medications.

The most unpleasant manifestation of a disease in a person in the abdominal cavity is hemorrhoids. It gives the patient a lot of trouble. Usually treatment is done at home. It includes the application medicines, various lotions and compresses with medicinal and herbal preparations. If hemorrhoids are in an advanced stage and cause severe pain then surgery is recommended.

Currently, the anatomy of the human abdominal cavity is studied in detail in many scientific laboratories. Interest in it is associated with the progression of diseases in this area. Due to the fact that this area will be well studied by doctors, it will be possible to accurately diagnose even on early stages development of the disease and prescribe the correct and competent treatment to the person. This will help to reduce the time for treatment of people and get rid of severe cases of manifestation of the disease, in which the only way out can only be surgery.

The complex of organs of the two most important systems: digestive and genitourinary, located in the abdominal cavity and in the retroperitoneal space of a person, both in men and women, has its own layout, anatomical structure and key features. Having a basic knowledge of the anatomy of the human body is important for everyone, primarily because it helps to understand the processes that occur in it.

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  What is the abdominal cavity?

  The abdominal cavity (lat. cavitas abdominalis) is a space that is limited from above by the diaphragm (a muscular dome that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity), in front and from the sides by the anterior abdominal wall, behind by the spine, and from below by the diaphragm of the perineum.

  The abdominal cavity includes not only the organs related to the gastrointestinal tract, but also the organs genitourinary system. The peritoneum itself covers the organs in different ways.

  It is worth noting that the organs can be divided into those directly related to the abdominal cavity, and those that are located within the retroperitoneal space.

  Functions of the organs located in the abdominal cavity

  If we talk about the organs related to the digestive system, then their functions are as follows:

  • implementation of digestive processes;
  • absorption of nutrients;
  • immune function;
  • neutralization of toxins and poisons;
  • implementation of hematopoietic processes;
  • endocrine function.

  As for the organs of the genitourinary system:

  • excretion of metabolic products;
  • reproductive function;
  • endocrine function.

  

  Diagram of the location of the abdominal organs

  So, if you look into the incision of the anterior abdominal wall under the human diaphragm, then immediately below it you can see the following organs:

  1. 1. The abdominal part of the esophagus is a small section 1–3 cm long, which immediately passes into the stomach.
  2. 2. Stomach (gaster) - a muscular bag with a capacity of about 3 liters.
  3. 3. Liver (hepar) - the largest digestive gland, located on the right under the diaphragm;
  4. 4. Gallbladder (vesica fellea) - a hollow organ that accumulates bile. It is located under the liver in the fossa of the gallbladder.
  5. 5. Pancreas (pancreas) - the second largest digestive gland after the liver. It lies behind the stomach in the retroperitoneal space on the left.
  6. 6. Spleen (lien) - located behind the stomach in the upper part of the abdominal cavity on the left.
  7. 7. Small intestine (intestinum tenue) - located between the stomach and the large intestine and includes three sections that lie sequentially one after another: the duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
  8. 8. Large intestine (intestinum crassum) - starts from the small intestine and ends with the anus. It also consists of several sections: the caecum, colon (which consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colons), rectum.
  9. 9. Kidneys (ren) - paired organs located in the retroperitoneal space.
  10. 10. Adrenal glands (glandulae suprarenale) - paired glands, lying on top of the kidneys, lie in the retroperitoneal space.
  11. 11. Ureters (ureter) - paired tubes connecting the kidneys with bladder and also lying in the retroperitoneal space.
  12. 12. The bladder (vesica urinaria) is a hollow organ lying in the small pelvis.
  13. 13. Uterus (uterus), vagina (vagina), ovaries (ovarium) - female genital organs lying in the small pelvis, related to the organs of the abdominal cavity.
  14. 14. Seminal vesicles (vesiculæ seminales) and prostate gland (prostata) - the male genital organs of the small pelvis.

  

  Anatomical structure of the digestive system

  The structure of organs related to the organs of the gastrointestinal tract is the same for both men and women.

  Stomach

  The stomach is a muscular cavity that lies between the esophagus and the duodenum. Serves for the accumulation of food, mixing and digestion, as well as the partial absorption of substances.

  In the anatomical structure of the stomach, the anterior and posterior walls are distinguished. Their connection from above forms a small curvature of the stomach, and from below - a large curvature. The place of transition of the esophagus into the stomach is the cardial opening (at the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra), and the place of the transition of the stomach into the duodenum is the opening of the pylorus (pyloric opening) - at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra. Also, the fundus is isolated from the stomach - the part of the stomach located to the left of the cardiac opening, in which gases accumulate. The body of the stomach is its largest part, lying between two openings. The approximate volume of the stomach is 3 liters.

  The wall of the stomach includes the mucous membrane, muscular and serous:

  

  Liver

  
  The liver is the largest digestive gland in the human body. A parenchymal organ that serves to secrete bile, neutralize poisons and toxins, hematopoiesis in the fetus during pregnancy and participate in various metabolic processes.

  In the liver, 2 surfaces are distinguished: diaphragmatic, facing the diaphragm, and visceral, bordering on other organs of the abdominal cavity. Also, in the liver, 2 large lobes are distinguished: the right and left, and the right one is large. Another important formation of the liver is the gate of the liver, which includes portal vein, hepatic artery and nerves, and exit - the common hepatic duct, lymphatic vessels The organ itself consists of the smallest hepatocyte cells that are involved in the production of bile.

  gallbladder

  
  The gallbladder is a hollow organ , which is involved in the accumulation of bile. It lies under the liver in the fossa of the gallbladder.

  This organ has a fundus that protrudes from under the lower edge of the liver; neck - a narrow end heading to the gates of the liver and the body of the bladder - an extension lying between the bottom and the neck. The cystic duct departs from the neck, which, connecting with the common hepatic duct, forms a common bile duct. It already, in turn, opens into the duodenum.

  The wall of the gallbladder consists of mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous membranes:

  Pancreas

  
  The pancreas is the second largest after the liver of the gland of the gastrointestinal tract. It is located behind the stomach in the retroperitoneal space.

  In the anatomical structure of the pancreas, it has a head, body and tail. The head of the gland lies to the right, near the pancreas, and the tail is directed to the left, approaching the hilum of the spleen. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice, rich in enzymes needed for digestion, as well as the hormone insulin, which regulates blood glucose levels.

  Spleen

  
  The spleen is a parenchymal lymphoid organ. It is located on the left side of the upper abdomen, just below the diaphragm, behind the stomach.

  This organ has 2 surfaces: diaphragmatic and visceral and 2 poles: posterior and anterior. The spleen is covered with a capsule on the outside, and the pulp is located inside, which is divided into red and white. The spleen performs the function of a blood depot, immune function and hematopoietic and fetal.

  Small intestine

  The small intestine is the longest organ of the digestive system (in men - 7 m, in women - 5 m).

  The small intestine is made up of 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

  The duodenum is about 30 cm long and lies between the stomach and the jejunum. It has 4 parts: upper, descending, horizontal, ascending.

  

  The jejunum and ileum make up the mesenteric part of the small intestine, as they have a mesentery. They occupy most of the hypogastrium. loops jejunum lie in the upper left, and the iliac - in the lower right part of the abdominal cavity.

  The wall of the small intestine consists of mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous membranes:

  

  Colon

  The large intestine is located from the small intestine to the anus.

  It consists of several departments: the caecum; colon (it includes ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon); rectum. The total length is about 1.5 m.

  The colon has ribbons - longitudinal muscle fibers; haustra - small protrusions in the form of sacs between the ribbons and omental processes - protrusion of the serous membrane with adipose tissue inside.

  The appendix extends from the caecum by 2–20 cm.

  In the place of transition of the ileum to the blind is the ileo-intestinal opening.

  At the transition of the ascending colon into the transverse one, the right flexure of the colon is formed, and at the transition of the transverse into the descending colon, the left flexure is formed.

  The wall of the caecum and colon includes the mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous membranes.

  The sigmoid colon starts from the descending colon and continues straight, where it ends with the anus.

  The length of the rectum is 15 cm, it accumulates and removes stool. At the level of the sacrum, it forms an extension - an ampulla (accumulation occurs in it), after it comes the anal canal, which opens with the anus.

  The wall of the rectum consists of mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous membranes.

  kidneys

  
  The kidneys are paired parenchymal organs.

  They are located in the retroperitoneal space. Right kidney located slightly lower than the left, as it borders on the liver. They are shaped like beans. Outside, each kidney is covered fibrous capsule, and the parenchyma consists of cortical and medulla substances. The structure of these organs determines their function. Inside each kidney there is a system of small renal calyxes, passing into large renal calyxes, and these, in turn, open into the renal pelvis, from which the ureter departs to remove accumulated urine. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

  adrenal glands

  
  The adrenal glands are paired glands located on top of the kidneys.

  They are composed of cortex and medulla. Three zones are distinguished in the cortex: glomerular, fascicular and reticular. The main function of the adrenal glands is endocrine.

  Ureters

  The ureters are paired tubes that branch off from the kidneys and connect them to the bladder.

  The wall of the organ is represented by mucous, muscular and connective tissue membranes.

  

  Bladder

  
  The bladder is a hollow organ that stores urine in the human body.

  The size of an organ can vary depending on the amount of content in it. From below, the organ narrows somewhat, passing into the neck of the bladder, which ends with the urethra. Also, a body is isolated from the bubble - most of it and the bottom - the lower part. rear surface Two ureters drain into the bladder and carry urine from the kidneys. At the bottom of the bladder, a bladder triangle is isolated, the base of which is the openings of the ureters, and the top is the opening of the urethra. This triangle contains an internal sphincter that prevents involuntary urination.

  Genital organs of a woman related to the abdominal cavity

  
  The uterus is the muscular organ in which the fetus develops during pregnancy. It consists of several parts: bottom, body and neck. The lower part of the cervix passes into the vagina. Also, the uterus has 2 surfaces: the front, facing the bladder and the back, facing the rectum.

  The wall of the organ has a special structure: perimetry (serous membrane), myometrium (muscular), endometrium (mucosa).

  The vagina is a muscular organ about 10 cm long. The wall of the vagina consists of 3 layers: mucous, muscular and connective tissue. The lower part of the vagina opens into the vestibule. The walls of the vagina are strewn with glands that produce mucus.

  The ovary is a paired organ of the female reproductive system that performs a reproductive function. They consist of connective tissue and cortex with follicles on different stages development.

  Normally, the ovaries on ultrasound look like this:

  

  Genital organs in men related to the abdominal cavity

  
  Seminal vesicles are paired organs of the male reproductive system. The tissue of this organ has a structure in the form of cells.

  The prostate gland (prostate) is a male gland. It surrounds the neck of the bladder.

  In the abdominal cavity of the human body, both in men and women, there is a complex of internal organs of two most important systems: the digestive and genitourinary systems. Each organ has its own location, anatomical structure and its own characteristics. A basic knowledge of human anatomy leads to a better understanding of how the human body works.

Abdomen from above it is limited by the diaphragm - a flat muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, located between the lower part of the chest and the lower part of the pelvis. AT lower section The abdominal cavity contains many organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

The upper part of the abdominal cavity contains mainly the organs of the digestive system. abdominal cavity can be divided by two horizontal and two vertical lines that form areas of the abdominal cavity. Thus, nine conditional zones are distinguished.

A special division of the abdomen into areas (zones) is valid throughout the medical world. In the top row are right hypochondrium, epigastrium and left hypochondrium. In these areas, we try to feel the liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen. In the middle row are the right lateral, mesogastric, or umbilical, umbilical, and left lateral regions, where manual examination of the small intestine, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, pancreas, and so on, is carried out. In the lower row, the right iliac region, hypogastrium and left iliac region are distinguished, in which the blind and colon, bladder, uterus.

And abdominal cavity, and the chest located above it is filled with various organs. Let us mention their simple classification. There are organs that feel like a bath sponge or a loaf fresh bread, that is, on the cut, they are completely filled with some content, represented by functioning elements (usually epitheliocytes), connective tissue structures, referred to as the stroma of an organ, and vessels of various calibers. it parenchymal organs(Greek enchyma translates as "something poured in"). These include the lungs, liver, almost all major glands (pancreas, salivary, thyroid, and so on).

In contrast to parenchymal go hollow organs, they are hollow for that, that they are not filled with anything. They have a large (stomach, bladder) or small (ureter, artery) cavity inside, surrounded by relatively thin (intestine) or thick (heart, uterus) walls.

Finally, if they join characteristics both groups, that is, there is a cavity (usually small) surrounded by parenchyma, they speak of mixed bodies. These primarily include the kidneys, and a number of authors, with some reservations, include here the spinal cord and brain.

Inside the abdominal cavity are various organs of the digestive system(stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder with ducts, pancreas), spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands, urinary tract(urethra) and bladder organs of the reproductive system(different in men and women: in women, the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes; in men, the genitals are outside), numerous blood and lymphatic vessels and ligaments that hold the organs in place.

The abdominal cavity contains a large serous membrane, consisting mainly of connective tissue that lines inner walls peritoneum, and also covers most of the organs located in it. It is generally accepted that the membrane is continuous and consists of two layers: the parietal and visceral peritoneum. These layers are separated by a thin film moistened with serous fluid. The main function of this lubricant is to reduce friction between the layers, as well as between the organs and walls of the peritoneum, along with ensuring the movement of the layers.

Physicians often use the term acute abdomen” to indicate a severe case that requires immediate intervention, in many cases surgical. The origin of pain can be different, it occurs not only due to diseases of the digestive system, as is often thought. There are many other causes of acute abdominal pain; it is often accompanied by vomiting, hardness of the abdominal wall, and fever. Here we are not talking about a specific disease, but about the initial diagnosis of a very dangerous condition that requires an urgent medical examination to determine its cause and carry out appropriate treatment.

LIVER AND BILE TRACT
;traumatic rupture
;abscess
;acute cholecystitis
biliary colic
SMALL INTESTINE
duodenal ulcer
obstruction, rupture
acute gastroenteritis
Meckel's diverticulum
local enteritis
intestinal tuberculosis
COLON
ulcerative colitis
infectious colitis
volvulus
crayfish
intussusception
diverticulitis
gap
appendicitis
STOMACH
;ulcer
;crayfish
SPLEEN
;heart attack
;abscess
;gap
PERITONEUM
peritonitis
INTERNAL GENITALS OF A WOMAN
;gap
;infection
;convulsions
ruptured ovarian cyst
;ectopic pregnancy
;abscesses
;acute salpingitis

Hernia of the peritoneum appears when there is a weak point in the wall of the abdomen, due to which part of the intestine protrudes out of the abdominal cavity. An abdominal hernia is a protrusion or protrusion of the small or large intestine or parts thereof from the cavity in which they are located through a congenital or acquired opening in the peritoneum. Abdominal hernia can occur as a result of prolonged pressure of the internal organs on the walls of the abdominal cavity or weakening of a certain point of it - for example, as a result of pregnancy, obesity, constant physical exertion, etc. Hernia of the peritoneum comes out when part of the abdominal cavity protrudes and forms a hernial sac, which sometimes contains part of the small or large intestine. the only effective method hernia treatment is surgery.

The human body is characterized by the fact that all its constituent parts are inextricably linked.

The functioning of one organ is impossible without others.

The human body is a unique mechanism, harmonious, brought to perfection by nature.

Everyone needs to have knowledge about their structure, this will help in any field of activity and everyday life.

Human structure

The structure of the human body is quite complex, has many features and characteristics. Human beings are unique primarily in that they are capable of carrying out the highest nervous activity i.e. they have intelligence. There are several systems that ensure the smooth functioning of the human body.

Internal arrangement of organs

The internal structure of the human body is those organs that perform various important functions. They are separated from external environment skin cover. An example of some of them is the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, kidneys and others.

External structure

Externally, a person has a head, neck, upper and lower limbs, torso. The latter has a back, chest and stomach.

Body systems

All organs are collected in separate systems, which helps in the classification and systematization of the human structure. This facilitates the study of structures and their functions in the body. The following systems are distinguished:

1. Musculoskeletal system responsible for the movement and adoption of the body of any possible position in space. The system consists of the bone skeleton, ligaments, tendons, muscles.
2. The cardiovascular system responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. This provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients.
3. digestive tract absorbs vitamins, trace elements, proteins, fats and carbohydrates from food. This is necessary to generate energy, without which it is impossible to perform any action.
4. Organs respiratory system remove carbon dioxide, saturate the blood with oxygen, which is carried throughout the body.
5. Nervous system is central and peripheral, is responsible for the functioning of the whole organism, collects information from outside world by processing it.
6. Endocrine glands responsible for maintaining homeostasis within a person.
7. Sex organs are responsible for reproduction, the urinary organs are responsible for the removal of biological fluids.

Also highlighted separately skin covering, which protects the insides from adverse external factors, is responsible for the aesthetic function.

Central nervous system and brain

Central nervous system of a person is the head and spinal cord. The main thing that these structural formations are responsible for is the formation of reflexes, mental activity, mental functions, motor and sensory sensitivity.

The main organ of our body is the brain. He is in cranium, It has complex structure. Schematically, 3 sections can be distinguished: hemispheres, cerebellum, bridge. The brain processes information that a person receives from environment, thereby generating response impulses. Thanks to him, people are able to think, understand speech, experience emotions, carry out any activity, both mental and labor.

Nerve trunks originate from the brain, which branch into more small branches throughout the body, which ensures the collection of information from the outside world.

chest organs

There are a number of vital formations in the chest cavity. One of the most important is the heart. It is located almost in the middle of the chest, localization is located behind the middle third of the sternum. The size of the heart is equal to the size of a hand clenched into a fist.

Muscle tissue is very powerful, the cells are interconnected by jumpers, forming something like a canvas. This structure provides electrical conductivity and contraction of the heart. The organ provides blood circulation venous blood from the vessels, saturating it with oxygen, turning it into an arterial one. The latter, through heart contractions, ensures the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all human systems and organs.

Also in the chest are the bronchi and lungs. The latter are a paired organ, they occupy most of the space of this cavity. Each lung consists of large lobes: the left of 2, the right of 3.

The share is divided into smaller formations, in the structure of which there are alveoli - special bubbles that carry out gas exchange. Alveoli saturate the blood with oxygen, ensure the elimination of carbon dioxide. These structures are formed by branching of the bronchi.

The latter are large trunks that enter the lungs through the so-called gates, where they begin to divide into smaller formations. The bronchi, in turn, are the airways in humans.

Another organ located in the chest is the trachea. It originates from the larynx, from where it departs lower and passes into the bronchi.

In parallel, the esophagus runs, which has several anatomical bends; it itself is a muscular tube that provides the passage of the food bolus for further digestion in the stomach.

In addition, in addition to the structures listed above, there are large vessels- aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins. Also in the chest are lymph nodes, nerve trunks and another gland - the thymus, or thymus.

The latter is an organ of the immune system, which gradually atrophies with age. In persons older than 16-18 years, there are only remnants of the thymus.

Abdominal organs

The organs of the abdominal cavity provide the digestion of food and the formation of fecal masses from its remnants. They are separated from the chest by the diaphragm. The organs of the chest cavity are as follows:

1. Stomach- a hollow formation that originates from the esophagus. The stomach is responsible for the absorption of amino acids, it contains juice, which, in addition to digestive function, performs the disinfection of incoming processed products.
2. Then there is a transition to small intestine, consisting of 3 sections - the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. These organs are involved in the digestion of the food bolus, the absorption of amino acids and carbohydrates. Bile also begins to form in the small intestine.
3. Next is colon. Its divisions are as follows: caecum with appendix, transverse colon, descending and sigmoid colon. The thick section of the rectum ends. In this organ, the final absorption of nutrients and absorption of water takes place. Fecal masses are formed from food gruel, which are eliminated from the body through anus which ends the rectum.
4. Also in the abdominal cavity are liver,pancreas and spleen. These structures are responsible for metabolism, hematopoiesis, and bile metabolism. The liver is located under the right costal arch, the pancreas - under the left. The spleen adjoins the pancreas from below.
5. In the lateral parts of the abdominal cavity are kidneys, which are pair formations. Above them are secretory glands- Adrenal glands, which are very small. The ureters depart from the kidneys and pass into the bladder. The main function is the formation of urine, which enters the bladder and is excreted.

In addition, there are also large and small blood vessels, lymph nodes, nerve trunks and plexuses in the abdominal cavity, and an omentum is also located here, which ensures the maintenance of all formations in their places. It also protects internal structures from traumatic effects.

Small pelvis

The organs of the pelvic cavity have their own characteristics. Here, males and females have their own distinctive features. Among the common - the presence of the bladder, urethra and rectum. The first is responsible for urination, the second for defecation.

Differences in women

In females, the pelvis contains the uterus, ovaries, which are connected to the first through the fallopian tubes. Also here is the vagina, labia, vulva, clitoris.

Organs form the female reproductive system, which are responsible for reproduction, hormone production, pregnancy.

Differences in men

Men in the pelvis have seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate, testicles, penis. These structures are responsible for the formation of sperm, reproduction, perform the function of the endocrine glands, carrying out the production of male sex hormones.

Useful information

Each person is unique and inimitable. At the same time, various anomalies are often encountered - for example, doubling of an organ, a change in its shape and size. Surprising is the fact that often this remains unnoticed and does not affect the state of health in any way.

It is also important that when removing any of paired organs, its functions can be taken over by another of this pair. And that almost always happens. In this case, the person himself will feel the same way as before.

The potential and endurance of the body are amazing, it is fragile and strong at the same time. Scientists, biologists and doctors have to find out the answers to a large number of mysteries of the human body. Work in this area is ongoing.

As you can see, the structure of the human body is simple and complex at the same time. Researchers still cannot fully unravel all the secrets of the body. A person is able to carry out higher nervous activity thanks to the cerebral cortex, which is not available to other biological species.

For these reasons, it is important for people to have at least general concept about your structure, which will help throughout your life, especially when it comes to checking your own health.