Favorite four-legged friends, unfortunately, also get sick. Therefore, changes in their behavior should be taken seriously. Dogs can be treated on their own, and in some cases, you should contact your veterinarian.

This article is intended for persons over 18 years of age.

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Starting to treat dogs at home

Pets get sick from time to time. Thus, they cause discomfort not only to themselves, but also to the owners. After all, a dog is not a person, she will not explain what happened, how she feels and why she feels bad. Therefore, since you have become the owner of a cute animal, it would not hurt you to know which diseases are the most popular and what symptoms accompany them. Often dogs suffer from coughs, colds, otitis media, poisoning, distemper, and lichen.

Today we will talk about common diseases among dogs, tell you how to properly care for your pet, how and how it can be treated. But be attentive to your dog, if for several days it does not get better, your methods of treatment do not bring the expected results, then immediately go to the veterinary clinic. Some diseases, if the doctor does not intervene in time, can cost your animal life. So it's better not to risk it again.

Dog poisoned: what to do?

Poisoning is perhaps one of the most unpleasant diseases. And what is most interesting, even if your pet eats carefully tested food, it is still not immune from poisoning. Dogs spend a lot of time outside, so it's not always possible to control what goes into their stomach. And a four-legged friend can get poisoned by anything: stale food, mushrooms, rat poison, and so on. It is not uncommon for dogs to be poisoned on purpose. You need to be very attentive to your pet, because if you start poisoning, then the animal can no longer be saved. This is a very serious disease that manifests itself in different forms. Treatment of poisoning at home is possible only in cases where it occurs in a very mild form, and you know exactly what the dog was poisoned with. In general, you need an examination of the animal by a doctor and an appointment specific treatment, perhaps, it too will pass or take place in house conditions.

Symptoms can be as follows: the dog refuses food, there is vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, very strong salivation, convulsions, change in breathing, coma, paralysis, badges may expand from especially strong poisons, the dog may even go blind.

First aid is a must before contacting a veterinarian. It doesn't matter what breed your dog is (it's a tiny dachshund or a fluffy chihuahua).

1. To begin with, interrupt the contact of the animal with the poison (unless, of course, you managed to establish the cause of the poisoning).
2. Then be sure to provoke vomiting. To do this, use a warm solution of salt, you can soda. The proportions should be as follows: a tablespoon per glass of water.
3. If the poison comes into contact with the dog's skin, immediately wash it with warm water and baby soap.
4. If the dog is poisoned by gases, it should be taken to the open air as soon as possible.
5. If you are waiting for the veterinarian, then to improve the well-being of the animal, you can give him some kind of adsorbent.

Never provoke vomiting if you know that the animal was poisoned by acid, oil products.

Cough in a dog, how to treat?

Let's start with the fact that the cough in dogs can be different: kennel, aviary, cardiac. There is reason to panic if the dog does not stop coughing for several days in a row. It is necessary to carefully observe the structure of the cough (strong, hoarse, expectorant). Veterinarians do not recommend rushing to stuff the animal with medicines, although such measures are sometimes also necessary. Observe how long the coughing attack lasts in the animal, what it is accompanied by. For example, if there is a cough and snot, then such symptoms are most characteristic of a cold.

The most common diagnosis in animals kennel cough which is caused by various infections. Dogs very quickly become infected from each other, while the disease can become noticeable only after a week. This type of cough is accompanied by sneezing, snorting, nausea, and vomiting. As a rule, aviary cough goes away on its own. Do not give the animal antibiotics, the body is able to overcome the infection itself. If the cough does not go away for a very long time, and the animal only gets worse, then medical intervention is needed.

Cough treatment at home is possible for dogs not only small breeds, but you must be sure of the correct diagnosis. If the animal has a wet cough, then there is a threat of catching pneumonia.

With an expectorant cough, there may be weakness, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, changes in respiratory rate. Consultation with a specialist is recommended.

A cough in a pregnant dog should be treated immediately, but be careful if you are going to give the animal medication. Can't hurt puppies.

Otitis in a dog: what and how to treat?

Sometimes dogs are diagnosed with inflammation of the ear, which we call otitis media. Otitis media usually affects both ears of a dog at once. Otitis is allergic, purulent, medium, chronic. Otitis media may appear different reasons: tick bite, allergy to shampoo, food, medicines.

The symptoms and treatment of otitis media can vary. For example, a dog constantly shakes its head, it is unpleasant for him when you stroke in the ear area, an unpleasant smell appeared, purulent discharge, redness, periodic deafness, wet discharge from the eyes.

At home, otitis media can be treated only after consulting a veterinarian. You can, of course, focus on medications, antibiotics, drops, or you can try to get rid of the disease with folk remedies.

Treat the pet's ear with miramistin saline, which must be applied to gauze. Press the ear so that the medicine is evenly distributed over the entire area, watch carefully, because the dog may be hurt. Also remove the wax with the help of special products that you will find in pet stores.

Moisten a clean swab with water, remove all discharge and crusts in the ears. If necessary, use a douche for cleaning. Be sure to use ear drops for dogs suffering from otitis media. At the end, gently massage your ear. Repeat these procedures twice a day for several weeks. If there is no improvement, then seek help from a specialist.

Distemper in dogs: symptoms and treatment

Distemper is a serious viral disease that can be accompanied by fever, skin and mucous membrane lesions, and indigestion. As a rule, distemper dogs become infected exclusively from each other. The incubation period for this virus can be very long, sometimes up to two months. There are several varieties of this disease, with them different symptoms can be observed.

Treatment will be effective if started in the early stages of the disease. A sick animal should be isolated from the rest, located in a warm and dry room without drafts. Often, treatment even at home should be complex, using various drugs. In some cases, distemper can be treated with folk remedies. Popular is the treatment with vodka.

Lichen in a dog: treatment at home

Ringworm is a skin infection that is often diagnosed in dogs. Treatment depends on quickly determining the type of lichen (pink, ringworm, pityriasis, weeping, herpes zoster). It is very easy to recognize lichen in the second stage, but at first the disease manifests itself as a small rash, which is clearly visible on the tail, nose, muzzle, near the ears.

It is best that the treatment is prescribed by a doctor. Sometimes you need to do injections, vaccinations. There is a special vaccine for this disease. At home, you can use a special ointment, shampoo, sprays. Before proceeding with treatment, be sure to cut off the hair near the site of the lesion. Regularly remove dried skin, carefully treat the wound, and do not forget about disinfection. You can wipe the wound with soapy water. Try to do everything gently so that the dog experiences minimal discomfort.

Carefully monitor the behavior of your pets, take care of them and let them never get sick!

ILLNESS AND LOVE FOR DOGS

“They say that animals can replace people. This is not true, love for animals does not disappear even with motherly love. Love for animals is a special love, it has its own sorrows, joys, its own needs, and it requires special conditions.

With these words of Emile Zola, I want to begin a chapter of the book in which I will talk about how to keep your pet healthy. A well-groomed appearance and upbringing of a dog are important not only for exhibitions and neighbors. First of all, it is important for you that the dog - a member of your family - be healthy, clean, vaccinated. And all this depends only on you. And for this, it is necessary to follow absolutely all the recommendations of the veterinarian, do vaccinations approved by the veterinary supervision in time, follow the rules for the prevention and hygiene of the dog and yourself, deworm 2-3 times a year, bathe, cut, comb and perform all other hygiene manipulations.

Is it troublesome, you say? But your dog's neat appearance is a mirror of your love!

A disease is easier to prevent than to cure - everyone knows this expression. A lot of effort must be directed to the destruction of pathogens, to the creation of barriers between the dog and any infection. It is known that a strong, trained organism has greater resistance to an infectious beginning than a weak and exhausted organism.

By doing them, you will avoid unpleasant sensations, mental trauma.

And one more thing: you will receive the necessary recommendations about the health of your dog from the veterinarians of the hospital at the place of residence. It's not for nothing that amateurs say: "If doctors treat our body, then veterinarians treat our souls ...". I think that for a real dog lover, comments are unnecessary.

But before talking about the disease, we note to ourselves what a healthy dog ​​looks like.

What should a dog owner pay attention to?

1. A healthy dog, after waking up, will usually shake itself, stretch, and joyfully and freely run up to you.
2. Her coat is quite tight to the skin, thick, without bald spots that suddenly appear on the body. A healthy dog ​​sheds twice a year for four weeks; an ill dog may shed all year round.
3. Your pet's eyes are shiny, without purulent discharge, cheerful, with pink sclera.
4. The nose is wet, cold, although in a dog that has just woken up it may be warm and dry.
5. The mucous membrane of the mouth and the color of the tongue is normally pink (not bright red and not pale), without salivation.
6. Breathing is even, not frequent, natural, without coughing and wheezing.
7. During the night, a healthy grown-up dog should have right job stomach and a certain condition of the anus. If the pet was guilty and urination and fecal excretion occurred, it is necessary to check the color, volume and smell of feces and urine.
8. It is necessary to check the mucous membrane of the prepuce.

If you suspect something is wrong and notice deviations from the usual behavior and appearance of your dog, you should immediately check the pulse, temperature and number of respiratory movements in one minute. In a healthy dog, the body temperature is 38-39.5", the number of heart contractions is 70-120 per minute, the number of respiratory movements per minute is 14-24. Body temperature is measured with an ordinary thermometer. To do this, the tip of the thermometer must be lubricated with petroleum jelly, carefully inserted hole for 1/3 of the length and hold for at least 7-10 minutes.The pulse is examined on the femoral artery passing along the inner surface of the thigh.

It must be remembered that young dogs and bitches in general have a more frequent pulse than older dogs and males. With emotional disturbances and elevated temperature, the pulse is also quickened.

The respiratory rate is determined by the movement of the chest and by the stream of air exhaled from the nose. The respiratory rate in puppies is 40-50 per minute.

Normal arterial pressure in dogs 120-140 mm Hg. Art., minimum 30-40. An adult dog defecates 1-2 times a day with a total weight of 0.2-0.5 kg, the amount of urine per day in large dogs is 0.5-2.0 liters, in medium dogs 0.4-1, in small dogs 0.02- 0.2.

If your dog is sick and you need to give medicine, then it should be given with meat (minced meat), it is possible with oil, liquid medicine is poured in with a syringe or a rubber bottle. When the drug is administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously, the injection sites are treated with alcohol or iodine. For infusion, the inner surface of the thigh is shaved, the drugs are administered slightly warm and slowly. Subcutaneously and intramuscularly, drugs are usually administered in places with the most developed muscles: in the gluteal region, scapular part of the back.

With the introduction of cleansing enemas, the water must be heated to 20-35 ° and at one time you can pour up to 1 liter of water.

Keep in mind that water at a temperature of 20-25° strengthens, and 40-45° weakens the contraction of the intestines.

INTERNAL NON-CONTAGIC DISEASES

DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The heart of a dog consists of several shells. The defeat of each of them can develop as a primary disease or as a complication, most often after infections, stressful situations, violations of hygiene content. These can be inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), malnutrition of the heart membrane, inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (endocarditis), various heart defects, inflammation of the heart shirt (pericarditis), deposition of cholesterol on the walls of blood vessels (arteriosclerosis).

Usually the dog's body temperature rises, blood pressure rises, the animal weakens, refuses to feed. More detailed studies of the condition should be carried out veterinarian, he usually determines the diagnosis and prescribes treatment, which depends on the degree of development of the disease, the size and age of the dog.

For example, with myocarditis, digitalis preparations are contraindicated, with endocarditis, cold on the heart area helps well.

With all diseases of the cardiovascular system, your pet needs to limit training or generally complete rest, an easily digestible diet. Laxatives and diuretics help well. It is also necessary to ensure that the dog is not exposed to colds and infectious diseases.

Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia). If the dog is often beaten or frightened of something, or carries an excessive load, he may experience tachycardia (rapid heartbeat). Tachycardia can also occur as a result of any disease. Signs of this condition may include trembling, frequent, weak and sometimes arrhythmic pulse, frequent defecation.

Treatment and prevention will consist of eliminating the causes and prescribing remedies against the underlying disease. The doctor often prescribes sedatives as well.

Slowdown of the heart (bradycardia). This phenomenon is observed in some diseases (poisoning, gastritis, narrowing of the aortic orifice, poisoning with digitalis preparations). In this condition, the heart rate (pulse) drops to 18-20 beats per minute.

The tactics of treatment is determined by the doctor, since it depends on the underlying disease.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

In dogs, all parts of the respiratory system can be affected, from the nasal mucosa (rhinitis) to the expansion of the lungs due to the increase in the volume of the alveoli (pulmonary emphysema). These diseases can be acute and chronic, primary and secondary, of varying severity.

Rhinitis and laryngitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx) occur most often as a secondary disease. Primary rhinitis (runny nose) can be caused by hypothermia, smoke inhalation, or air pollution. Laryngitis also occurs with a cold, prolonged barking, feed injuries.

The breathing of an animal with rhinitis is difficult, the dog often sneezes, rubs its nose against various objects, mucus is released from the nose, the animal is worried. When breathing, the dog sniffles. Sometimes the temperature rises. With laryngitis, a dry cough occurs, the voice changes.

The treatment consists in taking care of the nose. It is washed with astringent solutions of alum, tannin, the mucosa is lubricated with antiseptic ointments. Very useful inhalation. They also irrigate the larynx. Animals are protected from cold and drafts, compresses are made locally, and a sparing diet is given. If the condition worsens, give antibiotics.

More serious consequences are inflammation of the bronchi (bronchitis), inflammation of the lungs (croupous pneumonia), inflammation of the pleura (pleurisy).

AT inflammation of the bronchi colds, inhalation of dusty, polluted air, bronchial injuries play a fatal role. Sometimes bronchitis develops as a complication after plague, tuberculosis.

Pneumonia occurs when pathogenic microbes of the cocci group get into them and at the same time the body is supercooled or overtired. It can also occur with mechanical damage, exposure to chemicals.

With hypothermia or a cold, malnourished old dogs develop pleurisy.

The condition of dogs with these diseases is depressed, the temperature is elevated, breathing is shallow. The animal refuses to eat. With bronchitis, a rusty liquid flows out of the nose, coughing and shortness of breath torment. The skin of the chest is warmer than the rest of the body.

With croupous pneumonia - dry rales, fever, palpitations. If pneumonia is not cured, it goes into a chronic stage, when heart failure, edema, and anemia are observed.

Pets should be treated strictly according to the instructions of the veterinarian. During this period, it is necessary to protect the animal from drafts and stress. According to the doctor's prescription, they give antibiotics and sulfa drugs, irrigate the larynx, put warm compresses, give plenty of fluids, and physiotherapy procedures can be organized. The diet should be nutritious, but light, rich in vitamins. If the dog refuses food, it is necessary to give her nutritious enemas. The temperature of the nutrient fluid (volume for small breeds 20-40 ml, for medium -40-80, for large - 100-200 ml; composition: 10-20% glucose solution, milk, flour, eggs, a little red wine) should match the dog's body temperature. The anus should be rinsed, the dog should be laid down and gradually pour in the nutrient mixture. Then you need to hold the anus for a while with your finger so that the liquid does not spill back.

To prevent this group of diseases, it is necessary to harden the dog's body, avoid sudden hypothermia, injuries, if the dog is weakened or exhausted, drafts.

With inflammation of the lungs, give plenty of fluids, and with pleurisy, drink is limited. You should be reminded that diseases of the respiratory system can be very difficult and even end in the death of the animal. Therefore, qualified veterinary care, careful implementation of all doctor's prescriptions and caring care are necessary.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE organ

The first signs of a disease of the digestive system are loss of appetite, indigestion. It is also important to monitor whether the dog chews food quickly or slowly, whether she is thirsty. Difficulty swallowing indicates that the dog's oral mucosa, larynx, and pharynx are affected. Vomiting is one of the signs of a disease of the gastrointestinal tract, but other reasons can also cause vomiting.

Causes stomatitis (inflammation of the oral mucosa) there may be injuries, temperature or chemical irritants, infections, hypothermia. The same reasons cause inflammation of the lining of the throat (pharyngitis). These diseases are easily confused with rabies: body temperature is elevated, swallowing is difficult, breathing is rapid. With pharyngitis, the dog swallows food without chewing, in large sips, holds his head tensely, swelling is observed. Sometimes there are coughing fits, suffocation, tongue and mucous membranes are whitish-red. A dog with these signs should be taken to a veterinarian immediately for further diagnosis. If the doctor establishes pharyngitis or stomatitis, the animal is given liquid warm food: milk, jelly, cereals, raw eggs. Sometimes, to eliminate the disease, it is necessary to remove diseased or loose teeth. The mouth is irrigated with a warm disinfectant solution: 3% hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, baking soda, antibiotics are given, tannin and sulfanilamide powders are blown in.

If the dog refuses food, it is introduced artificially, on the warm compresses are applied to the neck.

To avoid the disease of stomatitis or pharyngitis, it is necessary to harden the dog.

Acute and chronic gastritis- inflammation of the gastric mucosa - accompanied by a violation of its functions.

The main signs of the disease: vomiting, sometimes with traces of blood and mucus, diarrhea is often replaced by constipation. Due to gastric diseases, the animal is restless, it is often thirsty. In acute gastritis, the temperature rises, the dog's condition is depressed, a heavy smell comes from the mouth. The skin loses its elasticity and the coat loses its shine.

Before starting to treat gastritis, a veterinarian usually determines the acid state of the gastric mucosa. The dog is not fed for 1-2 days, the stomach is washed with a 1-2% solution of baking soda. For diarrhea, up to 50 g of castor oil are given, and for constipation, 20-25 g of Epsom salts are recommended.

The dog is offered only warm water. The diet should be easily digestible, astringent - mucous decoctions, kissels, broths, minced meat, vegetable soups (but not potatoes!). The diet is expanded very carefully. As prescribed by the doctor, sulfa drugs, antibiotics are given.

Very often, the acute form of gastritis becomes chronic. The dog's appetite decreases, the animals lose fatness, the tongue is covered with a white coating. Diarrhea, belching, vomiting, stomach pain become regular.

Treatment of this form of the disease is also aimed at eliminating the primary causes. It is necessary to feed the animal often, in small portions, to prevent stress, to provide caring care.

Acute gastroenteritis. This serious disease usually proceeds very rapidly. The reason most often is the giving of poor-quality, stale food, with which the infection is introduced. Sometimes, with vitamin and mineral deficiency, the dog's appetite is distorted and it begins to eat various inedible substances, leading to poisoning, burns and damage to the mucous membrane.

Characteristic symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea with mucus and blood, high fever, the dog is depressed (tail and ears are lowered), it is restless, groans and whines when the hand touches the stomach and defecates. Often refuses to feed, loses weight.

In the first two or three days, the animal is kept on a starvation diet, given only plenty of fluids, and the gastrointestinal tract is washed with baking soda. Then give emetics and laxatives (castor oil, Epsom salts). Along with drinking give antibiotics and sulfonamides. Gradually begin to give mucous decoctions of flaxseed, rice, raw eggs, multivitamins. Then the diet is gradually expanded, giving light, pureed, semi-liquid food: kissels, cereals, broths. The dog should be kept in a clean, dry, ventilated area. If the stomach is swollen, painful, give activated charcoal, put a warm compress.

Cirrhosis of the liver. Symptoms of the disease are an increase or decrease in the size of the liver, an increase in the spleen, vomiting, poor appetite, icteric staining of the mucous membranes, and with more severe course diseases - anemia and edema.

KIDNEY DISEASESAND URINARY TRACT

Nephritis. it acute inflammation kidneys. The disease can be caused by infections, chemical poisoning, colds, burns. Manifested in oppression, lack of appetite, thirst, diarrhea. Particularly characteristic are "flying edema" on the ears, eyelids, lips, scrotum. Frequent urination, dark or reddish urine.

Recommend peace, warmth, plentiful drink. The diet should be salt-free, dairy, carbohydrate, rich in vitamins. The amount of feed rich in proteins should be reduced. Special "kidney teas", a decoction of the bear's ear herb, help well. From medicines antibiotics, diuretics help well. Doses are determined by the veterinarian.

Prevention of the disease consists in eliminating the causes, improving the conditions of detention, feeding, hardening, and dieting.

cystitis (inflammation Bladder) . This disease most often occurs as a secondary infection in neighboring organs: kidneys, ureters, uterus, vagina. Sometimes the causes of cystitis can be nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, sometimes irregular dog walking.

With this disease, urination is painful, the urine is cloudy, contains mucus and protein.

If the dog suffers from cystitis, they recommend rest, warmth, plenty of fluids, and a milk-sparing, protein-free diet. Feed your dog often, in small portions. In some forms of cystitis, salol, decoctions of bearberry leaves, helps well. Sulfonamides, antibiotics, diuretics should be given. The dose is usually determined by the veterinarian.

In the chronic course of the disease, douching of the bladder is carried out (observing the rules of asepsis and antiseptics) with a 2-3% solution of boric acid, furacillin with a 0.5% solution of alum, tannin or potassium permanganate.

Bladder spasms occur with fright during urination, with stress. Any pathological changes, as a rule, it is not possible to detect, however, the normal process of urination is disturbed. Sometimes, however, a spasm can occur with inflammation of the bladder, urolithiasis, lesions of the central nervous system.

Symptoms of the disease are anxiety, pain on palpation, frequent but false urges. The bladder is full.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Inflammation of the brain often manifests itself as a complication after plague, poisoning, rabies, sometimes due to injuries of the skull. The functions of the membranes of the brain are disturbed due to edema, death of nerve cells in the brain.

Symptoms of the disease are aggressiveness or, conversely, fearfulness, redness of the mucous membrane of the eyes, increased heart rate, impaired motor function - the dog strives forward, the breathing rhythm is disturbed. Conditioned reflexes disappear. There were times when the dog forgot how to eat. Sometimes, as a consequence of the disease, complications remain - blindness, deafness.

Recommend peace, content in a dark, cool room, away from noise. Feed the animal in small doses. With bouts of excitement give sedatives. For depression and fainting, inhalation of ammonia, subcutaneous camphor oil, vigorous rubbing of the skin and artificial respiration are prescribed. Cold on the heart area helps well, with loss of consciousness - a common shower. If inflammation occurs from infection - antibiotics and sulfonamides. When recovering, in order to avoid relapses, a strict diet and exercise should be maintained.

Inflammation spinal cord . Symptoms of the disease are trembling, gait changes, muscle paralysis, when touched, the dog feels pain, arches its back, and tries to bite the owner. Body temperature is elevated. Develops paralysis of the limbs, involuntary urination and feces. The disease ends in half of the cases with bedsores, muscle atrophy, and death.

The causes are injuries, inflammation, infection (plague). Occasionally seen in older dogs.

Treatment and care: dogs are placed on a soft bedding, turned over several times a day, massaged, warmed compresses, warmed up. Antibiotics are used, glucose and novocaine solution, multivitamins are injected intravenously. The owner needs to carefully monitor the work of the intestines, using laxatives if necessary. With severe pain, an enema is made from chloral hydrate, baralgin is prescribed.

They feed dogs with fresh meat, eggs, cottage cheese, milk with honey.

Epilepsy- an organic disease of the brain caused by the action of certain toxic substances that come from outside or are formed in the body itself due to metabolic disorders or under the influence of mechanical influences. Some experts believe that epilepsy may be the result of defective embryonic development or close inbreeding.

Sometimes an attack appears after a fright, a sharp pain, provoked anger, etc., sometimes as a result of a change in the ratio between the processes of excitation and the processes of inhibition. The reasons may also be helminths, lack of mineral nutrition.

With this disease, an outwardly healthy dog ​​begins to worry for no reason, runs from place to place, shakes its head, squeals. Suddenly falls on its side, convulsions appear, pupils dilate. Often there is defecation and urination. Breathing may be interrupted for a few seconds, then becomes intense and deep. The tongue is often bitten. Foam may appear from the mouth, sometimes pink due to an injury to the tongue. Pulse quickened. The limbs are tense and produce continuous swimming movements. The seizure can last from a few seconds to several minutes. Often the attacks are repeated regularly after a certain time.

Treatment is usually prescribed by a doctor. If he prescribes a bromine preparation, then a salt-free diet should be established. It is useful to add raw yolk, milk and yeast (5-10 g) to the diet. It is recommended to give vitamins of group B, trace elements. During an attack, cold compresses should be applied to the head.

Dogs with epilepsy need to sleep on soft bedding. In addition, owners of dogs with this disease should be very careful to participate in exhibitions, competitions, and also avoid mating their pets. It is also recommended to keep a “diary”, where to write down all the previous factors that caused the attack: diet, drinking, ambient temperature, sunlight, meetings with “unpleasant” dogs, noise, etc. Subsequently, after analyzing the records, you can find external causes that will help avoid an attack.

Eclampsia. The causes of this disease are not fully understood. It is believed that it occurs due to dysfunction of the endocrine glands, anaphylaxis, malnutrition, after mental trauma, inflammation of the kidneys and lungs.

Eclampsia usually develops in bitches before birth, during or after birth, and in puppies. Suddenly there are convulsions, fever, involuntary swallowing and chewing movements, gnashing of teeth. Consciousness at this moment the dog does not lose, but in the eyes it is noticeable intense fear. The attack can last several hours. Then comes depression.

The sick bitch is isolated. Puppies have their nails clipped, as there is speculation that by scratching themselves, they can cause an attack. Drink sedatives, make cold compress on the head, the doctor prescribes magnesia, glucose solution, calcium chloride or calcium gluconate, vitamin D 2, heart remedies. During a seizure, the medication must not be administered by mouth, otherwise the dog may choke. Intravenous agents must be administered slowly. The animal is kept on a milk diet.

Chorea. The causes of this disease are not fully understood. It is believed that chorea is a consequence of disorders of the autonomic and central nervous systems, and also as a complication after the nervous form of the plague.

A sign of the disease is erratic twitching of the muscles of the neck, limbs, and in a dream or under anesthesia, the twitches stop, and with general arousal they intensify. Sometimes minor cramps remain for life, gradually weakening.

Rest, care and good feeding alleviate the condition of the dog. Large animals should be given up to 500 g per day of raw meat. They recommend preparations of iron, bromine, vitamin B 12, conduct a course of novocaine for 5-10 days. Protect from drafts, noise, dampness.

DISEASES OF METABOLISM

These diseases occur mainly in dogs due to malnutrition, lack of vitamins or ultraviolet radiation, metabolic disorders.

These include obesity, lizuha, hypovitaminosis.

Obesity. Symptoms of the disease are excess body weight of the dog and a change in its contours. Shortness of breath and palpitations, constipation, excessive deposition of fat in the subcutaneous tissue, decreased physical activity also indicate obesity. Males have reduced potency. Eczema and bronchitis may occur. The work of the gastrointestinal tract is disrupted.

The reasons are overfeeding, rare walks.

Secondary obesity develops due to hormonal disorders of the pituitary gland, sex and thyroid glands.

Assign dietary feeding, strict restriction of carbohydrates, water, fats, regular walks after dinner, and not before it, you can give 5-10 g of Carlsbad salt 1 time in 5-6 days before meals.

With secondary signs, thyroid hormones are prescribed, as well as cardiac agents.

Lizuha. The symptoms of this disease are perverted appetite, nervous excitement, desire to lick clothes, legs, walls, etc.

Causes - loss of sodium salts by the body, lack of vitamins.

Treatment consists in the inclusion in the diet of a large amount of vitamins, salt, soda. With progressive phenomena, they are treated on the recommendation of a doctor.

With a lack of vitamins or poor absorption, hypovitaminosis occurs.

With a long absence in the body of one or another vitamin, beriberi develops.

Avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis

Avitaminosis	functions, symptoms of deviations in the content of the vitamin in the body	Vitamin sources, treatment
Avitaminosis (lack of retinol)	Growth retardation, susceptibility to pneumonia, disruption of the endocrine systems	Butter, fresh vegetables, fish oil, cottage cheese, liver, dairy products. Of the drugs used trivit, tetravit, aquital.
B 1 - beriberi (deficiency of thiamine)	In the body, the exchange of zinc, manganese, pancreatic and adrenal hormones is disturbed, the nervous system is affected, muscle atrophy, vomiting, convulsions, loss of appetite, constipation, diarrhea are observed.	Yeast, egg yolks, bran, sprouted grains, raw meat, liver, cottage cheese, bran. Of the drugs administered cocarboxylase, multivitamins
B 2 -avitaminosis (lack of riboflavin)	Dermatitis, paralysis of the limbs, blurred vision, trophic ulcers, gait becomes unsteady. In the absence of B 2 within 150 days, coma and death occur in dogs.	Raw meat, yeast, proteins, carbohydrates, dairy feed; symptomatic therapy, riboflavin. Proper Diet
PP-avitaminosis (lack of nicotinic or pantothenic acid B 3)	Pellagra develops, the skin (baldness, dermatitis), digestive organs are affected, the functions of the nervous system, hematopoietic organs are disturbed, the formation of red blood cells is enhanced	Coarse, yeast, raw meat, dairy products. Balanced nutrition, complete feeding of the dog. At the same time they give a complex of vitamins C, B 6, B 1, B 2.
B 6 -avitaminosis (lack of pyridoxine)	There are convulsions, decreased visual acuity, anemia, tooth decay. Tail tip necrosis develops	Liver, bran, yeast, multivitamins, dairy products, bread. Symptomatic therapy, varied diet
B 12 - avitaminosis (lack of cyanoc-balamin)	Decreased fertility, the birth of small, non-viable offspring, decreased appetite, degeneration of the kidneys and liver, damage to the nervous system, impaired coordination, hematopoietic functions. With a lack of B 12 in pregnant females, mummification of the fetuses is observed.	Liver, bran, raw meat, milk. Intramuscularly B 12 10-15 ml per 1 kg of body weight. Of the drugs - compolon, iron-containing, vitogenate.
C-avitaminosis, scurvy (lack of ascorbic acid)	Hemorrhagic diathesis, hematopoietic disorders, anemia, impaired iron metabolism in the body, tense gait, bleeding and ulceration of the gums. Teeth become loose and fall out. Putrid smell from the mouth, salivation. Puppies are stunted. Decreased fertility in mature animals	Vegetables, fruits, liver, raw meat, rosehip broth, blackcurrant. Ascorbic acid, a decoction of fresh young shoots of conifers or spruce needles, green onions, yeast. For local treatment of gums, the same methods are used as for ulcerative stomatitis.
E-avitaminosis (lack of tocopherol)	Infertility, sterility, abortions, the birth of unviable puppies, chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis and degeneration of the liver, the biosynthesis of fats and phospholipids is disturbed.	Germinated grains of wheat and corn. (Fat of fresh fish, vegetable oil, fish oil destroys vitamin E in the body). Intramuscularly trivitamin (heated), vitamin E in oil orally and intramuscularly for 10-15 days
D-avitaminosis (rickets)	Violation of phosphorus-calcium metabolism, lack of light, dampness, chronic disorders of the intestines, endocrine glands; lethargy, strenuous gait, softening of the bones, swelling of the joints, arching of the back, drooping abdomen, growth retardation, disturbances in the change of teeth	Raw meat with cartilage, liver, fish oil, fish, dairy products, multivitamins, vitamins D 2 in oil and alcohol, meat and bone meal, fish, brewer's yeast, ground eggshells, chalk, limestone, wood ash, iodine and iron preparations; walks in the fresh air, ultraviolet irradiation.

SURGICAL DISEASES

This group includes various damage tissues: wounds (open and closed), bites, thermal, chemical and electrical damage to tissues, diseases of the skin, musculoskeletal system, ingress of foreign bodies into tissues and organs, etc.

This is the most common group of diseases. The most common mechanical injuries are wounds, bruises, dislocations, fractures.

wounds, as a rule, they are contaminated, therefore, if they are not treated in time, not disinfected, they can become inflamed, and the course of the disease will become more complicated. For prevention, the skin around the wound is smeared with iodine, bleeding is stopped by applying a tourniquet. Braid, bandage, rope can serve as a tourniquet. The tourniquet is applied above the wound.

To make the blood clot faster, the swab is moistened with a solution of chamomile, oak bark, alum, iodoform. Then apply a bandage with medicine.

Injury- Closed mechanical tissue damage. The degree of damage during bruising depends on the size, shape, force of impact, location and size of the damaged tissue. Sometimes a bruise is accompanied by chills, high fever, bruising, and swelling. Due to hemorrhage, the site of the bruise takes on a dark color. Sometimes the pain is so strong that it causes a state of shock.

Assign rest, cold lotions, ice, painkillers or alcohol. In the period when acute phenomena have passed, apply heat, light massage, with ruptures and hematomas - surgical intervention.

As a result dislocation there is a displacement of the ends of the articular bones. The paw takes an unnatural position, the animal cannot lean on it, the damaged joint is swollen.

You need to start the treatment of dislocation with anesthesia. Then the dislocation is reduced, bringing the joint to its normal position. At the moment of reduction, a clicking sound is heard. After the dislocation is reduced, a fixing bandage is applied. When the bandage is removed after 10-15 days, active and passive exercises are prescribed.

fracture- breach of integrity bone tissue as a result mechanical impact(bruise, blow, fall, etc.). Fractures are open and closed. In fractures, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves are damaged; in open fractures, the skin is also damaged. There comes a sharp pain, a change in the configuration of the damaged area, a violation of functions.

Fractures are treated conservatively and promptly. As a first aid measure, it is necessary to apply a fixing bandage and immediately take the animal to a veterinarian. With an open fracture, the wound is disinfected.

How to apply a fixing bandage? It is necessary, having set the bone in the correct position, to bandage the fracture area with a bandage, apply a layer of cotton wool, and then a splint-rod and securely bandage it. The splint is applied longer so that the entire damaged bone and its neighbors are motionless. For open fractures, a fixing bandage is applied so that the dog's wound has access for treatment.

Hernia is the prolapse of an organ through the walls of the peritoneum. In dogs, hernias are umbilical, inguinal and perineal.

The occurrence of an umbilical hernia is facilitated by an incorrect breakage of the umbilical cord at the birth of a puppy.

At the beginning of the treatment, irritating ointments are rubbed in, massaged, then the skin is degreased and the hair is removed. 2-4 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol is injected into 4 points of the hernial opening, a 2-5 kopeck coin is applied to the hernial ring (depending on the breed of the dog) and strengthened with cross strips of adhesive tape. Removed after 2-3 weeks.

If this treatment is ineffective, then the veterinarian performs an operation.

Foreign bodies in the tissues and organs of dogs. Symptoms of a foreign body (pins, needles, bones, cartilage, wires, etc.) getting into the oral cavity are swallowing disorders, the urge to vomit, the dog rubs its muzzle on the grass, and takes food reluctantly.

It is recommended to fix and examine the oral cavity, moving the tongue in different directions. If a foreign body is found, it is removed and the oral cavity is irrigated with a solution of potassium permanganate. Then antibiotics are administered and a diet is prescribed for 1-2 days.

When a foreign body enters the larynx and esophagus, the dog experiences suffocation, painful cough, fever, urge to vomit, and anxiety. If it is not possible to do fluoroscopy, you can provoke the exit of a foreign body with the help of emetics, you can (carefully!) Push the foreign body from the esophagus into the stomach with a probe.

When carrying out this manipulation, you should first allow the dog to swallow up to 3 teaspoons of vaseline oil.

If these procedures do not help, then surgery is performed.

If a foreign body enters the stomach and intestines of a dog, then vomiting, thirst, bloating, anxiety, followed by depression are observed. The diagnosis is established on the basis of fluoroscopy, an emetic is injected subcutaneously (if the fluoroscopy showed smooth edges of a foreign body); when an object with sharp edges is found, it is urgently removed from the stomach promptly.

In addition to mechanical injuries, dogs are also exposed to thermal injuries, of which the most common are sun and heat stroke, burns and frostbite.

Sunstroke occurs as a result of exposure to sunlight on the central nervous system, followed by paralysis of the vascular-motor and respiratory centers.

Heatstroke occurs due to high external temperature with insufficient heat transfer.

The disease manifests itself in the form of weakness, rapid weak pulse, fever, dullness of consciousness.

The animal should be immediately transferred to a cool place, apply cold to the head and heart area. It is useful to moisten the body with cold water. You can enter a cold enema, as well as give heart remedies.

Burn. Burns can be caused by high temperature liquids and chemicals (acids and alkalis).

There are burns of three degrees. The first degree is characterized by redness and swelling of the burned area, burning pain. Treatment is prescribed in the form of powders of talc, chalk, starch and lotions (lead and 3% solution of drilling fluid). More modern means in the form of aerosols are very effective.

Second degree burns have more severe symptoms, with the appearance of blisters and swelling.

With a third-degree burn, scabs form, skin cracks, and tissue begins to die. With extensive burns, the body temperature rises, the pulse and respiration become more frequent, the state of the sick dog is depressed.

At II and III degrees, intravenous glucose, saline solution, sodium bicarbonate solution (80-100 ml), novocaine blockade are prescribed. Wounds are treated with alcohol, then cleaned with a cotton swab, following the rules of asepsis. Irrigate damaged areas with tanning agents, 1% potassium permanganate solution. In the form of dressings, Vishnevsky ointment, tannin or penicillin ointment is used. Doses of drugs are determined by the doctor.

In chemical burns, a hard or loose (depending on the chemical) eschar forms on the skin. First aid consists in quickly dousing the affected area with a plentiful stream of water. It is recommended to neutralize alkalis with acids (2% acetic, 2% citric, tartaric), and acids with alkalis (10% bicarbonate soda solution).

frostbite. Exposure to low temperature can cause frostbite of the fingers, tail, nipples, scrotum, auricles, and the picture of frostbite can develop even at 0°-1.2°, without tissue cooling. Especially often these injuries are received by short-haired dogs of small breeds, as well as puppies of the first days of life.

Frostbite occurs in three degrees: in the first degree, the skin loses its sensitivity, thickens, turns pale, and flakes. The second degree is characterized by the appearance of blisters. Frostbite of the third degree entails the death of the entire thickness of the skin, its blackening, wet gangrene.

Fast warming is recommended (possible at +50°). If possible, they recommend a bath of warm water with the gradual addition of hot water. Then you need to wipe the frostbitten organ and rub it for a long time with a woolen rag or mitten, apply a heating pad, warm it up with sollux. Then the warmed area is treated with 70% alcohol, 3% tannin solution.

Very often the offspring freezes. This happens because, left unattended, the puppies crawl around the room. During this period, even room temperature is deadly for babies, especially for short-haired small breeds. It is recommended to collect the puppies, massaging them, immerse them up to the neck in water heated to + 30 °, and gradually add hot water temperatures up to +60°, as hotter water can scald the puppy. The reaction of the puppy should be positive, he should actively move. After that, the puppy must be pulled out, wiped dry, put under the mother and see if he sucks milk.

electrical injury. In addition to mechanical and thermal injuries, dogs are often exposed to electric shock. These injuries are usually accompanied by shock, respiratory and circulatory disorders, paralysis of the brain and heart.

First of all, the animal is freed from the action of the current: the power grid is turned off, the wires are unraveled. In this case, a person must observe safety precautions, work with rubber gloves or a tool with a handle made of insulating material.

The animal is given artificial respiration, given heart and painkillers. The place of damage is treated in the same way as with a thermal burn.

snake bites. This type of injury is common in our region. With bites, paralysis of the respiratory center occurs. At the site of the bite, the dog develops swelling, slight redness. The first signs of a poisonous bite are shortness of breath and increased heart rate, then vomiting appears.

The limb is tightly bandaged above the bite site, and the bite area is cut as far as possible and the poison is squeezed out along with the blood. It is recommended to irrigate the wound with a 3% solution of potassium permanganate, if possible, do novocaine blockade.

A solution of caffeine is injected subcutaneously, the wound is rubbed with camphor oil, diluted alcohol or wine is given inside.

PAWS DISEASES

The dog may suddenly become lame. The reasons for it may be different. But before taking the animal to the veterinarian, see if it has splinters, if the claws have grown. It is necessary to remove a splinter, shorten the claws, lubricate the wound with tincture of iodine or synthomycin emulsion.

For prevention, it is necessary to bite the growing claws in a timely manner.

Panaritium (corolla inflammation)- an ulcer in the area of ​​​​the claw, formed during a bruise, injury, injury. Especially carefully it is necessary to monitor the paws of owners living above the third floor. Climbing the stairs, the dogs tear off their claws, the wounds become contaminated and an inflammatory process develops with the release of pus and rejection of the claws.

Bruises, crumb wounds, inflammation of the interdigital space occur as a result of mechanical, chemical and thermal injuries. A dog that has received severe complications and injuries moves carefully, licks its paws.

TAIL ULCERS

When meeting with the owner, experiencing stormy delight, many of the short-haired dogs with long tails smash them against nearby objects. Ulcers, rashes, tumor-like formations form on the tail, and the tail almost never heals on its own.

For treatment, a loose bandage is applied from a linen bandage soaked in molten ordinary carpentry glue, which is changed every 5-7 days with warm water, zinc paste and antiseptic powders are also used.

EYE DISEASES

Inflammation of the eyelids (blepharitis). If your dog has reddened and itchy edges of the eyelids, scales and crusts appear at the base of the eyelashes, eyelashes fall out, then this disease - blepharitis - will lead to thickening of the edges of the eyelids, tearing.

The causes of the disease are dust, foreign bodies, staphylococci, internal diseases, and worms.

Treatment is recommended to start with the removal of scales, treat the edges of the eyelids with ether and alcohol 50:50, rub in a synthomycin emulsion, yellow mercury ointment. Lubricate the eyelids with brilliant greens, cauterize with a lapis stick, xeroform, sulfacyl sodium ointments. Eyelid massage, vitamin therapy, treatment with ditetracycline, ichthyol ointments help well.

Clouding of the lens (cataract). A symptom of the disease is clouding of the lens in a light gray, milky gray or bluish color. The disease is caused by injuries, infectious diseases, diabetes, age.

Glaucoma. Symptoms of the disease are clouding of the cornea, lens, pupil of irregular shape, thickening of the eyeball on palpation, swelling and displacement of the lens.

The causes of the disease may be an increase in intraocular pressure, a special form of optic nerve atrophy; traumatic injuries, eye contusions, etc. There are three forms of glaucoma: congenital, primary and secondary (due to inflammation in the eye).

Assign drops of Karpin in the eyes up to six times a day, phosphakola up to three times a day. Inside give the dog vitamins B 1, B 6, B 12, no-shpu, diacarb. The dose is prescribed by a veterinarian.

Conjunctivitis. This disease is expressed in the expiration of pus from the eyes, the formation of crusts and swelling of the conjunctiva, inversion and eversion of the eyelids may develop, sometimes the cornea becomes cloudy.

Treatment is prescribed in the form of irrigation of the eyes with strong tea, a 3% solution of boric acid, furacillin, rivanol. Eye ointments are introduced: dipersalon with antibiotics, hydrocortisone, penicillin. Penicillin is also used by injection.

Follicular conjunctivitis is characterized by inflammation of the lymphatic follicles and conjunctiva in the third eyelid. The third eyelid turns outward. In this case, it is recommended to use drops of protargol, zinc sulfate, hydrocortisone, dionin 2-3 times a day.

EAR DISEASES

The dog shakes its head, rubs its ear with its paw, gurgling is heard when pressed, an unpleasant odor of purulent exudate is found in the ear.

Treatment begins with the mechanical removal of exudate with a cotton swab moistened with hydrogen peroxide or soda. Swabs are changed until the used swab is clean. After that, the ear hole should be powdered with tricillin.

Penicillin is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. It is necessary to improve and diversify the dog's diet with vitamins, provide it with warmth and peace.

POISONING

These serious diseases begin when toxic substances, feed, various bacterial and fungal flora enter the dog's body. The diagnosis is established in most cases only by pathoanatomical studies.

	Symptoms	Treatment
Rat poisoning	Vomiting, respiratory distress	There is no antidote or treatment. Death occurs within 48 hours.
Arsenic poisoning	Coma, vomiting, weakness, convulsions, paralysis individual muscles salivation, diarrhea, bloody urine	The stomach is washed with a 0.04% solution of potassium permanganate, charcoal, magnesium sulfate are given inside and unithiol (15-20 ml per 1 kg of weight), camphor, caffeine, intravenous glucose are injected subcutaneously. Do not give milk and fats.
Salt poisoning	Paralysis, depression, convulsions, cyanosis, trembling, diarrhea. The dog drinks water greedily, the temperature is normal or slightly elevated	Apply stimulants - caffeine, introduce water through a probe, put an enema. They give vegetable oil, a decoction of flaxseed, starch.
Mercury poisoning	Vomiting, diarrhea, decreased urine output, paresis, paralysis, soreness of the oral cavity, low temperature, general exhaustion	They wash the stomach with water with coal, give laxatives, egg white, marshmallow root, milk; contraindicated salt, caffeine, camphor. Enter atropine, adrenaline, calcium chloride, B1, B6, C, biomycin, tetracycline, intravenously - unithiol 0.05 mg / kg. Strict diet, oral irrigation with 0.25% potassium permanganate solution

SKIN DISEASES

Eczema- This is a disease of the superficial layers of the skin, more common in long-haired and older dogs.

The reasons are chemical (frequent washing with laundry soap or shampoo, rubbing various liniments into the skin, using aerosols), mechanical (pulling out, matting and careless combing of wool, which caused scratches and abrasions of the skin) effects, as well as internal diseases (disorder of the central nervous system, violation metabolism, liver disease, intoxication, endocrine disorders, incomplete diet, constipation and gastritis). However, not all dogs get sick, but only predisposed to eczema. Most often, eczema appears on the tail, back, lower back, auricles, back of the nose.

Distinguish acute, chronic form of eczema, weeping and dry.

In acute eczema, the dog develops blisters, weeping crusts, and scales. All this greatly worries the animal. He loses his appetite and efficiency.

In a chronic disease, when the lower back is mainly affected, crusts form on the skin, hair falls out.

With weeping eczema, spontaneous opening of pustules occurs, an outpouring of fluid and gluing hair with it.

It is necessary to carry out complex treatment: transfusion of 30-100 ml of blood, 2% novocaine solution. If the disease is delayed, the doctor prescribes hormonal drugs. Treatment is strictly individual, according to the scheme. The hair is cut off, the skin is washed with soap and water, dried with a gauze cloth and the following ointments are rubbed (on the recommendation of a veterinarian): pyoctanin, zinc, zinc salicylic, ASD (third fraction), prednisolone or hydrocortisone.

Dermatitis- inflammation of the deep layers of the skin caused by thermal (burns, frostbite), chemical (alkalis, acids, lime, medicines, urine, manure), mechanical (abrasions, abrasions) irritations, as well as due to allergies, intoxication. The development of dermatitis is often promoted by solar radiation, infection.

With dermatitis, the skin surface ulcerates, turns red, purulent exudates appear, hair falls out, itching is mild, but the dog feels pain on palpation. With complications of a purulent infection, ulcers and boils form.

Resorbable agents are recommended (potassium iodide 1: 10, ichthyol, tar 1: 8, 1: 10, peat and silt mud, paraffin dressings, 2% solution of brilliant green, zinc salicylic ointment), ointments that include hormones and antibiotics, Vishnevsky liniment.

The doctor chooses the tactics of treatment in each case.

Hives is an allergic reaction of the skin to various irritants. It involves biologically active substances - histamine-like and histamine.

The disease is expressed in quickly appearing and quickly disappearing blisters, accompanied by severe itching, redness and sometimes swelling.

Often in dogs (especially of a delicate constitution) a nettle rash appears quickly, in 5-30 minutes, with signs of itching. After 1-2 days, the blisters disappear without a trace.

The dog should be treated with an infusion of a 10% solution of calcium chloride (up to 5 ml). Inside give diphenhydramine, pipolfen, seduxen. The dose is prescribed by a veterinarian.

It is necessary to pay attention to the diet and condition of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the invasion of insects: mosquitoes, bees, wasps. The causes of urticaria can be the most unexpected: once a poodle had a severe urticaria, the cause of which was determined only by chance. It was a French deodorant, with which the owner irrigated his body in abundance. When the owner ceased to exude this peculiar smell, the urticaria, expressed by severe inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, also disappeared.

HEREDITARY DISEASES

cryptorchidism- a defect in embryonic development, inherited. We considered the picture of the transmission of cryptorchidism by inheritance as one of the tasks in genetics. In cryptorchidism, one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) testicles fail to descend into the scrotum. Such dogs (cryptorchs) are culled at exhibitions, not allowed for breeding, although one-sided cryptorchids may have offspring.

Chorionic gonadotropin is prescribed according to the following scheme: 2 times a week, a course of 10-15 injections. The course is repeated after 1.5 months. Doses are prescribed by a veterinarian. After 2-3 unsuccessful courses of treatment, surgery is prescribed.

hip dysplasia- underdevelopment of the head of the joint. The femoral head moves upward and toward the outside of the thigh.

Symptoms of the disease are lameness, atrophy of the muscles of the diseased thigh. The final diagnosis is made by the doctor after an x-ray.

The reason is the inheritance of the trait of dysplasia from generation to generation, and dysplasia is transmitted hip joint Maybe in 14 generations. The first signs of dysplasia are found at the age of 4-6 months, they tend to regress,

In newborn puppies with signs of congenital dysplasia, an inability to actively move, a sprawling arrangement of the hind limbs can be observed.

Dental anomalies. There are the following types of anomalies:

Polydentity (polyodontia) is a congenital or acquired anomaly as a result of a delay in the change of teeth.

Oligontia - the number of teeth is less than normal.

Bulldogina (progonia) - observed with a shortened upper jaw.

Undershot (prognathia) - the upper incisors go in front of the lower ones.

To correct the bite, it is recommended to give sugar (soft) bones, massage the incisors by pressing them back. In rare cases, prosthetic plates can be used. It should be noted that malocclusion in most cases is a congenital, hereditary defect, and you should not correct and hide the marriage for breeding work, because by including your dog in breeding business, you will introduce a gene malocclusion into your favorite breed.

OBSTETRICS

Normal delivery. With the onset of childbirth in a dog, the endocrine, nervous, reproductive systems of the pregnant woman and the embryo begin to interact.

An increase in the labia and the release of a viscous transparent liquid from the genital slit, the appearance of colostrum serve as a signal of close childbirth in a dog.

For 6-24 hours, the bitch looks for a secluded place, avoids other animals, prepares a nest.

Her body temperature drops by 1-1.5°C, becomes below 37°C, and 18-24 hours before whelping, the temperature quickly rises to its original level.

In females, the sacrum is very short, and the shape of the pelvic ring itself is not the same in different breeds and corresponds to the shape of the head of this breed (for example, a bulldog has an oval pelvis, and a dog has a square). Therefore, bitches inseminated by a male of a larger breed always have very difficult births. The reason for this is the discrepancy between the size of the mother's pelvis and the size of the fetus.

Before childbirth, the ligaments of the pelvis relax and the fetus comes out. It is believed that the hormone relaxin, produced before childbirth, contributes to the loosening of the ligaments of the pelvis.

In dogs of large breeds that are not square, but with a stretch index of 110, the ratio between the volume of the fetus and the pelvic canal of the mother is more favorable than in dwarf or short-faced breeds. In dogs of all breeds, the size of the fetal head is less than the width of the shoulder, but greater than the width of the pelvic girdle.

Childbirth proceeds normally only with the correct location of the fetus in relation to the birth canal. If the fetus is not positioned correctly, then childbirth is much more complicated and your help or the help of a specialist may be required here.

Around the puppy bitch at the beginning of childbirth, you need to establish a round-the-clock duty. It is usually advised to isolate all animals living in the apartment, even those friendly with the dog, as they interfere with it. In my practice, there was a case when a female dog giving birth was left unattended and six puppies were “accepted” by a male toy terrier, who in turn gnawed off their heads. By chance, only one puppy remained alive, which crawled under the dog's mother's stomach.

Usually childbirth in animals proceeds normally. Premature intervention in the birth process, as well as inept obstetric care, are dangerous for both the woman in labor and the fetus.

Near the puppy female must be water at room temperature. In addition, it is necessary to walk the dog on a leash regularly, after 1-2 hours, as it can break free and run away. Do not scare the dog if she digs the ground during childbirth, of course, if this is not a public flower garden and the puppy bitch is under supervision. At this time, both genetic memory begins to operate, and a complex reflex process that enhances tribal activity. During the provision of obstetric care, a muzzle is put on the dog, the external genitalia are washed with warm water with soap and potassium permanganate, the tail is bandaged and set aside.

If the birth is delayed, you can conduct a study by inserting a previously disinfected finger into the vagina, by touch to determine the degree of opening of the cervix and the integrity of the amniotic sac. Premature and forced extraction of the fetus is unacceptable. In bitches of small breeds, it is recommended to lubricate the dry mucous membrane of the vaginal vestibule with petroleum jelly or boiled vegetable oil. If the fetus is born in an unruptured amniotic membrane, then it must be immediately torn apart, to check if the puppy has not swallowed the fetal waters. To do this, you can shake it upside down several times.

If the bitch herself is not able to gnaw off the umbilical cord, you need to cut it off with sterile scissors at a distance of 2-4 cm, depending on the size of the puppy, and lubricate it with a 5-10% iodine solution. The puppy should be massaged vigorously, wiped with a clean cloth and placed against the bitch's nipple. Usually the bitch starts to immediately lick the puppy, freeing his intestines. This is a very important moment for the mother and for the baby. The sucking of milk by the puppy accelerates the contraction of the uterus.

I advise you to remove the afterbirth, although, according to many, this is almost a remedy. According to my observations, dogs that eat the placenta have disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

If the puppy was born with asphyxia (absent or delayed breathing), then it is recommended to immediately clear the oral and nasal cavities of mucus (with cotton wool and shaking upside down, holding the puppy by the hind legs); bring pieces of cotton wool with ammonia to the nose; lower the puppy in hot water up to the neck and massage; do artificial respiration. To do this, put the puppy so that its head is lower than the body and squeeze the chest alternately with your fingers and release it. If there is no breathing for 4 minutes, there is very little hope of salvation.

In the first 3-5 days after whelping, the bitch is given tea with milk, milk with honey (so that there is no diarrhea), kefir, cottage cheese. If there is enough milk, then the puppies suck one nipple without interruption and do not squeak. The diet includes apilac, carrots, lettuce, spinach and mineral supplements.

After giving birth, the dog is washed with a loop and the bedding is changed.

false pregnancy. If fertilization has not occurred, then after a vacancy, females may develop an imaginary (false) pregnancy, the signs of which are an increase in the mammary glands, the formation of milk, etc.

Milk appears in 50-60 days, lactation continues for 2-4 weeks. Bitches often suck milk themselves, willingly let other people's puppies in. Their milk is no different from the milk excreted after whelping. But there were also cases of poisoning.

In false pregnancy, the bitch's behavior changes greatly, she is aggressive, refuses food, takes a feeding position, "plays with dolls", that is, she collects objects that look like puppies.

Sometimes mucus accumulates in the uterus, which either dissolves or comes out.

The state of false pregnancy usually goes away without treatment, the dog only needs to reduce carbohydrates, proteins, and water in the diet. You can give elenium, tazepam, seduxen, more distracting walks. In order for the milk to disappear faster, it is necessary not to allow the bitch to suck milk herself, for which she wears a muzzle, and a “collar” made of plywood around her neck. In addition, you can irrigate the mammary glands for 3-4 days with camphor oil once a day.

For external diagnostics, large dogs are placed on the floor, small dogs are placed on the table, then the lateral abdominal walls are squeezed and brought together under the lumbar vertebrae with the fingertips. The rectum is felt, e, with feces, and ampoules are found in pregnant bitches. Ampoules are palpated from 24 to 28 days after mating.

Anomalies of childbirth. Causes of false premature attempts are feeding with moldy feed, blows to the abdomen, falling, hypothermia of the animal in a draft, watering the bitch with ice water.

Signs are the restless state of the bitch, she pushes, looks back at her stomach, often gets up and lies down again. In this case, it is recommended to lay the bitch so that the back of the body is higher than the front. A heating pad should be placed on the lower back, give a sedative. In case of premature bleeding, 3% hexonal is injected subcutaneously (at a dose of 1 ml per 1 kg). If preterm labor occurs, then this process must be accelerated by introducing pituitrin. Often the only way to save the animal's life is to remove the uterus.

induced abortion. With unwanted mating in a dog, abortions can be induced with estrogenic drugs that prevent the attachment of fertilized eggs to the uterine lining. Enter 1 - 3 mg subcutaneously estrad iol benzonate on the 2nd, 4th and 6th day, or on the 3rd and 7th day after mating.

If 10-14 days have passed, you can increase the dose of estradiol benzonate to 15-30 mg, but after 14 days the risk of purulent inflammation of the uterus increases greatly, so it is not recommended to use these drugs.

Weak contractions and pushing. The reasons for weak contractions and attempts can be improper exercise, obesity or malnutrition, inadequate feeding, lack of active movements, unfavorable conditions during childbirth: noise, rough handling of animals, bright light. The causes can also be various diseases: dropsy, narrow pelvis, hernia, etc.

With a dog weighing 10-12 kg, 2.5 U (0.5 ml) of oxytocin is injected subcutaneously, which is the most effective remedy in this condition. If after 30-45 minutes the attempts and contractions have not intensified, the injection is repeated at the same dose. If there is no effect, a third injection is made after 30-45 minutes, increasing the dose by 5 units.

If there is another fetus in the uterus, then continue to stimulate the birth of the next puppy, and not earlier than 30-45 minutes after the birth of the previous puppy, without increasing the dose.

If there are many fetuses in the uterus or only one fetus, but very large, then, without wasting time, it is necessary to do a caesarean section.

If, on the contrary, the bitch has strong contractions and attempts, then a heating pad is applied to the pelvis, and the dog is placed so that the pelvis is higher than her chest.

Detention of the placenta. After the birth is over, you need to make sure that the afterbirth comes out. Usually a dog with retained placenta behaves restlessly, arches its back, strains. The state of the dog can be determined by the condition and location of the tail. Usually, with a successful outcome, the whelping bitch carries her tail and back calmly, bends freely, sits down for defecation. With a delay in the afterbirth, especially on the second day, the bitch holds the tail under her or in a ring, during defecation she strains for a long time, when examining the loop, a putrid odor is detected, the temperature rises, and appetite decreases. If all the symptoms of retention of the placenta are present, you can apply subcutaneously oxytocin, progesterone at a dose of 1-3 units, for large dogs - a loading dose of 5-10 units, at the same time you should massage the uterus through the abdominal wall in the direction from the chest to the pelvis, trying to squeeze contents of the uterus. In addition, you can make intramuscular injections of antibiotics.

If the condition worsens rapidly, immediately call a veterinarian, open the abdominal cavity and remove the uterus.

Mastitis. In case of violation of sanitary and hygienic rules in dogs, inflammation of the mammary glands is often observed, as a result of which the secretion of milk decreases or completely stops. As a result, both the offspring and the mother herself may die, since with mastitis the general condition of the bitch is very difficult.

Mastitis begins from initial scratches and injuries of the nipples, at the birth of a dead offspring, and also at early weaning of puppies. Therefore, puppies should be taken away gradually, leaving one or two on complementary foods for up to 35-40 days.

With catarrhal mastitis, milk is watery with an admixture of flakes, with purulent - only a few drops of a yellowish liquid are released, abscesses develop. The disease is accompanied by fever, loss of appetite.

A good effect is exerted by penicillin with streptomycin at 10-15 thousand units per 1 kg of weight twice a day, as well as novocaine blockade (5-20 ml of a 0.5% solution of novocaine). The blockade is repeated after 2-3 days. Heating pads are applied to the nipples, irradiated with solux, paraffin applications are made.

To prevent mastitis, it is necessary to protect the bitch from hypothermia, keep the nipples clean, and treat nipple abrasions.

Anomalies in the behavior of bitches. One of the most unpleasant manifestations of anomalies in bitches is eating offspring. Primiparous females eat the offspring, and this defect, having manifested itself, can persist during subsequent births.

The first impetus may be the bitch eating a stillborn puppy, with large litters - eating a large number of afterbirths, the absence of clean drinking water near the whelping bitch, diseases of the digestive tract and genital organs, as well as mastitis, wounds and cracks in the nipples.

Primiparous bitches should be given nipple massage long before giving birth. Puppies can be sprinkled with creolin or lysol. In the future, the bitch should be isolated from puppies immediately after birth for 10-15 days.

Violation of the sexual cycle. When the bitch has mild signs of estrus and hunting, they are stimulated with the help of hormonal drugs prescribed by a veterinarian.

Sometimes, with a prolonged emptying, the discharge is reddish-brown or the color of meaty water, cloudy. The causes of this pathology lie in the excessive secretion of estrogens, the development of cysts. The loop is moderately enlarged, a slightly enlarged uterus is palpable through the abdominal wall, the mammary glands are swollen, milk may appear. Young bitches show interest in males and are ready to mate, but their general condition worsens, lethargy appears, they are reluctant to consume food, but eagerly drink water. In dogs of middle and older ages, baldness is observed with prolonged puffing. Pustovka may stop after 1-2 months and, despite the fact that the dog seems healthy, then repeat again. Usually, a protracted emptying turns into endometritis - inflammation of the uterus.

These disorders are usually treated with hormonal drugs. The doctor determines the dose and method of treatment.

During treatment, it is desirable to communicate with a male dog. When bleeding occurs, treatment is stopped.

Intrauterine resorption of embryos. Science knows that a pregnant bitch has a mechanism of intrauterine resorption of embryos (embryos), which operates in inverse proportion to life support conditions. What factors trigger this mechanism?

Lack of light or its excess, dirt, strong excitement in the first days of pregnancy, energy hunger (lack of protein, mineral and carbohydrate feed), as well as poor feed quality, lack of exercise and fresh air; drinking cold water or eating snow.

And one more thing: dogs in the far North or the hot south also do not have numerous litters. Usually, in extreme conditions, no more than 4 - 5 puppies are born, which confirms that the temperature factor is crucial for intrauterine resorption of embryos.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Rabies- acute infectious disease. Its causative agent is a virus that affects the brain and spinal cord, salivary glands. The disease is accompanied by impaired consciousness, paralysis, excitability and aggressiveness.

At a temperature of 70 °, the virus dies instantly, sunlight kills it after 14-20 hours. Cold down to -25° has no effect. The virus also dies when exposed to 2% caustic soda and 10% freshly slaked lime.

Infection with rabies occurs through a bite, as the virus is excreted along with saliva. The incubation period lasts from 10-15 days to 6 months and depends on the site of the bite and the amount of virus that has entered the body.

There are two forms of the disease: violent and quiet. Violent is divided in turn into three stages. In the melancholic (2-3 days) stage, apathy appears, the dog hides in a dark place, does not respond to the nickname. But sometimes a dog can be either very affectionate, trying to lick everyone (because of which it is doubly dangerous) or, on the contrary, very aggressive, with characteristic grasping movements with its mouth, as if catching flies. At this time, shortness of breath and dilated pupils occur. Vomiting and salivation appear. Breathing is difficult, the pulse is accelerated and tense.

The second stage - manic, lasts up to three days. The dog tends to run away, gnaws sticks, earth, stones so furiously that it can break not only the teeth, but also the jaw. If the dog runs away, then on its way it bites and infects other animals and humans. At this time, her tail and head are lowered, she is very emaciated, paralysis of the pharynx and limbs, strabismus occur. She cannot make sounds (mad dogs attack without barking). However, according to the observations of V.P. Nazarov, well-trained dogs carry out all the commands of the owner until death.

The third, last stage is depressive (4-5 days). It is characterized by progressive paralysis of the lower jaw (which is why salivation is abundant), tongue, limbs, tail, bladder, rectum. The dog usually dies in a coma.

The silent form of rabies lasts 2-4 days. With this form, there is no second stage of the disease - excitation. The dog only constantly seems to choke on a bone, then paralysis of the pharynx, jaws, limbs occurs, and gastroenteritis is also observed.

In the relapsing form of rabies described by K. I. Bugnev (1974), after an imaginary recovery, the symptoms of rabies develop again. Such alternations are usually observed 2-3 times, with small intervals.

When differentiating rabies and plague, it must be remembered that with plague there is no paralysis of the lower jaw, and with rabies there are no purulent conjunctivitis.

Treatment has not been developed. Sick animals are to be destroyed. To prevent the disease, it is necessary to vaccinate animals annually.

Dogs that have bitten people are isolated in veterinary quarantine for 10 days, and people are vaccinated.

Plague- an acute infectious disease, the causative agent of which is an ultravirus. Susceptible to the disease are mainly dogs up to two years old, but older ones can also get sick.

Lactating puppies rarely get sick, puppies of ill and vaccinated dogs rarely get sick. More resistant to plague are mutts, terriers, less - dogs of decorative breeds, German Shepherd and hunting breeds.

Infection is facilitated by helminthic infestations, fleas, beriberi, cold damp weather, close related breeding, and poor-quality feeding.

The carriers and distributors of the plague ultravirus (within 2-3 months) are those who have had the plague and sick dogs. Plague is transmitted through humans, rodents, as well as birds and insects. Infection occurs through Airways and the digestive tract.

Symptoms are fever, chills, depression, lack of appetite. Other signs of dogs with distemper are very diverse, depending on the form.

The skin form appears rarely, with the appearance of a rash in the form of reddish nodules with greenish contents on the hairless places of the abdomen and thighs. Having burst, the bubbles form weeping spots, and then dry crusts.

In the intestinal form of the plague, vomiting, constipation, alternating with diarrhea with mucus, and sometimes with blood, are observed. The animal is rapidly losing weight.

In the pulmonary form, the dog is tormented by a cough, serous and sometimes purulent discharges are released from the nasal cavity, breathing becomes rapid (up to 80 per minute), wheezing is heard. The temperature rises sharply, chills appear. The phenomena of rhinitis, bronchitis, tracheitis often develop.

In the nervous form, the plague manifests itself in the form of depression, fearfulness, seizures, and severe salivation may occur. Convulsions pass into a tick of the jaws, legs, muscles. Muscle twitching is accompanied by loss of hearing, sense of smell, paralysis and tics can remain for life.

All forms of plague can be acute, hyperacute, and abortive. With the abortive course of the plague, recovery occurs in 1-2 days.

The acute course is characterized by the appearance of chills, cracks in the nose, mucous and purulent discharges from the eyes, body temperature rises to 41 °, appetite is selective, although vomiting occurs after that. The illness lasts up to four weeks. After a visible improvement, a relapse sometimes occurs, which almost always ends in death.

With a hyperacute course of the plague, the dog dies in 2-3 days. The temperature rises sharply, there is no appetite, and with the development of a coma, death occurs.

Early diagnosis is the main condition for the recovery of the dog.

Great demands are placed on the care and maintenance of a plague-stricken animal. The food should be nutritious: saturated broths with yolk, slimy soups, cottage cheese, in some cases kefir, kissels. Cahors, port wine, tea, coffee are also recommended.

The room must be dry, draft-free and clean. It is extremely undesirable to disturb and frighten the dog.

It is also necessary to strictly follow all the prescriptions of the doctor.

Assign penicillin with streptomycin 300,000 IU 3 times a day, for 3-5 days (for small dogs, the dose is reduced by 2 times), it can be combined with normal horse serum (A. N. Makarevsky and S. N. Barakov), other antibiotics are also recommended in combination with anthrax serum. Inside: norsulfazol 0.5 - 1 g 3-4 times a day, tetracycline - 200,000 IU 2 times a day. The method of treatment is determined by the doctor.

It is recommended to give dogs with plague heart remedies, luminal, put enemas from chloral hydrate, vitamins of group B, D. In case of keratitis and corneal ulcer, eyes should be irrigated with albucide, sulfacyl sodium, strong tea, penicillin.

Sometimes in the literature you can find recommendations on the introduction of blood serum from hyperimmunized and distemper dogs. But, unfortunately, throughout the entire cynological practice, I have not met with such transfusions. It is unfortunate that these data are of little interest to veterinarians.

In order to prevent plague, it is necessary, starting With three months, to produce an annual vaccination of dogs.

After recovery, the place, feeders, inventory are disinfected with a 2% formalin solution or a 1% Lysol emulsion.

infectious hepatitis. The disease is caused by one of the adenoviruses, which is capable of infecting representatives of various species with hepatitis. This means that a dog can become infected not only from a sick dog, but also from livestock, arctic fox, fox, etc. Infection occurs directly through the mucous membrane, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and genital organs. Sources of infection are not only sick dogs, but also chronically ill dogs, the so-called virus carriers.

The virus is extremely stable. When frozen, dried, irradiated with ultraviolet rays, it remains active for two years. The virus is also resistant to ether, chloroform and antibiotics, but dies when treated with lysol, phenol, freshly slaked lime, formalin (inactivated in 30 minutes), and when heated to 100 ° loses its virulence in 1 minute.

Hepatitis can occur as a result of a violation of antisepsis during burns, vaccinations, surgical operations, and blood sampling.

In dogs that have been ill viral hepatitis, long-term, almost lifelong immunity is produced. Antibodies are produced on the 15-21st day.

The incubation period lasts from 3 to 9 days. Sick dogs are depressed, lethargic, their appetite is reduced. There is vomiting with an admixture of bile, keratitis and tonsillitis, the temperature rises to 41.7 °, heart beats are accelerated to 110 per minute, breathing is up to 50 per minute, wheezing is heard. Dogs are very thin, very careful in their movements due to soreness in the liver. Yellowness of the sclera appears, the liver enlarges.

The disease lasts from several days (acute hepatitis) to 2-3 weeks.

Chronic hepatitis develops as an outcome of acute hepatitis. Symptoms of chronic hepatitis are mild. Body temperature briefly rises to 39-40 ° and drops to normal.

Cirrhosis of the liver and persistent keratitis of one or both eyes, anemia, severe weight loss may develop. Mortality among dogs reaches 70-80%.

There is no specific treatment for infectious canine hepatitis. Recommend vitamins B 1, B 2, B 12, A, folic acid (0.05-0.06 mg / kg of dog weight), C (0.5 g), glucose (can be combined with insulin), magnesium sulfate, corn silk, atropine, compolon, belladonna, bromates, heart remedies, Liv.52 and other stronger remedies. Assign a carbohydrate diet with fat restriction.

For proper treatment, timely diagnosis of viral hepatitis is required.

A specific prophylaxis against hepatitis is the introduction of a vaccine that is prepared on the kidney cells of sick dogs, inactivating the virus with formalin. This vaccine provides long-term immunity. If hepatitis is suspected, dog enclosures and equipment should be disinfected with a 2% solution of caustic soda, or a 15% solution of freshly slaked lime.

Tetanus. The causative agent of tetanus is an anaerobic bacillus that does not develop in the presence of oxygen. The spores of the stick in natural conditions persist for up to 10 years, withstand boiling for 2-3 hours. Kill spores tincture of 10% iodine in 10 minutes, 5% creolin - in 5 hours, 5% solution of carbolic acid - in 15 minutes.

On intact tissues, the conditions for the development of spores are unfavorable. Infection occurs through abrasions and other wounds contaminated with earth. With the introduction into the tissue, the spores release a toxin that enters the bloodstream and is carried with it to the central nervous system. It is primarily affected by tetanus. In the blood, the microbe is found only before death.

The body temperature of a dog infected with tetanus does not rise, but the animal becomes very irritable, it is disturbed by noise, light, and is tormented by intense thirst. The whole body of the animal writhes in violent convulsions.

The incubation period of the disease is 7-20 days. Tetanus occurs in two forms. The first form is localized, when a small group of muscles undergoes cramps. This form usually ends with recovery. The second form is generalized, when the tone of the entire muscular system dogs. Outwardly, this is expressed in shortness of breath, stretching of the neck, "falling out" of the third eyelid. The tail is raised, the legs are set wide apart. Death comes from exhaustion.

To prevent tetanus, after removing all damaged tissue, treat the wound with a saturated solution of potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide or iodine. It is good to administer tetanus toxoid, tetanus toxoid and antibiotics to the dog. A month later, the vaccination is repeated.

A sick dog is placed in a dark room with a soft bedding. Exclude noise, light. Water is given in unlimited quantities.

Tuberculosis- a chronic disease, the causative agent of which are several types of bacteria. They are quite stable: they remain active in soil for more than 2 years, in frozen meat - up to a year, in milk - up to 10 days. Boiling kills the causative agent of tuberculosis in 3-5 minutes.

Infection occurs mainly through food (with milk, offal obtained from animals with tuberculosis), but dogs can also become infected with tuberculosis from humans (licking tuberculosis sputum, for example). Crowding, unsanitary conditions of detention, dark, damp, cool rooms, and insufficient care contribute to the infection with tuberculosis.

The manifestation of the disease depends on the degree of infection and the severity of the disease. Animals cough, lie a lot. They quickly get tired, poorly fed. When feeding, vomiting is observed, the character changes (they are depressed, they have no appetite).

On palpation in the abdomen, enlarged lymph nodes can be found, so that dropsy of the abdominal cavity is possible.

The main diagnostic method is an allergic test. Tuberculin is injected subcutaneously. With a positive reaction, swelling is formed at the injection site.

Treatment of tuberculosis in dogs is impractical, since the animal can become a source of human infection. The dog is to be destroyed. Bedding and inventory are burned.

External, living on the outer integument of the host, for example, leeches, blood-sucking insects.

There are people who consider the dog to be the culprit of all helminthic diseases. However, worms can be contracted not only from dogs, but also from other pets. For example, a sheep is the host of 88 species of helminths, a cow - 55, but nevertheless people do not consider a sheep or a cow as a source of infection.

In addition, there are protozoal diseases that a dog becomes infected with ... from a person. Therefore, both humans and animals must strictly observe zoohygienic and veterinary and sanitary rules. First of all, by all available means it is recommended to destroy mosquitoes, flies, beetles, mosquitoes, ants and other insects near the place where dogs are kept, strictly conduct a veterinary and sanitary examination of meat carcasses at slaughterhouses and meat processing plants, and check the arrangement of bathrooms.

Protozooses. A number of dog diseases are caused by protozoa and are called protozooses. The causative agents of these diseases are the smallest living organisms. For example, the activator piroplasmosis has from 2.2 to 4.3 microns, toxoplasmosis- 2-4 microns. They enter the dog's body through insect bites: ticks, mosquitoes, and also as a result of contact with infected stray animals or when feeding poor-quality food. Mostly young puppies get sick.

Pathogens enter the dog's blood, destroying red blood cells, or enter the gastrointestinal tract, where they affect the intestinal microflora.

Infected, the dog, as a rule, loses its appetite, becomes depressed, its temperature rises, the digestion process is disturbed, edema and shortness of breath develop. With toxoplasmosis, symptoms of damage to the nervous system, eczema in the head and paws may appear.

An infected dog releases a large number of pathogens into the environment. different stages their development, therefore, at the slightest suspicion of a disease, you should consult a doctor. The doctor makes the final diagnosis based on laboratory data. Only valuable dogs are treated, the rest are destroyed due to the high risk of human infection.

Sick animals are treated strictly according to the doctor's prescription, providing improved feeding and care for the dog. For prevention, it is necessary to ensure that ticks do not stick to hairless parts of the body (ears, groin, interdigital spaces). Ticks are pre-lubricated vegetable oil or petroleum jelly, then easily removed and destroyed. Lubricated ticks come off entirely, and "dry" ones can leave a proboscis in the dog's body. It is necessary to change the bedding in time, destroy flies and cockroaches, treat dogs with insecticides.

Leishmaniasis- one of the protozoan diseases. It can pass from animals to humans and vice versa, humans can infect animals. Distributed in the Transcaucasus of Central Asia.

The causative agent of the disease, the protozoan leishmania from the flagellate class, affects both the internal and external organs of dogs. The shape of Leishmania is pear-shaped, ovoid and rounded (the length of small forms is 3.9X3.1 µm, large 5.5X3.9 µm), with a flagellum extending from the anterior end (0.03 mm long). Infection occurs through direct contact of sick animals with healthy ones or through the transfer of the disease by mosquitoes infested with Leishmania. Leishmaniasis is sometimes transmitted through a syringe.

Even at the end of the last century, doctors noticed that it was in Central Asia that a large number of patients with chronic leishmaniasis were found. The disease lasted up to a year, the disease was called Kokand, or Ashgabat ulcer. In the area of ​​Pende (valley of the Murgab River), the disease was especially acute, lasting for 5-6 months, and was called Pendin ulcer, or Pendinka.

The incubation period ranges from 2 days to 2 months. Sometimes ulcers leave disfiguring scars.

The source of invasion, in addition to dogs, can be wild animals - jackals, foxes, porcupines. In addition to lesions of internal organs, they have lesions and ulcers on the skin.

In dogs, when infected with acute leishmaniasis, depression, fever, and lack of appetite are observed. Animals are severely emaciated, lie down, they develop bedsores.

The duration of the illness is several weeks. Usually the disease ends in coma and death.

Acute leishmaniasis spreads, as a rule, in summer, during the mass summer of mosquitoes.

Chronic leishmaniasis manifests itself in dogs with fever, severe weight loss, conjunctivitis. Often there is rhinitis and blepharitis. The affected skin is flaky and bald. Sometimes the disease is accompanied by paresis and paralysis of the hind limbs, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the preputial sac.

Leishmanial ulcers occur on the scalp, bridge of the nose, fingers, back, frontal and temporal region, and auricles. They appear less frequently in other parts of the body.

In Uzbekistan, the incidence of leishmaniasis is quite high in some areas of the Bukhara, Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya regions. In Tashkent in 1955 MP Mevzos discovered leishmanial skin lesions in 3-7% of "healthy" dogs.

The diagnosis is established by microscopic examination of scrapings from skin ulcers and bald areas of the skin.

If you suspect that your pet has leishmaniasis, you should immediately show your veterinarian who will prescribe a set of drugs and determine the regimen for taking them.

For prevention in the fight against leishmaniasis, various dusts, emulsions, aerosols are used, rodents and mosquitoes are exterminated, sick people and dogs are identified and treated, and stray animals are caught and destroyed.

Helminths are divided into flukes (trematodes), tapeworms (cestodes) and roundworms (nematodes). And the diseases are respectively called trematodoses, cestodoses, nematodoses.

Before getting to animals, the pathogen replaces several intermediate hosts, the first of which are land and aquatic mollusks, then fish, insects or amphibians. A dog can become infected with one of the trematode species by eating a shellfish or infected undercooked freshwater fish (carp, bream, etc.). But in the same way, by eating dried or uncooked infected fish, a person can become infected with this invasion.

Alariasis can infect dogs that have eaten a frog, a tadpole, affected by the larvae of this trematode.

Dogs are most commonly affected by two types of cestodes: tapeworms and tapeworms. All tapeworms develop with the participation of two hosts: dogs or wild carnivores (wolves, foxes, jackals), and tapeworms develop with the participation of three hosts, one of which is a dog, wild carnivores and humans, cyclops crustaceans serve as an intermediate host, various species serve as an additional host. freshwater fish.

Once in the intestinal mucosa, cestodes stick to its wall, their secretions poison the body, disrupt the normal functioning of the digestive, endocrine, hematopoietic, and nervous systems. This is manifested primarily in diarrhea, alternating with constipation, vomiting, perverted appetite. Sometimes, despite the voracity, dogs lose weight, grow and develop poorly. They are depressed, and sometimes overly excited. Sometimes the picture of the disease is similar to that of rabies, but in a dog affected by cestodes, unlike a rabid one, the voice does not change, there are no paralysis of the lower jaw and back of the body.

The exact diagnosis is revealed by means of laboratory research of allocations of an animal.

Echinococcosis. The causative agent of the disease is a small cestode that settles in small intestine. Its semicircular head is equipped with four suckers and a crown of hooks, 3-4 segments, of which the last is mature, it contains rounded eggs in the amount of 400-800 pieces. When the eggs mature, the last segment breaks off and enters the external environment with the dog's feces, where the larvae crawl along the grass or bedding.

In addition, Echinococcus eggs can linger on the hair around the anus and on the tail. Echinococcus larvae settle in the intestines of the intermediate host - humans, cattle, goats, sheep, camels and other domestic and wild animals.

Soon, echinococcus from the gastric tract of the intermediate hosts enters the lymphatic and blood vessels and spreads with the blood flow to different tissues and organs, where echinococcal blisters up to 20 cm in diameter are formed. Up to a thousand embryonic heads develop on the inner surface of the blisters, these heads grow for 3-5 years .

Signs of the disease are severe itching in the anus, perversion of appetite, dull hair, conjunctivitis, fatigue, convulsions, paresis of the hind limbs. In severe cases, sick dogs die from hydatid invasion, and with a weak invasion, there are practically no clinical symptoms.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of faecal studies in the laboratory.

Deworming against echinococcosis is carried out up to 4 times a year.

When interacting with animals, a person should carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene.

The length of nematodes varies in a wide range - from 1 to 8 m. These worms have a digestive tract. They develop both directly and with the participation of an intermediate host.

In our country, nematodes cause several diseases, among which the most common ascaridosis. The cause of ascariasis is light yellow worms 4-18 cm long. Infection with them can occur if sanitary and hygienic rules are violated. The dog, eating contaminated food, brings nematode eggs into the intestines, from which larvae hatch. They are carried by the bloodstream throughout the body, entering the lungs, kidneys, liver, and even through the placenta penetrate into the internal organs of the embryo.

Sick animals look untidy, the coat is dull, disheveled, they are weak. Appetite is bad or perverted, diarrhea or constipation, vomiting, pain. With the advanced form, acute intestinal obstruction is observed.

Treatment consists of deworming animals with piperazine, pyrantel and other anthelmintics. However, the owner must remember that all these drugs, with the wrong method of treatment, can kill the animal, so the conditions for giving drugs are negotiated by the veterinarian and must be strictly observed.

Treat dogs affected by cestodes with the help of deworming, which should be planned, systematic. For deworming give special preparations, which, in combination with laxatives, expel helminths mechanically. Doses and methods are determined by the doctor.

In addition, herbal preparations can be used as anthelmintics: male fern rhizome extract, pumpkin seeds, kamala. Feces of animals after deworming must be disinfected. It must be borne in mind that deworming will only have an effect when the cestode comes out with the head.

At the same time, it is necessary to maintain the cleanliness of the bedding, change them often, and burn the old ones.

Itchy scabies - acarosis and notoedrosis. The disease is caused by two types of scabies mites. The disease is accompanied by severe itching and hair loss, the appearance of scabs and crusts on the skin.

The itch is tortoise-shaped and off-white in color. There is a proboscis in the head of the insect, and suction cups on the legs. Oval-shaped eggs with a transparent shell, 0.15 mm long.

In the burrows of the stratum corneum of the skin, the female tick lays eggs (the life expectancy of the tick is 42-56 days, during which time the female lays up to 50 eggs). After 10 days from the eggs, having passed all the stages - larvae, pupae and telenymphs - adult itchs emerge. Once on the skin of the dog, they gnaw through passages in the thickness of the skin, where the microflora enters, and the nerve endings are also irritated, causing severe itching. Dogs scratch the nodules and vesicles on the affected areas of the skin. A secret is secreted from the vesicles, which dries up in the form of crusts and scabs. Wool sticks together and falls out in places. A particularly large number of crusts and scabs are formed in places of densely growing hair - on the back, neck, tail. Dogs worry, lick or gnaw out the affected areas with their teeth, lose weight, and with severe infection often die.

Direct sunlight, as well as temperatures below -10 °, are detrimental to ticks. In boiling water, ticks die instantly.

Before treatment, the affected areas are cleaned of scabs, crusts, dirt. The matted wool is cut off. The dog is taken on a leash, vicious dogs are put on a muzzle.

There are several recipes for the treatment of scabies mites. Rub these ointments: 1. vaseline (45 parts) + tar (5 parts); 2. vaseline (30) + tar (30) + green soap (30); 3. vaseline (100) + tar (30) + green soap (20) + sedimentary sulfur (10).

The infested areas are treated 2-3 times with an interval of 5 days. Warm baths of 2% chlorophos or 1% aqueous emulsion of homogenized creolin are also recommended. It must be borne in mind that in small or weakened dogs, after a chlorophos bath, rapid breathing, trembling and a weakening of cardiac activity are noted. To improve well-being, 0.5 ml of small and 1 ml of large dogs are injected with a 1% solution of atropine sulfate, give strong tea or coffee.

Specialists know the method of therapy for itching scabies by MP Demyanovich. It consists in the following: prepare in two containers immediately before use a 60% hyposulfite solution and a 10% hydrochloric acid solution. The dog is brought into a warm room, the hyposulfite solution is heated to 30 ° and carefully rubbed into the infection sites, tail and withers of the dog. When the dog is slightly dry and the treated areas are covered with a white coating, they are moistened hydrochloric acid another brush. The dog is allowed to dry and the treatment is repeated. Do this 3-4 times. The interval between the second and third treatments is 7 days.

For prevention and in case of suspected ticks leather collars, leashes and muzzles, as well as feeders are treated with a 3% hot solution of creolin (.1 time in 40 - 60 days). Dogs are kept in dry, warm and bright rooms.

Ticks gnaw out upper layer epidermis. Drying up, tissue fluid forms scabs and crusts, microflora is introduced there, intensifying the inflammatory process. Dogs experience severe itching, combing the ears. In advanced cases, perforation of the tympanic membrane occurs and the inflammation passes to the tissues of the middle and inner ear (the dog begins to hold its head down with the sore ear). Occasionally, the invasion passes into the brain, meningitis develops, manifested by convulsions and seizures, in which the sick dog dies.

When infected, the dog shakes his head, scratches his ears with his paws, rubs against various objects. Serous and purulent exudate is released from the surface of the auricle with bad smell, which, flowing, glues the hair of the lower edge of the ear. Diagnosis can be established by microscopic examination of scrapings for the presence of skin-eating mites. During treatment, the doctor, as a rule, prescribes rodvis aerosol, cyodrin aerosol, phenothiazine (0.3 - 0.5 g per ear), the introduction of colloidal sulfur powder into the cavity of the auricles. In case of unnatural holding of the head, it is recommended to wash the ear with a heated solution of rivanol (1: 1000) or a 2-3% solution of streptocide. It is very effective to treat the ear cavity with an anti-scabies compound heated to 35 °, after which the ear is clamped with a hand and massaged so that squelching is heard. A few days after treatment, scabs and crusts are separated from the skin. In advanced cases, antibiotics are used. It is very convenient to treat the auricle with a syringe, on which a rubber tube is put on instead of a needle.

When processing, you need to know that it is impossible to scrape and cut off the crusts and scabs, as you can tear eardrum. The treatment is repeated after 5 days, since all the above funds do not act on eggs, and during this time new and new generations of mites are hatched.

For the purpose of prevention, the auricles are treated 1-2 times a year with an anti-scabies composition. For humans, this tick is not dangerous.

Infection occurs through direct contact with sick dogs, through care items. Short-haired dogs (Boxer, Great Dane, Doberman) get sick more often. Lactating bitches can infect lactating puppies. Young animals are more often sick from 3 months to 2 years, dogs older than 2 years rarely get sick.

Ticks invade the sebaceous and sweat glands of dogs, where they multiply. The incubation period is 4-6 weeks.

Iron gland manifests itself in dogs in three forms. One of them is asymptomatic, when iron mites are found in healthy-looking skin. In this case, the dog is a tick carrier.

With a scaly form, the skin, eye arches, auricles, legs, and less often the trunk are affected. The hair on the affected areas falls out, scales of the keratinized epidermis of lead-gray or copper-red color appear on the thickened skin. If at this moment the disease is not treated, then its course is complicated. On the affected skin, due to the introduction of microflora, darkening nodules, pustules are formed, from which the ichor is released, gray and brown scabs are formed.

In a severe course of the disease in dogs, tubercles and cracks are formed in infected places, exuding an unpleasant odor. A general infection from a secondary infection may occur, as a result of which the animal may die;

The diagnosis can be made taking into account the study of the content from skin scrapings.

Treatment should be started by first cleaning the affected areas, and then rub the ointment or liniment of the following composition: birch tar (10.0) + sulfur color (20.0) on fish oil(70.0). The next day, formalin is rubbed with soapy alcohol (1:100) or a 5% emulsion of soap K, or a 1% aqueous solution of chlorophos, or in severe cases, as directed by a doctor, a special composition of sodium chloride and trynapsin powder is administered intravenously or subcutaneously . A 1% solution of this drug does not cause tissue necrosis at a dose of 0.05 ml/kg of animal weight. At the same time, 2% liniment of chlorophos or sedimentary sulfur is rubbed into the affected areas.

In addition, fleas can carry pathogens of human plague, tapeworm larvae, they are intermediate hosts of cucumber tapeworm.

The diagnosis is established by finding fast-moving fleas under the hair and dark grains of semi-digested blood - flea excrement.

Fleas do not like dampness, and their offspring, as we have already said, live in dust. For prevention, it is necessary to keep floors, nests, bedding clean, fumigate (if possible) the room with sulfur dioxide, scald booths, rugs, cracks in the floor with boiling water, wash dogs regularly. It is useful to wet the places where dogs are kept with water and kerosene.

On the body of dogs, fleas are destroyed using disinfecting emulsions, aerosols. In the warm season, it is useful to bathe the dog with a 0.25% solution of creolin. Small dogs are treated with a disinfectant, and then placed in a “pouch” bag with a cord around their neck for 10-15 minutes. After the procedure, the dog must be thoroughly rinsed and wiped dry. After 10-12 days in summer and 14-18 days in winter, the treatment should be repeated.

Infection occurs through contact with a sick dog, as well as through inventory. With severe lice in dogs, scratches and scratches can be seen at the bite sites due to severe itching, where a secondary infection can get. The coat of dogs is tousled, there are bald spots.

Recommend treatment with soap K, 3-4% solution of tobacco decoction, as well as disinfectants. You can treat the skin with pyrethrum, repeat the course of treatment 3-4 times in 2-3 days. It is useful to rub a gray mercury ointment under the collar. In the warm season, a 4-5% decoction of tobacco dust is used.

For prevention purposes, it is necessary good diet and compliance with zoohygienic requirements for keeping dogs.

Females lay numerous eggs (up to 0.4 mm long), gluing them to their hair. After a few days, larvae emerge from the eggs, which molt several times and turn into adult insects after 3 weeks.

Most often, lice are located on the root of the tail, head, on the inner surface of the paws, causing severe itching in the animal. With a strong lesion, dogs bite and comb their body, which causes inflammation of the skin, baldness.

For preventive purposes, it is necessary to fulfill all the requirements for zoohygienic rules for keeping dogs.

The following two skin diseases in dogs are caused by fungi.

This is, first of all, ringworm. The fungus at temperatures up to + 90 ° dies in 7-10 minutes, in water it loses its viability after 8 days. In lard, olive oil and vaseline, it lives for 2 days. 1% acetic acid kills spores in 1 hour, the rays of a mercury quartz lamp kill the fungus in 30 minutes. 2-3% heated formalin solution and 8% sodium hydroxide solution kill fungi in 20-30 minutes. The fungus can live and multiply in soil, hay, vegetables, tree bark.

Infection occurs through contact of sick and healthy animals, as well as through blood-sucking insects, rats, mice, inventory items, bedding, feeders.

There are several forms of the disease. One of them is characterized by ring-shaped spots, and the hair grows from the center, and hair loss continues along the periphery. Another form of ringworm occurs with the formation of papules and vesicles, like dermatitis. The third form is characterized by the appearance of bald spots with purulent inflammation of the surrounding tissues. With pressure or premature peeling of the crusts, pus is released, the skin under the crust is hyperemic.

With lichen, it is recommended to use a 10% tincture of iodine, birch tar, heated to 45-50 °, 1% juglone ointment, 0.25% suspension of trichocetin, 10% solution of copper sulphate in ammonia, and for enhancing hair growth - 0.5% salicylic ointment. N. A. Spesivtseva suggests treating the affected areas with iodine monochloride in the following way: for three days, treat and wash the affected areas with soap (preferably green), then remove the crusts and lubricate with a 10% solution of iodine monochloride. Repeat the treatment after 5 days.

You can apply a 25% bleach solution to the infected areas, and then rub the superphosphate powder. In this case, a violent reaction occurs, as a result of which gases are formed that kill the spores of the fungus.

Repeat the treatment after 7-8 days. Rubbing should be done with a glove.

For prophylactic purposes, collars, leashes, bowls should be treated with an emulsion consisting of 4% formaldehyde, 10% kerosene, 0.2% emulsifier SK-9 and 85.8% water.

Scab. The causative agents of this disease are a special kind of fungus. They can also infect humans. Infection occurs through close contact between a person and an animal, as well as from rats, mice, birds and from a natural reserve - soil. Dampness, poor feeding, unsanitary conditions contribute to infection.

Scab appears in dogs on the ears, head, paws (around the base of the claws), less often on hairless areas of the thighs, abdomen, and chest. Affected areas emit a specific "mouse" smell.

The disease begins with small rounded spots, which are covered with crusts of a grayish-yellow color. The spots further deepen in the center, and the edges rise in the form of a saucer. The skin around the affected area is always reddened. Shields can be single or multiple, without itching, but dogs still comb them. Hair in the lesions lose their luster, fall out, but do not break. This bald spot subsequently does not grow with hair, because the fungus affects the epidermis and hair follicle.

When advanced, the scab spreads to the eyes and claws.

The treatment is the same as for ringworm.

And now I want to talk about old dogs, about those who are 10-12-13 years old.

They faithfully served you, bringing the joy of communication, and now they are blind, deaf, it happens that many have no teeth, they now rest a lot, lie down, because of growths on their legs and rheumatism it is difficult for them to move, but still they want to serve you!

Do not drive them, do not make them work hard! They need to be fed more chopped food with an increased amount of vitamins. At this time, many owners take puppies. Well, when communicating with an old (healthy) dog, the puppy grows up to be its most complete successor.

And if, in the event of an incurable disease, you have to part with your dog, then do not take it to the field or mountains, do not leave it on the roads and do not give it to strangers who allegedly need any dog. Believe that no one needs old dogs!

It is better to agree with the veterinarian on the introduction of a large dose of sleeping pills to her. It's hard, but also very humane in relation to her, to your dog! Be with her, because in these difficult minutes for both of you, the dog should be with you, she will feel your support and will die with faith and gratitude for your joint such a short life!

Each dog owner should be able to determine the state and behavior of the animal, how it feels. If your dog is cheerful, his eyes are clear and clean, his coat is shiny and glossy, and his nose is slightly damp and cool; if at the same time she has an enviable appetite, normally formed excrement and normal urination; if breathing is even; if the mucous membranes of the eyelids and mouth are clean, pale pink, then your dog is healthy.

A sick dog usually lies a lot, reluctantly obeys the owner. But it can also be overly excited and even aggressive. A sick dog often loses its appetite or vice versa, the appetite becomes excessive. At the same time, increased thirst may be observed.

The hair of a sick dog becomes dull and falls off, in some parts of the body there may be scratching and even hair loss.

The activity of the gastrointestinal tract is seriously disturbed, expressed in persistent diarrhea or constipation, vomiting, the presence of worms in the feces, and blood. Urination is disturbed and the color of urine changes. There may be purulent discharge from the nose and eyes. The mucous membranes of the eyelids and oral cavity change their natural color and become icteric or cyanotic. Changes in relation to the usual breathing rate - either significantly accelerates or slows down too much. Body temperature and pulse also change. The dog may have a fever.

It is not difficult to make an external examination of the dog. They usually start with wool, then examine the hairless parts of the abdomen and hind limbs.

Then examine the eyes and the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. When examining the eyes, gently pull down the lower eyelid. When examining the oral cavity upper lip raise from the side. It is best, of course, to examine the entire mouth, but not always the dog agrees to such a procedure.

If you want to have a healthy animal at home, follow its natural functions every time you go for a walk - this is a very important indicator of a dog's health.

An attentive and caring owner knows his dog's normal breathing rate and pulse rate (measurements are made at rest). The pulse rate and respiratory rate differ significantly by breed, also depends on the time of year and other factors. The dog's pulse is counted by placing fingers on the femoral artery. Body temperature is measured using a veterinary or medical thermometer. To do this, the end of the thermometer is smeared with petroleum jelly, the dog's tail is lifted with one hand, and the tip of the thermometer is carefully inserted into the rectum with the other. To determine the body temperature, it is enough to hold the thermometer for three minutes. The temperature is usually measured twice a day in the morning and in the evening, at the same time. The normal body temperature of dogs ranges from 37.5-39 degrees.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

PLAGUE- the most common and severe disease of young dogs. The plague virus enters the body of an animal through the respiratory tract and food, much less often through sexual contact.

Sources of infection. They are sick or recovered animals that excrete the virus with saliva, discharge from the eyes and nose, as well as with feces and urine. Carriers of the virus can be cats, mice and rats, and even a person who has had contact with a sick animal. Humans don't get canine distemper.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period (the time from the moment of infection to the appearance of the first signs of the disease) ranges from 2 to 21 days. The first sign of the disease is an increase in body temperature to 40-41 degrees. At different times of the day, the temperature may drop to normal, but then rise again. The nasal mirror becomes dry, can become covered with crusts, crack. The coat becomes ruffled and loses its luster. Serous-purulent inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes occurs. Mucopurulent exudate is constantly secreted from the nostrils. Animals lose their appetite, vomiting appears. Breathing becomes tense, dogs sneeze, cough, snort. The dog becomes inactive, tries to hide.

The disease may occur in various forms with the development of various characteristics. In the initial period, a catarrhal form of the plague is often noted, which is conventionally divided into two stages. Characteristic signs of the first stage, lasting 15-20 days, are inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes (conjunctivitis), nose (rhinitis), gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. When the gastrointestinal tract is affected, thirst is observed in the absence of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus. Animals lose weight, lag behind in growth and development.

Often, small red spots appear on the skin of the abdomen, inner thighs, near the eyes and mouth, which gradually turn into nodules, and then into vesicles with yellowish-green pus. Gradually, the bubbles burst, the pus dries up in the form of dark brown crusts.

The condition of a sick animal may temporarily improve for 10-15 days, while the body temperature returns to normal. But then the temperature again rises sharply and there are signs of damage to the central nervous system (second stage).

When the nervous system is damaged, there is a convulsive contraction of the muscles, impaired coordination, twitching of individual muscle groups. The animal becomes lethargic, inactive. With damage to the brain and spinal cord in a dog, epileptic seizures. Damage to the oculomotor nerves and optic nerves leads to blindness. The defeat of the peripheral nervous system leads to neuritis, polyneuritis, neuralgia.

Dogs that have been ill with distemper often have tics, loss of hearing, vision, and smell for the rest of their lives.

In puppies at the age of 12 months, the disease proceeds without fever. Mortality of puppies reaches 100 percent. Puppies born to immune mothers are immune to the disease for 2-3 months. Animals that have been ill with plague before 3 months of age may then die from reinfection. Adult dogs that have had the disease acquire lifelong immunity.

Recognizing the plague is quite difficult due to the similarity of the symptoms of the disease with colds of the respiratory organs, gastrointestinal disorders, piroplasmosis and others.

The diagnosis of the disease can only be established by a doctor, using a special virus diagnostics.

Treatment. In the first days of the disease, human anti-measles gammaglobulin is administered intramuscularly - 1 ml per day for six days. At the same time, calcium gluconate is administered intramuscularly, 15 ml, depending on the weight of the dog, once a day for 5-7 days, as well as B vitamins (B12 - 500-1500 IU; B1 - 6% solution 2 ml; B6 - 5 % solution 2 ml) in combination with pantothene and nicotinamide. A dog from 4-5 months of age is given 10-15 injections of each of these vitamins, and after the course of treatment with vitamins, cocarboxylase is used, which stimulates metabolism. To prevent the development of paralysis and paresis, prozerin 0.05% solution is used subcutaneously, strychnine 1% solution in therapeutic doses; Cerebrolysin is administered intramuscularly. The course of treatment is 30 injections.

For the treatment of plague, domestic anti-plague serum, hyperimmune gamma globulin, obtained from animals that have recovered from plague, are used. The drugs are administered in an amount determined by the weight of the dog and the severity of the disease. Antibiotics and sulfonamides are used in the treatment of concomitant diseases. After lowering the temperature, treatment with antibiotics and sulfonamides is continued for another 3-4 days. To normalize the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, chloramphenicol, furazolidone, ftalazol are used.

Symptomatic agents are used: with severe fever - antipyretics; in violation of cardiac activity - caffeine, cordiazol, camphor oil; with diarrhea - tanalbin, a decoction of oak bark; for constipation - castor oil.

In the nervous form of the plague, luminal or potassium bromide is used.

In case of muscle paralysis, strychnine is administered subcutaneously to the animal, massage is used, rubbing alcohol.

With conjunctivitis, the eyes are washed with chamomile or ordinary tea, an introductory solution of furacilin or boric acid 2-3 times a day.

With exanthema, weeping places on the skin are sprinkled with zinc oxide powder with talc.

Feeding a sick dog The diet of the animal should be high-calorie, easily digestible and contain all the nutrients and vitamins necessary for the animal's body. Rice broth is recommended, from dairy products, milk and kefir, in which white bread crackers can be soaked. The dog is also given minced meat. The amount of salt is normal. The temperature of food and drink should be the same as body temperature.

Walk a sick dog in places where there are no other animals in order to avoid the spread of infection.

Prevention. Vaccinations are the only effective way to fight the plague. Live but weakened or killed viruses are used as a vaccine. Vaccination with a live vaccine is carried out once a year, killed - 2-3 times at various intervals. The first vaccination is given to the puppy at 8-10 weeks, after 3-4 weeks the vaccination is repeated. Before the organization of exhibitions, all dogs must be vaccinated no earlier than a month. Since in vaccinated animals immunity lasts up to a year, and susceptibility to plague up to 3–4 years, it is necessary to vaccinate dogs annually during this period.

Vaccinations should not be given to dogs with colds, at elevated body temperature, in the second half of pregnancy, as well as lactating bitches. After vaccination, a short-term increase in temperature is possible, swelling may form at the vaccination site. These reactions of the body to vaccinations can last for several days, and then pass.

Among the various breeds of dogs, terriers of all kinds and boxers are the most resistant to plague; the most susceptible are hunting and ornamental breeds, the German and South Russian Shepherd Dogs and the Siberian Laika. Plague viruses are persistent in the environment. Infection can occur both through direct contact with the virus carrier, and through care items, through water.

In the event of the death of an animal, a complete disinfection of the room where it was located is carried out and care items and equipment are destroyed: leashes, muzzles, brushes, etc.

INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS (Rubart's disease)- an acutely contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all breeds and ages. All types of canines are susceptible to the hepatitis virus.

Sources of infection. Carriers of the causative agent of the disease can be mice, rats, humans (the virus does not pose any danger to humans).

Sick animals, virus carriers excrete the pathogen mainly with urine and saliva. The disease is spread by direct contact, through care items and food. A dog that has been ill for 6 months continues to excrete the virus with urine and saliva and therefore poses a real danger to other animals.

Dogs that have been ill with infectious hepatitis acquire lifelong immunity. The most susceptible to the disease are puppies from 1.5 to 6 months, their disease is very severe and almost all of them die. Dogs over three years of age are rarely affected.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period lasts from 1 to 12 days. The disease lasts 2-10 days. In sick animals, lethargy, depression, a desire to retire with partial or complete loss of appetite and refusal to feed, there is a rapid loss of body weight. The vomit contains bile, the urine acquires a dark brown color. The temperature rises to 40-41 degrees. Two or three days after the onset of the disease, keratitis is observed - a whitish clouding in the eyes in the absence of purulent inflammation of the mucous membranes, which lasts for several days and can subsequently disappear on its own. Possible expiration from the nose (rhinitis), lacrimation. There may be swelling of the head, neck, abdomen, cramps, twitching of individual muscle groups.

In acute hepatitis, the mortality of animals, especially young dogs, is very high.

In the chronic course of the disease, clinical signs are smoothed out. There is a deterioration in appetite, decreased performance, intestinal disorders, body temperature may temporarily decrease to normal.

Treatment. Administer intramuscularly seripar 1-1.5 ml for 10 days. To eliminate intoxication, inject a mixture intravenously: glucose 40% - 10–20 ml; urotropin 4% - 3-5 ml; calcium chloride 10% - 3-5 ml (doses vary depending on the dog's body weight and general condition). Atropine, aloperidol, and cerucal are used as antiemetics. Cerucal is administered intramuscularly or intravenously, 1-2 ml, or given orally one tablet three times a day before feeding. Vitamin B12 is administered intramuscularly at a dose of 200-500 mcg for 3-4 days. To stabilize cardiac activity, camphor oil is injected subcutaneously, 1-2 ml 1-2 times a day. With food, folic acid is given at 0.5-5 mg.

Feeding a sick dog. Organize diet meals. Fatty foods and raw vegetables are excluded from the diet. The dog is given milk soups, rice water, cereals from various cereals (with the exception of oatmeal and hercules), in which a small amount of minced meat is mixed, a raw egg is given.

Prevention. Hepatitis vaccine is used to prevent hepatitis. Puppies are vaccinated at the age of 7-8 weeks and again after two weeks. Adult dogs are vaccinated once.

Measures to prevent infection with infectious hepatitis are common to infectious diseases.

PARVOVIRAL ENTERITIS- an acute contagious disease of dogs of all ages. Puppies and young dogs under two years of age are most susceptible to the disease. Adult dogs rarely get sick. Males get sick more often, bitches get sick less often. The disease is widespread, usually begins in the spring, the peak of the disease occurs in the summer.

Sources of infection. The causative agent of the disease is parvovirus. The source of infection are sick or recovered dogs. The virus can be found in vomit, feces and urine, in nasal secretions. Infection occurs when a healthy animal comes into contact with a sick animal, when sniffing feces, eating infected food.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period lasts from 3 to 6 days. The appearance of the virus in the dog's feces coincides with the onset of the clinical manifestations of the disease and reaches a maximum on days 2–3.

Parvovirus enteritis fairly easy to recognize: at first, the dog has frequent vomiting, and the next day, severe diarrhea, often with an admixture of blood. Initially, the vomit consists of undigested food, then contains yellow viscous mucus. Vomiting attacks can occur every 30-40 minutes. The feces are gray or yellow in color at first, then become watery and have a fetid odor. Vomiting and diarrhea lead to dehydration. The dog refuses to eat. There is a rapid depletion of the body. In severe cases of the disease, there is complete indifference of the animal to the environment, the temperature rises to 40 degrees. On the second day after the appearance of the first signs of the disease, vomiting attacks become less frequent, but fetid diarrhea continues. Body temperature drops to 37.5-38 degrees. The dog doesn't get up. Without treatment, in 80% of cases, the dog dies. The underlying disease in some cases is accompanied by a viral form of inflammation of the heart muscle, especially in puppies and young dogs.

Diagnosis is established by clinical signs and laboratory research.

Treatment. First of all, you need to stop vomiting. To stop vomiting, the dog is poured into the mouth 2–5 ml of a 2% solution of novocaine (depending on the weight of the animal); you can use a solution of barium sulfate or give the dog any alkaline mineral water to drink, after removing the gas bubbles.

For treatment, a mixture is administered intravenously: glucose 40% - 10 ml, urotropin 4% - 3-5 ml, dexazan - 1 g, ascorbic acid 5% - 1 ml, cerucal 2 g, vitamin B6 5% - 1 ml, vitamin B12 - 500 IU, noshpa - 1 g (the dose of each drug is given based on an animal weighing 20–30 kg). Antimicrobial drugs are administered intramuscularly.

In order to prevent complications, antibiotics are used: penicillin at a dose of 250 thousand units, bicillin - 300 thousand units, kanamycin - 100-200 thousand units, streptomycin - 250-500 thousand units and others. Antibiotics are used until complete recovery. Sulfanilamide preparations: norsulfazol-sodium 1-2 g twice a day for 3-4 days; sulfadimezin 2-3 g twice a day for 3-4 days; enteroseptol 0.1-0.2 g three times a day until complete recovery.

To relieve intoxication, a 5% glucose solution in an isotonic solution with the addition of ascorbic acid and B vitamins is used. Camphor, cordiamine, and lobelin are used to normalize cardiac and respiratory activity. Polypeptide, hydroziline, aminopeptide are injected subcutaneously.

Atropine, aloperidol, cerucal are prescribed as antiemetics. Cerucal is administered intramuscularly or intravenously at a dose of 1-2 ml or given orally three times a day before feeding. During constant vomiting, medicines are not given orally, only injections are made.

Feeding a sick dog. An important condition successful treatment is caring for the patient and maintaining his hygiene. If a dog has frequent diarrhea in order to compensate for fluid loss, the animal is given a treatment solution: 1 liter of warm boiled water, 3.5 g of table salt, 2.5 g of baking soda or sodium bicarbonate, 1.5 g of potassium chloride, 20 g of sugar, glucose or sucrose. The solution is drunk in small portions at the rate of 40 ml per 1 kg of body weight. A similar solution is prepared from Ringer-Locke tablets.

At the beginning of the disease, with persistent vomiting and diarrhea, a starvation diet is prescribed. Then a sparing diet with a high protein content is prescribed. The dog is given mucous decoctions, minced meat. After the cessation of vomiting, freshly brewed cooled sweet tea is given. When vomiting disappears, kefir, meat broth, fresh minced meat or lean meat cut into small pieces are given. In the future, after recovery, the dogs switch to a normal diet, excluding raw vegetables, boiled beans or peas, and bones from it. Dogs should not be allowed to eat grass.

In an ill dog, the heart muscle is greatly weakened, therefore, during the recovery period, the dog should be protected from physical exertion, as there is a risk of developing heart disease or heart failure.

Prevention. In order to prevent the disease, it is necessary to vaccinate in a timely manner. Puppies are vaccinated twice: the first time at the age of 8-10 weeks, again after two to three weeks. Dogs older than a year are vaccinated once.

During walks, you should not allow the puppy to sniff the feces of animals. His contact with other dogs should also be limited.

RABIES is an acute viral disease of wild and domestic animals and humans. It is characterized by severe lesions of the central nervous system. The disease always ends in death.

sources of infection. The main transmitters of the virus are foxes, wolves, corsacs and other wild animals, as well as stray dogs and cats.

From the body of the animal, the causative agent of the disease is excreted mainly with saliva, and 5-10 days before the onset of signs of the disease, the virus can already be isolated. Infection occurs through bites, as well as when the saliva of a sick animal gets on the damaged skin of a healthy one. The virus enters the nervous system, where it multiplies and accumulates. The virus enters the saliva neural pathways. AT salivary glands nerve nodules, the virus multiplies and passes to the surface of the mucous membrane or ducts of the glands.

Recently, sick foxes have become a particular danger. They can attack a dog on a walk in the forest, sometimes they run into settlements and bite pets indiscriminately. The bites of rabid animals lead to disease in 30 cases out of 100. This is due to the individual resistance of the organism to the virus.

Clinical signs. The incubation period lasts from two weeks to two months, in kittens and puppies 5–7 days. Sometimes the latent period lasts much longer.

Rabies comes in various forms. More often there is a violent form, much less often quiet or paralytic. The violent form lasts 6-11 days. To a large extent, it can be conditionally divided into three stages. At the first stage, the animal becomes lethargic, loses its appetite, avoids people, seeks solitude. Sometimes a sick animal becomes overly affectionate and intrusive. This goes on for two or three days. During this period, aggression may appear, there is an increased reaction to external stimuli, for example, light. Appetite is perverted: the dog begins to eat inedible objects, such as sticks, rags, stones. The dog makes prehensile movements with its mouth all the time. The act of swallowing is difficult due to spasms of the pharyngeal muscles, vomiting and salivation appear. In the second stage of arousal, which lasts two or three days, the dog's anxiety intensifies, it violently gnaws at the objects surrounding it and the ground. The animal can run away, wander aimlessly with manifestations of aggressiveness. After a while, the animal loses its voice. During this period, the dog attacks other dogs and humans for no reason, as a result of paralysis of the muscles, the lower jaw sags, the tongue protrudes, and saliva is constantly secreted abundantly. Strabismus develops, general exhaustion of the body occurs. In the third stage, lasting 4–5 days, paralysis intensifies, paralysis of the respiratory system and heart leads to the death of the dog. During this period, the body temperature of the animal is 1-3 degrees below normal. With a silent or paralytic form of rabies, the stage of excitement and aggressiveness is absent. At first, the sick dog is calm and friendly, after that he becomes restless for a short time and then goes into a depressed state. The first sign of the disease is the drooping of the lower jaw as a result of rapidly progressive paralysis, profuse salivation, difficulty swallowing, as if the dog had choked on a bone. Then paralysis of the hind limbs quickly develops. The duration of the disease is short, after 4-5 days the animal dies.

The diagnosis of the disease is established by laboratory diagnostics. Effective remedies for the treatment of the disease have not been created, therefore, sick animals are not treated, they are subject to destruction.

High-value dogs that have been bitten by a sick or suspicious animal can be vaccinated no later than the seventh day with hyperimmune serum and rabies vaccine according to the instructions.

Prevention. First of all, it is the vaccination of animals with anti-rabies vaccines. The contents of one vial of inactivated anti-rabies culture vaccine from the Schelkovo51 strain is dissolved in 10 ml of sterile distilled water. Administered subcutaneously in the following doses: large dogs - 3 ml, puppies 3 months of age and adult dogs of small decorative breeds - 1 ml. For prophylactic purposes, they are vaccinated twice, with an interval of three weeks. Re-vaccination is carried out once, after two years. Immunity against rabies occurs 14-30 days after vaccination.

In order to prevent the spread of the disease, a whole range of mandatory measures have been developed that dog owners must strictly observe. Every case of a bite of a person, dogs, domestic animals by wild animals must be reported to the veterinary service. Dogs and cats that have bitten people or animals are monitored for 10 days. If during this time signs of the disease do not appear, the bite in relation to rabies can be considered safe. The territory where rabies is established is declared unfavorable, and the export of animals from there is prohibited.

If a person is bitten by an animal suspected of having rabies, seek immediate medical attention.

When working with sick and suspected animals, it is necessary to apply precautions and strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene.

WILDING is a viral disease similar in nature to rabies. Virus carriers are dogs, arctic foxes and foxes. Among dogs, the disease spreads from arctic foxes and foxes. The disease lasts from 2 to 7 days and always ends with the death of the animal. At the beginning of the disease, the dog appears lethargic, she refuses food, hides. After a while, a period of excitement begins, the dog becomes aggressive, she has a perverted appetite. Then paralysis of the lower jaw develops, paralysis of the hind and then forelimbs, and finally general paralysis of the entire body occurs. This disease is incurable.

As a preventive measure in disadvantaged areas, dogs are vaccinated annually with an anti-rabies vaccine. Sick animals are immediately destroyed.

AUJESKY'S DISEASE is an infectious viral disease of domestic animals. For a long time it was confused with rabies and with acute poisonings. Aujeszky's disease is manifested by lesions of the central nervous system, severe itching at the sites of pathogen penetration and scratching. The disease is most often observed in autumn and winter. Young animals are more often affected. The disease lasts from six hours to two days and ends with the death of the animal.

Sources of infection. The main source of the infectious agent are sick animals, mainly rodents (rats, mice, etc.). Infection occurs by eating the organs and secretions of sick animals. Virus carriers excrete the virus with nasal mucus, conjunctival secretions, urine, milk, and vaginal discharge. The virus can spread through bedding, inventory items, feed, water. Animals that have been ill for a long time remain virus carriers. Infection is possible when feeding non-decontaminated meat and offal from pigs, which are often carriers of the Aujeszky's disease virus.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period lasts 1-5, rarely up to 10 days. Animals become restless, shy, lose their appetite. Breathing quickens, becomes difficult. Body temperature rises slightly. Dogs rub and bite their lips, run aimlessly, scratch their skin. The pupils dilate, serous conjunctivitis appears. Animals can show signs of rabies: they gnaw on objects, bite other dogs. However, they do not show aggression towards humans. Foamy saliva may come out of the mouth, but the lower jaw does not droop. At the end of the disease, unsteadiness of gait is noted, convulsions, paralysis appear, the dog stops barking. Death usually occurs within 1-2 days.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of a vivid clinical picture - the presence of itching in animals, confirmed by a bioassay on kittens or rabbits.

Treatment. Globulin is considered the most effective. Therapeutic dose for puppies up to 6 months - 6-15 ml; prophylactic - 2-5 ml; older than six months, respectively, 24-36 ml and 8-12 ml. In the absence of a therapeutic effect, globulin is re-introduced to patients after a day or two. Inject globulin intramuscularly. In order to prevent complications, antibiotics are administered: kanamycin, streptomycin, etc.

Prevention. It is necessary to systematically deal with rodents in the premises where food is stored, animals are kept. Vaccinate farm animals with a vaccine against Aujeszky's disease in accordance with the instructions. Do not allow the feeding of raw meat and offal from forcedly killed or dead animals from Aujeszky's disease.

LEPTOSPIROSIS- infectious natural focal disease. It has a variety of forms, in the usual cases it is manifested by fever and jaundice. One of the forms of leptospirosis, Weil's disease, is especially dangerous, as a person can become infected. Dogs of all breeds are ill, more often males, as well as other types of animals: large and small cattle, foxes, arctic foxes, birds, etc. Mass diseases of leptospirosis are usually observed in the summer.

sources of infection. The main source of infection are rodents, mainly rats, which can be carriers of the pathogen for life, as well as dogs and other animals. They release pathogens into the environment with urine, feces, milk, exudates from the genital organs, through the lungs. Infection occurs through the digestive tract with food and water. Of particular danger are puddles, swamps, wet soil. Infection during bathing is possible if the dog's skin and mucous membranes are damaged. Often dogs become infected by eating the meat of sick animals.

Signs of the disease. The disease manifests itself in two forms: icteric and hemorrhagic. The disease occurs in acute, subacute and chronic forms. The incubation period lasts from 2 to 10 days. The disease affects the liver and kidneys of the animal, accompanied by high fever, vomiting, loss of consciousness. The disease begins with an increase in temperature to 39.5-40 degrees. Animals are depressed, refuse to eat, thirst increases, vomiting occurs, often with blood. There is weakness in the hind limbs. Urine is dark yellow in color. Diarrhea appears, often with an admixture of blood. Reddened areas, ulcerations, bleeding appear on the oral mucosa, the smell from the mouth becomes fetid. Puppies and young dogs develop jaundice. Cardiac activity is disturbed, general weakness appears, the animal quickly loses weight. Death occurs on the 3-5th day. Mortality from leptospirosis is very high and reaches 60%. In older dogs, the hemorrhagic form of the disease is more common. At the same time, the temperature rises sharply (up to 41.5 degrees), weakness appears, the animal refuses to feed. Ulcers and bleeding appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth, a fetid odor. If the disease is acute, the dog may die in the first two days (more than 60% mortality). In case of recovery, the dog may have complications in the form of chronic nephritis, indigestion.

When diagnosing this disease, blood serum is usually examined. Only a doctor can make a diagnosis.

Treatment. A sick animal is injected subcutaneously with hyperimmune serum 10-30 ml (or intravenously 5-15 ml). The serum only works on early stage illness. Streptomycin is administered intramuscularly at a dose of 10–20 thousand units per 1 kg of body weight 2–3 times a day. Intravenously administered 40% glucose solution 10–30 ml and 40% hexamethylenetramine solution 3–5 ml 1–2 times a day. Cardiac agents are used to stabilize the work of the heart. When the activity of the gastrointestinal tract is disturbed, appropriate drugs are used: for constipation - a laxative (preferably castor oil, 10-50 mg each), for diarrhea - astringents. The mucous membrane of the mouth is washed with a solution of furacilin, potassium permanganate 1:1000, hydrogen peroxide. Ulcers are lubricated with iodglycerin. During an illness, the dog is given dietary nutrition.

Prevention. To prevent the disease, the VGNKI vaccine against leptospirosis is used, which is available in two versions. The vaccine of the first variant of dogs is vaccinated from one month of age and older. The vaccine is administered intramuscularly once in the following doses: 2 ml for dogs under the age of six months, 1 ml for indoor and decorative ones; older than six months 3 ml. Immunity occurs in 15-20 days. Re-vaccination for dogs vaccinated at the age of up to six months is carried out after six months; older in a year.

To prevent the disease, it is necessary to systematically destroy possible carriers of leptospira - rodents. Dogs should not eat rats, mice, etc. Water and food should be protected from rodent urine. It is not allowed to feed meat products that have not passed veterinary control.

SALMONELLOSIS (paratyphoid) – infectious disease of animals and humans. The causative agent - salmonella - microorganisms of the family of intestinal bacteria. Mostly puppies and fashionable dogs get sick. Adult animals have some resistance to these bacteria and become ill much less frequently.

sources of infection. They are sick animals and healthy salmonella carriers. Infection occurs, as a rule, through the digestive tract when eating rodents, wild and poultry, as well as meat products from sick farm animals, visiting garbage pits and landfills. Pathogens are excreted into the environment mainly with faeces. Perhaps intrauterine infection of puppies from a sick mother, as well as with mother's milk.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period lasts from 3 to 20 days. The course of the disease can be acute, subacute and chronic. The acute form is observed in puppies, as well as when adult dogs are infected with large doses of the pathogen. The disease begins with an increase in body temperature, accompanied by fever. Patients lose their appetite, refuse food. With the defeat of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea is observed, the release of fetid liquid feces with mucus, sometimes with an admixture of blood. The fur around the anus is constantly stained with feces. The animal is rapidly losing weight, is in a depressed state. In severe cases, the death of the animal occurs in 2-3 days. In the subacute course of the disease, signs of damage to the gastrointestinal tract are less pronounced, but are accompanied by complications from the respiratory system. Breathing becomes difficult, wheezing appears in the lungs, bronchopneumonia develops with purulent discharge from the nose. The illness lasts longer. In the chronic course of the disease, the main symptoms are less pronounced, but bronchopneumonia intensifies. The animal has a reduced appetite, the dog becomes very thin, pallor of the mucous membranes appears.

Treatment. If the disease is detected, the dog is isolated. At an early stage, hyperimmune serum is used, prepared taking into account the serotype of the pathogen. For treatment, chloramphenicol is prescribed at a dose of 0.01-0.02 g per 1 kg of weight 3-4 times a day; tetracycline 20-30 mg per 1 kg of body weight 3-4 times a day; neomycin 5-10 mg per 1 kg of body weight 3 times a day. Taking antibiotics is alternated. A good effect is the use of ftalazol 0.1-0.5 g 3-4 times a day (taking into account the age and weight of the animal). In case of lung damage, norsulfazol, sulfadimezin 0.25-0.5 g 3-4 times a day are prescribed. A polyvalent antitoxic serum against salmonellosis in farm animals is used, which is injected subcutaneously at a dose of 10–15 ml or more. With diarrhea give besalol. drinking water replace with a weak solution of potassium permanganate (pink). In case of violation of the work of the heart, 20% camphor oil is injected subcutaneously in 0.2-5 ml, taking into account the weight of the dog.

Feeding. The dog is given a diet. They give small portions of fresh minced meat, from offal - finely chopped liver. Dry white bread or crackers are recommended. Give acidophilus. You need to refrain from fresh vegetables and fruits.

Prevention. Never feed raw meat and offal of salmonella-carrying animals to dogs. Regularly control rodents. If you suspect Salmonella contamination of feed, be sure to carry out long-term heat treatment. Avoid contact with stray dogs. Carefully monitor the condition of the puppy bitches and puppies, as they can become infected from sick mothers. If the animal is sick, constantly disinfect with 3% sodium hydroxide solution or 2% formaldehyde solution, dispose of feces and feed residues. It is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene.

BOTULISM- a disease of many species of animals and birds. Refers to an acute toxic infection. It is accompanied by a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, manifested by paresis and paralysis of the muscles. Dogs rarely get sick, as they show high resistance to this pathogen. The causative agent of the disease is the so-called sausage stick, which develops in the absence of oxygen, which forms a strong toxin that has a pathogenic effect on the animal or human body. The causative agents of the disease enter the body through the digestive tract.

sources of infection. The disease is more common in summer, when conditions for food spoilage are created due to heat. The causative agent of botulism usually persists and multiplies in insufficiently sterilized canned food, in poorly salted fish, sausage, from which the name of the causative agent of the disease actually appeared, and in other food products. In order for an animal to get sick, it must be fed a large amount of poor-quality products. Usually, in appearance and smell, poor-quality food is no different from ordinary food.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period is usually very short, a few hours. Patients refuse to feed, suffer from increased thirst. They have frequent bowel movements, faeces with mucus, possibly blood, fetid, with undigested food particles. Paresis and paralysis of various muscle groups develop, mainly of the pharynx, lower jaw and tongue. Paralysis of the hind limbs may develop. The animal stops moving. With a hyperacute course of the disease, death occurs after a few hours, in other cases after 1-3 days. Before death, the animal usually drops sharply in temperature.

When establishing a diagnosis, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive studies, primarily laboratory studies of food and stomach contents, as well as a blood test.

Treatment. At an early stage of the disease, animals are treated with intravenous administration of anti-botulinum polyvalent serum. The dog's stomach is washed with a 2% solution of baking soda, deep enemas are given, laxatives and cardiac drugs are given. To prevent complications, antibiotics are given - streptomycin or penicillin.

Prevention. Eliminate the possibility of eating poor-quality feed, as well as feed contaminated with soil. Do not allow animals to visit landfills and garbage pits. Keep dishes clean.

COLIBACTERIOSIS- an acute infectious disease of newborn pets, including puppies. The causative agent of the disease is a variety coli.

sources of infection. The source of the causative agent of infection are sick and recovered animals, as well as mothers-carriers of pathogenic varieties of Escherichia coli. The pathogen is excreted into the environment with feces and urine. It enters the body of the animal through the gastrointestinal tract. Infection of puppies occurs during childbirth, when consuming colostrum, milk, water infected with the pathogen, as well as when puppies come into contact with each other.

Signs of the disease. Colibacillosis mainly affects puppies up to two weeks of age. The incubation period lasts from several hours to 5 days. The disease is acute. In the enteric form, the animal refuses to feed (they stop sucking the mother), they become restless. Body temperature rises to 40-41 degrees. Diarrhea develops with the release of liquid greenish or yellowish-white stools, often with an admixture of blood and gas bubbles released. In the septic form, convulsions, paresis, paralysis occur. In the first week of life with colibacillosis, mortality is very high.

Treatment. In the initial stage of the disease, hyperimmune serum against colibacillosis of agricultural animals is used: it is injected subcutaneously at a dose of 2–5 ml. A good result is given by the oral use of antibiotics: chlortetracycline hydrochloride at a dose of 0.01-0.02 g, oxytetracycline at a dose of 0.025 g or mycerin 0.01 g per 1 kg of body weight.

Prevention. Strict adherence to the rules of feeding and keeping pregnant animals (the diet must be complete, contain the necessary minerals and vitamins). The sick animal should be isolated. Carry out thorough cleaning and disinfection of the premises, bedding, as pathogens isolated with feces can persist in the environment for a long time.

TUBERCULOSIS is a chronic infectious disease of many species of animals and humans. The causative agent is tubercle bacillus. It is characterized by the formation of specific tubercle nodules in organs and tissues. There are three main types of tuberculosis pathogen: bovine, human and avian. All of them cause disease in dogs. In dogs, a tubercle bacillus of a human type is more often found, less often a bovine one. Tuberculosis affects dogs of all breeds and ages, but most often small indoor dogs, as well as setters and German shepherds.

sources of infection. The usual way of contracting tuberculosis is through the digestive tract as a result of eating infected raw offal from tuberculosis-infected cattle and pigs (kidneys, spleen, lungs, etc.), milk and dairy products from sick animals, and sputum licking. Infection through the respiratory tract as a result of a dust infection is possible. As an exception, the contact route is possible - through the skin.

In cities, sick dogs are usually found in sick owners. Animals suffering from tuberculosis are a source of infection for humans (they are especially dangerous for children), as well as for animals.

Signs of the disease. After infection, the dog may not show signs of the disease for a long time. The incubation period lasts from two to five weeks. The clinical picture depends on the degree of organ damage and the severity of the disease. If one organ is affected, the disease may not manifest itself clinically. With extensive lesions in the tissues of a sick dog, her temperature rises slightly. The animal loses its appetite, rapid fatigue sets in. The dog has a tousled coat, it is gradually losing weight. When the respiratory system is affected, coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing in the lungs, and swollen lymph nodes occur. With the development of tuberculous pleurisy, the animal suffers from pain in the chest, so the dog sits all the time. With damage to the abdominal organs, the volume of the abdomen increases significantly, dropsy may develop. Sometimes non-healing ulcers appear on the face and in other places, the bones of the limbs are affected. Tuberculosis in animals can last for years. The disease worsens in cold and wet weather.

The diagnosis is established by comprehensive clinical examinations. An allergic method of diagnosis by tuberculinization is used. Tuberculin is injected intradermally into the region of the inner surface of the thigh or elbow crease. The reaction is checked after 48 hours. In sick animals at the site of intradermal injection, there is a sharp positive reaction: painful reddish swelling, body temperature rises.

Treatment. Treatment of animals with tuberculosis is recognized as inappropriate. Dogs with tuberculosis are euthanized in veterinary clinics.

Prevention. Animals need to be provided with good living conditions, rational full feeding, walks. Constantly clean and disinfect the habitat and inventory. By-products obtained from animals with tuberculosis can be fed only after a long boil.

TETANUS Animals and humans are susceptible to tetanus. The causative agent of the disease is a spore-forming bacillus that is constantly in the soil. Tetanus is a wound bacterial infection.

sources of infection. The causative agent multiplies in the intestines of herbivores, enters the soil with feces and can persist there for years. In case of violation of the integrity of the skin for various reasons or mucous membranes, the spores of the tetanus microbe enter the wounds along with the earth. Tetanus is quite rare in dogs, although it is very common. dangerous disease leading to the death of the animal.

Signs of the disease. Once in the wounds, microbes multiply in dead tissues and release a strong toxin. The toxin has a specific effect on the nervous system, causes irritation of the nerve endings of the skin and muscles, which causes a prolonged convulsive contraction of the muscles of the body and internal organs. The gait of a sick animal tenses. Difficulty in moving the jaws and neck. The forelimbs are straightened and stretched forward, the hind limbs are also straightened and stretched back, the tail is extended, the muscles of the abdominal and chest wall tense, the spine bends down. There is an increase in temperature, convulsive muscle contraction. With severe lesions, animals die in 1-3 weeks. In mild cases, the disease is manifested by spasms of individual muscles and ends with recovery.

Treatment. Wounds are treated with a 5% alcohol solution of iodine, a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, a solution of potassium permanganate (brown). Conduct surgical treatment of wounds. It is necessary to enter tetanus toxoid as soon as possible. With early detection of the disease, serum is administered intramuscularly, in severe cases intravenously for 7–9 days. If seizures occur, sedatives are administered.

Prevention. Prevention of the disease consists in the timely treatment of wounds, compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis. If infection is suspected, animals are injected with tetanus toxoid and 0.5 ml of concentrated toxoid. A month later, re-vaccination is carried out.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period lasts from 5 to 10 days. In the acute course of the disease, the temperature suddenly rises to 40–41 degrees and lasts for two to three days. The mucous membranes become icteric or pale. After two or three days, the urine becomes red or red-brown in color. The animal loses its appetite, breathes heavily, looks depressed. Then the temperature drops to 33-35 degrees. Animals move with difficulty, there is paralysis of the hind limbs. On the 3-7th day the animal dies. Sometimes the disease becomes chronic. In this case, the signs of the disease are mild. For 2-3 days, the dogs show lethargy and fatigue. The temperature periodically rises to 40–41 degrees. Jaundice of the mucous membranes may appear. The animal loses its appetite and quickly loses weight. The illness can last from three to six weeks. Recovery comes slowly.

Treatment. The diagnosis is established by detecting the pathogen in a peripheral blood smear. Sick animals are injected intramuscularly with azidine or berenyl at a dose of 3.5 mg per kg of body weight in the form of a 7% aqueous solution. At the same time, a 10% solution of calcium chloride and glucose are prescribed intravenously, a solution of caffeine is subcutaneously. Within two weeks limit the movement of the dog.

For the duration of the illness, the dog is transferred to a dark, warm room on a soft bedding. Since the animal is not able to take large amounts of food, increase the caloric content of the feed and the frequency of feeding. They give sweet tea with white bread, sweetened with rosehip infusion.

Prevention. Before going hunting or walking in ticked places, the dog's hair is treated with tick repellents. After a walk or hunt, carefully examine the skin of the animal. Detected ticks are carefully removed so as not to cut off the proboscis. For this tick, they are lubricated with kerosene or vegetable oil. After a few minutes, the insect is easy to remove and best to burn. Cauterize the wound alcohol tincture iodine. If the area is dangerous for piroplasmosis, every 10 days the dog is given therapeutic doses of azidine or berenyl for prophylactic purposes.

Isosporosis is a protozoan disease of dogs and cats caused by isospores. Animals of all ages get sick, young animals are most susceptible to the disease. The disease has no seasonality, since isospores can persist in the external environment for a long time.

Sources of infection. Animals become infected by ingesting mature oocysts with food and water.

Immature oocysts of isospores enter the external environment with the faeces of infested dogs and cats. Under favorable conditions, they ripen. Once in the intestines of the animal, oocysts are eventually formed, which then go into the external environment.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period is 5-7 days. Then comes the disorder of the digestive system, diarrhea begins with liquid and fetid feces, often with an admixture of blood. The animal loses its appetite, it quickly loses weight, lies a lot, the mucous membranes become pale, the coat is tousled. Sometimes there are convulsions. In cases of acute disease, the animal may die. With a weak form, clinical signs of the disease may be completely absent.

The diagnosis is established by clinical signs and by analysis of faeces for the detection of oocysts in the laboratory.

Treatment. Animals are prescribed chemcoccid at a dose of 24 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The drug is given with food once a day for 3-5 days. At the same time, sulfanilamide preparations are prescribed: sulfadimethoxine or sulfapyridazine at a dose of 100 mg per 1 kg of animal weight. You can give suladimezin 0.5-1 g 3-4 times a day. Three days later, chloramphenicol is given in normal doses.

Prevention. For preventive purposes, it is necessary to follow the rules for keeping and feeding animals. Rugs and other pet care items are periodically decontaminated, dust is regularly knocked out of rugs and bedding, if possible, mats and bedding are boiled and then dried in the sun.

TOXOPLASMOSIS. All types of animals and humans are susceptible to the disease. The disease affects various organs and systems and leads to stillbirths, various fetal deformities, etc.

Toxoplasmosis is a widespread invasion of animals and humans.

Sources of infection. The definitive hosts are domestic and wild carnivores; intermediate hosts are animals and humans. Dogs are always intermediate hosts. Dogs become infected by eating infested rodents, as well as contaminated food, most often raw meat and milk. Possible infection through the mucous membrane and damage to the skin. Pregnant animals infected with toxoplasmosis pass the disease through the placenta. Thus, toxoplasmosis can be congenital or acquired.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period ranges from several days to one and a half months. Acquired disease is acute or chronic. In the acute course of the disease, the temperature rises in the animal, the pulse quickens, shortness of breath appears, purulent discharges appear from the nose and eyes. The animal refuses food and water, becomes lethargic, lies a lot. Accompanied by a disorder of the digestive system; diarrhea and vomiting appear. On the scalp and paws, the formation of dermatitis and eczema is possible. Possible violation of coordination of movement, convulsions, paralysis and paresis. In the acute course of the disease, death of the animal is possible. The acute course of the disease is more common in young dogs.

In older dogs, the disease can become chronic and last for several months. Clinical signs are similar to those described above, but are much less pronounced.

In pregnant females, the disease is accompanied by abortions, stillbirths, and fetal deformities.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of clinical signs and laboratory tests.

Treatment. In the acute course of the disease, chemcoccid is prescribed at a dose of 0.024 g per 1 kg of weight mixed with food for three days. Then the dose of the drug is halved to 0.012 g per 1 kg of body weight and given for 25 days.

Low value dogs are euthanized.

Prevention. Do not feed animals raw meat and offal that have not passed veterinary control. Periodically examine pets for oocysts in the faeces. Animals suspected of having the disease should be isolated. Owners to observe the rules of personal hygiene.

Sarcocystosis is a protozoal disease of animals and humans. The causative agent of the disease are sarcocysts. Dogs do not infect humans.

Sources of infection. Mature oocysts or sporocysts released from them are released into the external environment with feces. Intermediate hosts are infected through food. In turn, dogs become infected through the meat of animals infested with sarcocysts.

Signs of the disease. The disease proceeds almost imperceptibly, only young dogs can have diarrhea.

The diagnosis is established by laboratory examination of freshly excreted feces for the presence of oocysts.

Treatment. Treatment is prescribed the same as for toxoplasmosis.

Prevention. Do not feed animals meat that has not passed veterinary control. Dogs are regularly subjected to three scatological examinations.

Some types of ticks, the so-called. ixodid (pasture), live in pastures, meadows and forests. They attack dogs mainly in spring and autumn. When affected by ixodes ticks, dogs experience itching, scratching, and dermatitis. Most often, ticks affect areas of the body with thin skin - the neck, chest, inner thighs, and abdomen. The animal is worried, combing with its paws or chewing on an itchy place, shaking its head. When parting the wool, you can see ticks attached to the body. To remove ticks, they are lubricated with vegetable oil or kerosene. The bite site is disinfected with tincture of iodine or alcohol. Collected ticks are destroyed. Ixodid ticks pose a serious danger, because some of them are carriers of pathogens of severe infectious and parasitic diseases.

For prophylactic purposes, before entering the places of possible habitat of ixodid ticks, dog hair is treated with repellents. After the walk, the dog is carefully examined and combed.

Scabies in dogs is caused by small mites that live in the folds of the skin and epidermis.

Sarcoptosis (itchy scabies) is an acute or chronic disease characteristic of dogs caused by scabies mites.

Young animals are most susceptible to itching. In summer, the disease is asymptomatic, but worsens in the autumn-winter period with the onset of dampness and cold weather.

Dogs are especially susceptible to female tick infestation. Having settled on the skin, they gnaw through passages in the epidermis, lay eggs and, at the same time, chemically and mechanically irritate the nerve endings.

Sources of infection. Dogs become infected through direct contact with sick animals or through care items, equipment, etc., especially when kept together. Hunting dogs become infected through foxes, arctic foxes and other carnivores.

Signs of the disease. The incubation period lasts 10-15 days. First, the head is affected, then the lower chest, abdomen and thighs. In places where ticks accumulate, nodules appear, which then turn into bubbles filled with liquid. Dogs itch a lot, especially at night. When combing, hair falls out, the skin is exposed, the animal tears off the epidermis damaged by the tick, bleeding wounds and scratches appear on the skin, which often become infected and dermatitis occurs. With extensive lesions, ticks can settle in other parts of the body. In advanced cases, the animal loses its appetite, quickly loses weight and dies from intoxication and exhaustion.

Treatment. Prior to treatment, patients are isolated. To remove scabs and crusts, the animal is washed with warm water and soap. Hair is usually trimmed around the affected area. With focal lesions, acaricidal ointments and liniments are used. You can lubricate the affected areas with a 1% emulsion of chlorophos on fish oil, the first time when the disease is detected and after a week. The dog should be bathed in 0.05% hexachlorane emulsion, 4% water emulsion of soap K, 20% benzyl benzoate suspension if possible. Aerosol preparations of acrodex and psoroptol can be used. Processing must be repeated.

When bathing or spraying, dogs should not be allowed to lick themselves, for which special collars are used.

OTODECOSIS - ear scabies caused by skin-eating mites. The causative agent lives in the auricles, which gave the name of the disease.

Sources of infection. The disease mainly affects young dogs. Most often found in autumn and spring. Animals become infected through contact with sick people, as well as through care items.

Signs of the disease. Ulcers first form on the inner surface of the auricle and in the external auditory canal. The animal is worried, shakes its head, rubs its head against objects, scratches the auricle with its claws. From the auditory canals appear expiration of a serous nature with an unpleasant odor. Crusts form in the ear canal. With abundant flow of exudate, the hair around the ear sticks together. Possible increase in body temperature. In advanced cases, the dog constantly tilts its head towards the affected ear, the so-called crooked head. Possible death. Diagnosis is based on characteristic features and confirmed by examination of ear scrapings under a microscope for mites.

Treatment. Patients are isolated during treatment. The ear canal is carefully freed from crusts with a cotton swab or swab moistened with a 2% hydrogen peroxide solution. After that, 1–2 ml of warm (30–35 degrees) acaricidal liniment is injected into the ear canal and the ear is massaged. A good effect is obtained by treating the auricles with cyodrin and acrodex aerosols. For treatment, 1% liniment of chlorophos or trichlormetaphos3 on fish oil, 1-2 ml in each ear, is successfully used twice with a break of 5 days. There are also a number of effective drugs.

Prevention. Do not allow dogs to wander. Sick animals should be isolated and treated in a timely manner. For preventive purposes, it is possible to treat the auricles with aerosols 1-2 times a year.

Sources of infection. Animals become infected through contact with each other and through care items - leashes, collars, brushes, etc. Puppies can become infected from infested mothers.

Most often, dogs aged from six months to two years get sick. Dogs with reduced body resistance are most susceptible to the disease.

Signs of the disease. The disease occurs in mild (scaly) and severe forms. With a scaly form, the scalp is first affected: brow ridges, bases of ears, cheeks, lips. At the same time, the skin wrinkles, turns red, and hair falls out in the affected areas. Then cracks appear on the skin, from which serous-bloody exudate is released. The skin becomes wrinkled and has an unpleasant odor. With the advanced form of the disease, the skin of the neck, legs, and torso is affected. With this course of the disease, the death of the animal often occurs.

The diagnosis is established by clinical signs, as well as by the detection of the pathogen in scrapings from the deep layers of the skin.

Treatment. Treatment can be effective only with a scaly form of the disease. The patient is injected subcutaneously with a 1% aqueous solution of trypsin at a dose of 0.5 ml per 1 kg of body weight; at the same time, the affected areas are treated with 1% chlorophos liniment. The affected skin can be wiped with a cotton swab dipped in gasoline or acetone, and then lubricated with an alcohol tincture of iodine. To relieve inflammation, after 3 days, Vishnevsky ointment is applied to the treated areas. To remove ticks in animals with a severe form of the disease, the affected areas are irrigated every 5–6 days with a 2% aqueous solution of chlorophos; the affected areas are treated with Vishnevsky ointment with the addition of 3% dicresyl or sevin.

Prevention. Avoid contact with stray dogs. Examine dogs periodically for skin diseases.

ENTOMOSES

Sources of infection. Female fleas lay their larvae on the dog's coat and bedding. After a few days, larvae emerge from the eggs, which live in rotting debris, in the crevices of the floors. After three molts, the larvae turn into pupae and then into adult fleas. Fleas can starve for up to a year and a half.

Signs of the disease. A flea bite causes severe itching and inflammation of the skin. Animals gnaw themselves, comb bite sites. An animal affected by fleas behaves restlessly, sleeps little, the skin becomes covered with a rash. Sometimes the disease can be accompanied by hair loss. In advanced cases, the dog may develop malnutrition. Usually fleas infect the neck, abdomen, inguinal region, and can settle between the jaws.

Treatment. There are many effective preparations for the destruction of fleas, among which various zoohygienic shampoos and aerosols are most popular. A 2% solution of creolin, a 0.75% solution of chlorophos are also used. In cold weather, patients are treated with dust of chlorophos or karbofos, pyrethrum powder. After treatment, it is necessary to ensure that the dog does not lick off the drug, as this can lead to poisoning.

Prevention. For preventive purposes, it is necessary to constantly examine the skin of the dog. Be sure to maintain the cleanliness of the habitats of the animal and care items. Disinfect as needed. Flea collars are used to prevent flea attacks.

Prevention. It is necessary to constantly monitor the condition of the animal's skin, hairline. Observe the sanitary and hygienic rules for keeping animals. Avoid contact with stray animals. Periodically scald the bedding and rugs with boiling water. The bedding of a sick animal is usually burned, and care items are treated with boiling water.

Treatment and prevention are the same as for lice infestation.

HELMINTHOSES

trematodoses- diseases are caused by flatworms, or flukes;

cestodoses- diseases are caused by tapeworms;

nematodes Diseases are caused by roundworms.

HREMATODOSE

Signs of the disease. The animal becomes lethargic, depressed, his appetite disappears, weight loss occurs. Periodically there is diarrhea, followed by constipation. There is yellowness of the mucous membranes, soreness and enlargement of the liver. The temperature is usually within the normal range.

The diagnosis is established by clinical signs, the final diagnosis is made on the basis of a laboratory study of feces.

Treatment. Patients are prescribed hexichol at a dose of 0.2 g per 1 kg of body weight. The drug is given after a 12-14-hour diet with a small amount of minced meat. You can use hexachloroethane (fasciolin) at a dose of 0.1–0.2 g per 1 kg of weight according to the above scheme. Pregnant females are dewormed no later than one month before whelping; after whelping - 10 days after weaning the puppies. Hexachloroparaxylene (chloxyl) is very effective, which is prescribed at a dose of 0.5 g per 1 kg of body weight and is given after an 18-hour fast with a small amount of minced meat.

Prevention. Do not allow raw, undercooked or poorly dried fish to be fed to animals. Avoid contamination with faeces of the definitive owners of water bodies.

ECHINOCHASMOSIS is a disease of carnivores and pigs. humans and fish-eating birds also become infected.

Treatment. Treatment is carried out by the same means as with opisthorchiasis.

Prevention. Preventive measures are the same as for opisthorchiasis.

Clonorchiasis is a disease of dogs and humans, similar to opisthorchiasis and differs only in that it does not affect the pancreas.

Symptoms of the disease, diagnosis, treatment methods and preventive measures are similar to those described above.

Alariasis is a disease of carnivores.

Signs of the disease. Alaria larvae penetrate the walls of the stomach and intestines into the abdominal cavity, then through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, then through the lungs into the trachea and, finally, through the larynx, pharynx and esophagus again penetrate into the gastrointestinal tract. On the way of movement, alaria affects all tissues of organs. Dogs have a fever. Possible catarrhal gastroenteritis. Often accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea.

The diagnosis is established by the detection of alaria eggs in the feces.

Treatment. Dogs are dewormed with arecoline hydrobromide at a dose of 0.004 g per 1 kg of body weight. The drug is given with minced meat after a 15-18-hour fast.

Prevention. It comes down to preventing dogs from eating additional and reservoir hosts of alaria.

CESTODOSES

ALVEOCOCCOZIS. The causative agent of the disease is a small tapeworm alveococcus.

Signs of the disease. Sick animals have a changeable appetite, they lose weight, they have prolonged diarrhea alternating with constipation, an increase in the volume of the abdomen.

Symptoms of the disease may depend on its location. With damage to the liver, brain or lungs, the animal quickly dies.

Signs of the disease. With a severe lesion, frequent diarrhea alternates with constipation, the patient's appetite decreases, the animal experiences constant itching in the anus.

TENIOSIS PISIFORMAL. A chronically occurring disease, the causative agent of which is a large tapeworm. The life cycle proceeds in the same way as the previous one, with the difference that the intermediate hosts are hares and rabbits.

The cause of infection in dogs is feeding them the internal organs of dead or killed sick animals.

Diagnosis of the disease is no different from the above.

Mesocestoidosis is a disease caused by several types of cestodes. The causative agent develops with the participation of several intermediate hosts, which are soil mites, and additional ones, which can be rodents and birds. Dogs become infected by eating rodents and birds.

Signs of the disease. Clinical symptoms in the defeat of dogs by different types of cestodes are practically the same. In sick animals, as a rule, their appetite decreases, they lose weight, the activity of the digestive tract is disturbed, the coat loses its luster, the mucous membranes of the eyes are pale or inflamed, the animals are constantly worried.

Treatment. Treatment consists in carrying out deworming of animals. The following are used as effective preparations: - Hydrobromide arecoline at a dose of 0.004 g per 1 kg of body weight, but not more than 0.12 g at a time. Before giving the drug, the dog is kept on a starvation diet for 16-18 hours; fenasal at a dose of 0.2 g per 1 kg of body weight. The drug is given without prior starvation diet; filixan at a dose of 0.4 g per 1 kg of weight for a dog weighing up to 15 kg, and at a dose of 0.3 g per 1 kg of weight for dogs of greater weight. Before giving the drug, the dog is kept on a starvation diet for a day.

Good results are obtained by the use of drugs such as droncit (at a dose of 0.005 g per 1 kg of body weight), budamidin (0.05 g per 1 kg), shovelol (0.2 g per 1 kg) and some others.

The preparations are given to dogs with a small amount of minced meat or cottage cheese, or with milk.

The faeces excreted by the animals during the procedure are collected and destroyed (burned or buried deep) in order to prevent contact with them by other animals.

In order to prevent the disease with dipilidiosis, it is necessary to periodically treat dogs with insecticidal preparations, as well as places of detention, rugs and care items.

NEMATODOSE

Adult animals get sick rarely and without noticeable clinical signs.

Treatment. For the treatment of patients, piperazine salts are used at a dose of 0.2–0.4 g per 1 kg of body weight (given with food three times for three consecutive days), or piperazine adipate at a dose of 0.5 g per 1 kg of body weight (given once with food ). These drugs are recommended to be used as a prophylactic once every six months, usually in spring and autumn.

Decaris is highly effective, a dose of 2.5 mg per 1 kg of animal weight.

For deworming, carbon tetrachloride is used at a dose of 0.3 mg per 1 kg of body weight (given after a 15-hour fasting diet). Naftamon is given at 0.2 g per 1 kg of body weight with food after a 12-hour diet.

Puppies are given chenopodium oil mixed with castor oil (29 parts of castor oil are added to 1 part of chenopodium oil); the mixture is poured into the mouth of puppies - for puppies up to one and a half months, the dose is 1 ml, for puppies aged one and a half to three months, at a dose of 2 to 3 ml.

Prevention. Periodically examine dogs, feed animals only with well-washed products, keep feeders clean, follow hygiene rules, and regularly remove feces.

Toxascariasis mainly affects adult dogs.

Signs of the disease. Animals have poor appetite, weight loss occurs, vomiting, diarrhea are replaced by constipation, pallor or yellowness of the mucous membranes is noted.

The animal may die due to blockage or rupture of the intestine.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of scatological studies.

Treatment and prevention are the same as for toxocariasis.

Infection occurs with poor sanitary maintenance of dogs. Mostly young animals are affected.

Signs of the disease. Patients have loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea alternating with constipation, there may be traces of blood in the excrement.

Treatment. Patients are prescribed carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 0.3 ml per 1 kg of body weight, tetrachlorethylene at a dose of 0.1–0.2 ml per 1 kg of body weight. A good effect is given by natamon, nilverim and other drugs used for nematodosis.

Sources of infection. Infection occurs mainly by eating untreated meat or waste from the slaughter of domestic and wild pigs.

Signs of the disease. There are muscular and intestinal forms of the disease. The manifestation of the disease depends on the degree of affection of the animal. With a strong invasion, there is an increase in body temperature, muscle pain. With a weak infection, the signs of the disease are not expressed.

Treatment in animals has not been developed and is not carried out.

Prevention. Do not feed untested meat and waste to dogs. Destroy the meat of affected animals.

Signs of the disease. With severe damage to the esophagus, patients experience profuse salivation, vomiting, and difficulty swallowing. Sometimes the disease manifests itself in a form similar to rabies.

Diagnosis of the disease is difficult.

Signs of the disease. In a sick animal, lethargy, fatigue, disruption of the heart and lungs, shortness of breath, cough, nerve paralysis, vomiting, blood in the urine are noted.

Treatment has not been developed.

Signs of the disease. Patients have pain in the kidney area, urine with blood, vomiting, periodic convulsions, and sometimes fever.

Treatment. Treatment has not been developed, effective drugs are not available.

Prevention. Do not feed raw or undercooked fish to dogs.

The disease is typical mainly for young dogs.

Signs of the disease. In the acute form of the course of the disease in animals, appetite worsens, severe vomiting, bloody diarrhea, emaciation, and pallor of the mucous membranes are observed.

Treatment. In the treatment of uncinariosis, the same drugs are used as in toxocariasis in the same doses.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE organ

STOMATITIS - inflammation of the oral mucosa.

Causes of the disease. The disease occurs as a result of injury to the gums, cheeks, tongue, the introduction of sharp bones or other random objects; when changing teeth; as a secondary phenomenon, occurs in diseases of the stomach and intestines; as a consequence of beriberi, intoxication and for other reasons.

Signs of the disease. Salivation, careful eating of food, thirst, reddening of the oral mucosa, gray plaque are observed.

The nature of the course of the disease can be acute or chronic. By the nature of the inflammatory process, it can be catarrhal, ulcerative, phlegmonous and gangrenous.

Ulcerative stomatitis begins with the defeat of the gums: they bleed, ulcers appear on them.

With gangrenous stomatitis, necrosis of the oral mucosa occurs with damage to the lips, the lips are swollen, and there is an unpleasant odor from the mouth.

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and analysis of causative factors.

Treatment. The oral cavity is washed with a solution of furacilin 1:5000, a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, a 2% solution of baking soda, a 3% solution of boric acid. The affected areas are lubricated with iodine glycerin, a 2-3% alcohol solution of methylene blue, the ulcers are treated with sea buckthorn oil in half with trivitamin. For irrigation of the oral cavity, you can use a decoction of chamomile flowers or sage leaves.

With ulcerative and gangrenous nature of the course of the disease, animals are injected intramuscularly with bicillin2, bicillin3, 40–50 thousand units each. per 1 kg of body weight.

During illness, animals are given plenty of fluids, mucous soups, ascorbic and nicotinic acid, vitamins A, B1.

Pharyngitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx.

Causes of the disease. The main causes of the disease are hypothermia, the intake of too hot or too cold food and water, and various injuries of the oral cavity.

Secondary causes of the disease can be infections, or the transition of the inflammatory process from the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, larynx, nose.

Signs of the disease. The animal refuses to eat and drink, becomes lethargic, swallowing is difficult, there is pain in the pharynx, fever, increased heart rate and respiration. When examining the pharynx, redness and swelling of the mucous membrane are visible. When establishing a diagnosis, it is important to establish the cause of the swallowing and salivation disorders, since this can also be with rabies.

Treatment. A warm or warm compress is applied to the throat area. It is useful to carry out inhalations from chamomile and mint flowers 2-3 times a day for 10-15 minutes. The mucous membrane is lubricated with iodoglycerin, irrigated with antiseptic solutions. In the presence of abscesses, they are opened by a veterinarian. Physiotherapy is carried out: UHF, solux, etc. They create conditions that exclude hypothermia.

A sick animal is given meat broths, milk, kissels, raw eggs, decoctions of rice and flax seeds; exclude solid foods from the diet.

GASTRITIS is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

Causes of the disease. There is acute and chronic gastritis.

Acute gastritis most often occurs in violation of the feeding of dogs - when feeding poor-quality, indigestible food, with prolonged feeding of supercooled food, with irregular feeding, as well as due to diseases of the teeth and oral mucosa.

Chronic gastritis develops after acute. The causes are the same as those of acute gastritis, but the harmful factors act for a longer time. Sometimes chronic gastritis manifests itself as a secondary disease with stomach ulcers, beriberi and hypoavitaminosis, chronic infectious diseases, etc.

Signs of the disease. In acute gastritis, there is a depressed state of the animal, lack of appetite, after feeding, vomiting, belching, and thirst are common. White coating on the tongue, bad breath. The temperature is slightly elevated. The abdomen is painful, the feces are liquid.

In chronic gastritis, the above symptoms are less pronounced. In this case, the disease can last for years with periods of deterioration and improvement.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of fluoroscopy of the stomach and the study of its contents.

Treatment. First of all, eliminate the causes of the disease. Rinse the stomach with a 1-2% solution of baking soda. Maintain the dog for 1-2 days on a starvation diet. After that, dietary nutrition is prescribed: oatmeal or vegetable soup with the addition of a raw egg, grated carrots, meat broth, low-fat minced meat, etc.

Patients are prescribed bellastezin 1 tablet, valerian tincture 15 drops per dose, with constipation - laxatives (sodium or magnesium sulfate). Assign sulgin 0.5-2 g twice a day. 10-15 minutes before feeding, the patient is given a decoction of chamomile or natural gastric juice, 1 tablespoon each. After meals, methionine is fed 0.25 g 1-2 times a day. With severe pain, heat is placed on the stomach area.

GASTRIC ULCER - focal necrosis of the gastric mucosa.

Causes of the disease. Peptic ulcer occurs as a result of damage or over-irritation of the gastric mucosa for various reasons. Among them are mechanical, thermal, biological and many others; as a result of improper feeding.

Signs of the disease. At the onset of the disease, clinical signs are almost invisible. Then the animals experience a decrease in appetite, emaciation, pallor of the mucous membranes, and sometimes vomiting with blood.

There are two types of ulcers: simple (secondary) well granulating and healing and peptic, poorly granulating.

When establishing a diagnosis, gastric juice is examined, fluoroscopy with a contrast mass is performed.

Treatment. Active vitamin therapy is carried out with vitamins of group B and vitamin C. An extract of belladonna is prescribed at a dose of 0.02-0.2 g per reception. Apply a solution of 0.015 g of atropine sulfate and 15 ml of water, 5-8 drops per sugar cube 2 times a day. Of the binders, tannin is administered orally at a dose of 0.1–0.5 g per dose, tanalbin at a dose of 0.3–2.0 g, depending on the condition of the animal and body weight.

Eliminate possible causes peptic ulcer, the animal is provided with care and peace. A diet is prescribed, which includes easily digestible foods with enveloping properties: dairy products, broths, mucous decoctions, raw eggs. The animal is fed as often as possible and in small portions.

Enteritis - inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.

Signs of the disease. If the disease is mild, there are no signs of the disease except for increased thirst. In severe forms, the patient's appetite changes, the body temperature rises, the animal behaves restlessly, diarrhea with a fetid odor appears with particles of undigested food, mucus and blood.

In chronic enteritis, the animal has poor appetite, diarrhea.

Treatment. The dog is kept on a starvation diet. At the same time, a laxative is given to free the intestines from the contents. To remove decay products, mucus and pus from the large intestine, the animal is given warm enemas with 0.5% ichthyol solution, 0.01% potassium permanganate solution or 1% sodium bicarbonate solution. Assign disinfectants salol 0.1–1 g 2–3 times a day or etazol, phthalozol 0.2–1 g twice a day. Levomycetin is prescribed at a dose of 0.01 g per 1 kg of body weight three times a day. In chronic enteritis, festol is prescribed 13 tablets three times a day.

Nutrition as in peptic ulcer.

PERITONITIS - inflammation of the peritoneum .

Causes of the disease. Most often occurs as a secondary disease in various infections. Penetration of infection occurs when the integrity of the abdominal wall is violated as a result of injuries, severe bruises in the abdomen, and general septic diseases.

Signs of the disease. The dog lies, tries not to move, groans, squeals. Completely refuses to eat. There is rapid chest breathing, the pulse is small, frequent.

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and blood tests.

Treatment. The patient is provided with peace and a starvation diet is established for a day or two. Prescribe antibiotics and sulanilamides, caffeine or camphor. The animal is given liquid food in small portions.

HEPATITIS - inflammation of the liver tissue.

Causes of the disease. Most often it occurs as a result of past diseases, in particular, enteritis, gastritis, as well as poisoning with poison of plant or mineral origin. Weakened animals are more likely to get sick with hepatitis.

Signs of the disease. The animal is in a depressed state, there is a deterioration in appetite. Yellowness of the mucous membranes appears, feces become discolored, become fetid.

The disease can proceed acutely and chronically, turning into cirrhosis of the liver.

Treatment. Assign intramuscularly insulin twice a day and intravenously 20% glucose solution with ascorbic acid. Glucose is also given in tablets of 2-8 g and methionine 0.25-0.5 g 3-4 times a day. The patient is given allochol 1 teaspoon 2-3 times a day. Levomycetin or enteroseptol are also prescribed.

Diet food: milk, cottage cheese, kefir, etc. Meat intake is limited to a minimum.

CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER - chronic illness into which infectious hepatitis can pass. With cirrhosis, functional cells die and connective tissue grows.

Signs of the disease. The animal loses its appetite, vomiting and indigestion are periodically observed, accompanied by swelling of the limbs and shortness of breath.

Treatment. Patients are prescribed prednisolone and others hormonal preparations, carry out vitamin therapy. Carlsbad salt, acidophilus and kefir are prescribed inside, means for normalizing the activity of the kidneys.

Cirrhosis of the liver is an irreversible process.

OBLOCKAGE OF THE ESOPHAGUS.

Cause of the disease. It is more often observed in puppies as a result of swallowing various inedible objects: bones, stones, pieces of wood, etc. Depending on the size of the object, the esophagus is completely or incompletely closed.

Signs of the disease. The dog behaves restlessly, stretches its neck, scratches in the mouth with its paws.

Treatment. Try to remove the foreign body if it is in the cervical part of the esophagus. If there are no pronounced phenomena of edema and inflammation, emetic is administered subcutaneously. If a foreign body is in the chest, try to push it with a probe into the stomach, after pouring a few tablespoons of vaseline or sunflower oil into the esophagus. Sometimes you have to resort to surgical intervention.

bloating

The reason may be an excess of carbohydrates in the diet.

Treatment. The animal is given activated charcoal dissolved in water 23 times a day, given an infusion of chamomile or sage. You can put a cleansing enema.

It is advisable to walk the dog more.

DIARRHEA

The reasons for frequent emptying of the stomach can be very different.

Treatment depends on the cause of the diarrhea. As first aid, you should give your dog strong warm tea.

PROLONGATION OF THE RECTUM.

It can occur with constipation, diarrhea, in bitches during childbirth. The prolapsed part of the rectum, as well as the entire area of ​​the anus, must be washed with a light pink solution of potassium permanganate and an attempt should be made to set the rectum. If this fails, the animal must be urgently delivered to a veterinary clinic.

HAEMORRHOIDS

The cause of the disease is a general stagnation of blood, resulting from abundant food and low mobility of the animal.

With hemorrhoids, the animal suffers from constipation, the anus is reddened and swollen, the feces are dry, with blood.

Treatment. The animal is given enemas, a laxative is given, antihemorrhoidal suppositories are injected into the rectum.

INFRINGEMENT OF THE HERNIA.

The reason is sharp rise pressure in the abdominal cavity.

Signs of the disease. Animals with a strangulated hernia are lethargic and sometimes vomit. The hernia quickly increases in volume and becomes painful, the skin at the site of the hernia acquires a purple hue, after a while the stomach swells.

Treatment. In no case should you put a heating pad. The animal must be taken to a veterinary clinic for surgical care.

KIDNEY AND BLADDER DISEASES

NEPHRITIS - inflammation of the kidneys with damage to the glomerular apparatus.

Cause of the disease. The main cause of nephritis is past infectious diseases. Predisposing causes may be hypothermia, trauma.

Signs of the disease. In acute nephritis, patients have a fever, no appetite, shortness of breath, swelling of the eyelids, dewlap and abdomen. Frequent urge to urinate, but little urine comes out, the urine is cloudy due to the presence of blood and protein in it. The disease lasts about three weeks, after which the animal either dies from uremia or recovers.

Chronic nephritis is a consequence of acute nephritis. Edema is noticeable in the dewlap and abdomen, functions are impaired of cardio-vascular system, inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and urinalysis.

Treatment. The animal is provided with complete rest and warmth. In the first two days, a starvation diet is prescribed, the consumption of meat, salt, and water is limited. The diet includes milk, cottage cheese, acidophilus, kefir. Assign diuretic and cardiac drugs, drugs that lower blood pressure. Intravenously administered 10% solution of calcium chloride, 1% solution of novocaine with ascorbic acid. As a therapeutic agent, a decoction of bearberry, a decoction (1:10) of the leaves of a bear's ear, one teaspoon per day, are used along with food, juniper berries are given at 1–3 g.

With an infectious origin of the disease, antibiotics and sulfanilamide preparations are prescribed: urosulfan 0.5-1.5 g 3-4 times a day. Intramuscularly injected 5-10 ml of 20% magnesium sulfate. With edema, bloodletting is performed, then a 20–40% glucose solution is injected.

NEPHROSIS is a disease characterized by the development of dystrophic processes in the capillaries of the glomeruli of the kidneys. Often occurs in conjunction with nephritis.

Causes of the disease. The disease can occur as a result of infectious diseases. The occurrence of the disease is promoted by skin burns, purulent septic processes, poisoning with mineral poisons, etc.

Signs of the disease. There are no characteristic clinical signs and depend on the causes of the disease. Protein, blood cells, renal epithelium are found in the urine. Urination decreases.

The diagnosis is established by clinical signs, urinalysis, history.

Treatment. A sick animal is provided with peace and warmth. Establish a protein diet, reduce or eliminate salt altogether, reduce fluid intake.

For edema, diuretic diacarb, diluran, 0.1-0.2 g each are prescribed. A 20% solution of glucose with caffeine is administered intravenously. Treatment is with prednisolone.

URETHRITH - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the urethra.

Causes of the disease. The causes of the disease are injuries of the urethra or an inflammatory process.

Signs of the disease. In sick animals, frequent and painful urination with interruptions and delays is noted, redness and swelling in the area of ​​​​the external opening of the urethra is possible.

Treatment. A sick animal is provided with peace and warmth, a diet is prescribed, and salt intake is limited.

The urethra is washed with a solution of potassium permanganate or furacilin, furadonin is prescribed at a dose of 3–5 mg per 1 kg of body weight three times a day, antibiotics and sulfonamides are used.

pyelitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the renal pelvis. Occurs acutely or chronically.

Causes of the disease. The disease occurs as a result of intoxication or as a result of exposure to infectious factors, hypothermia of the body.

Signs of the disease. In the acute course of the disease, the patient's temperature rises, urination becomes more frequent, urine is cloudy, with blood and pus. Leukocytes and erythrocytes are noted in the sediment. In chronic pyelitis, leukocytes and microbes are detected in the urine.

Diagnosis is complicated by the fact that this disease is accompanied by inflammation of the bladder and kidneys.

Treatment. A sick animal is provided with rest, a vegetable-and-milk salt-free diet is prescribed, and the amount of water in the diet is limited. To combat microlora, streptocid, etazol, urosulfan are used 1-2 times a day for 7-10 days. At the same time, antibiotics penicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol are prescribed; tropin inside 0.5–1 g per day or intravenously 2 ml of a 40% solution once a day. They give a decoction of bearberry leaves 3 times a day, 1 tablespoon, a decoction of bear's eye leaves 2-3 times a day, 1 tablespoon.

CYSTITIS - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder. It happens acute and chronic.

Causes of the disease. The disease occurs when an infection enters the bladder. Predisposing factors are hypothermia, urinary retention.

Signs of the disease. In acute cystitis, the animal has a depressed state, a decrease in appetite. The most characteristic symptom is the frequent urge to urinate and its painful discharge in small portions. Urine is cloudy, mucous, sometimes with an admixture of blood and protein. Urine has an ammonia odor. With diphtheria and purulent inflammation, there is an increase in body temperature, sometimes vomiting.

Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and urinalysis.

Treatment. The animal is provided with rest, an abundant drink is prescribed (sodium bicarbonate is added to the water). Assign a milk and vegetable diet. Of the diuretics, parsley fruits are used 1–3 g each, an infusion of bearberry leaves, as well as diacarb 0.1–0.2 g each, potassium acetate 0.5–2 g each.

With an alkaline reaction of urine, phenyl salicylate is prescribed at a dose of 0.5–2 g, with acidic hexamethylenetetramine at a dose of 0.3–1 g. kg of body weight. When erythrocytes are detected in the urine, glucose with calcium chloride is administered intravenously. With spasms of the bladder give cystenal 3-4 drops on sugar 3 times a day.

In infectious diseases, sulfazin, sulfacyl, urosulfan, furadonin 0.1–3 g 2–3 times a day, as well as antibiotics, are prescribed.

The bladder is washed with a 0.1% warm solution of tripalavin in isotonic sodium chloride solution. In chronic purulent cystitis, the bladder is washed with a warm solution of furacilin or potassium permanganate until the urine becomes clear.

UROLITHIASIS DISEASE. It occurs mainly in neutered dogs.

Causes of the disease. The disease is caused by infections, metabolic disorders with improper feeding.

Signs of the disease. There is a violation of urination. The animal refuses to feed, moves a little. Body temperature and pulse rate rise, the animal groans. Urine is cloudy, with an admixture of blood.

Treatment. Stones stuck in the urethra are pushed into the bladder with a catheter. Possible and surgical path removal of stones. Antispasmodics and sedatives are prescribed to avoid complications.

PARALYSIS AND PARESIS OF THE URINARY BLADDER - persistent or temporary loss of contractile activity of the bladder wall.

Causes of the disease. The main causes of the disease are urinary retention and bladder overflow with urine, inflammation of the bladder wall, and various damage to the central nervous system.

Signs of the disease. Sick animals often adopt positions for urination, but urine is excreted in small portions or drops. The bladder is full. Bladder rupture is possible.

Treatment. Several times a day, urine is removed through a catheter. The bladder is massaged through the abdominal wall. Strychnine is injected subcutaneously every 4–5 days at a dose of 0.001 g.

RESPIRATORY DISEASES

RINITIS - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavities.

Causes of the disease. The cause of the disease is most often hypothermia of the body. The cause of the disease can be the inhalation of hot air, the inhalation of vapors of irritating gases, the ingress of a foreign object into nasal cavity and etc.

Signs of the disease. In acute rhinitis, sick animals often sneeze and lick their lips, the dog rubs its paws and scratches its nose. Breathing is difficult. From the nose, serous outflows are released, which then pass into mucous and mucopurulent. Drying on the wings of the nose, they form crusts. When the nasal passages are blocked, the dog breathes through the mouth. In the chronic course of the disease, mucopurulent discharge may contain an admixture of blood and have a fetid character, the mucosa may be ulcerated.

The diagnosis is established by clinical signs and conditions of the animal.

Treatment. It is necessary to eliminate the cause that caused the disease, eliminate cold factors, improve the conditions of detention and the diet of feeding the dog. Periodically clean the nostrils and remove dried crusts. In acute rhinitis, the nasal passages are cleaned with a solution of furacilin or potassium permanganate. Lubricate the nasal cavities with oxolin ointment or 1% solution of menthol oil. Instill 1% solution of naphthyzinum into the nose, 1-2 drops. In chronic rhinitis, UHF is prescribed.

Laryngitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx. There are acute and chronic, primary and secondary laryngitis.

Causes of the disease. The causes of the disease are basically the same as with rhinitis. Acute laryngitis develops with hypothermia of the body, inhalation of polluted air, toxic fumes, as well as with prolonged angry barking, especially in the cold.

Secondary laryngitis occurs with infectious diseases (rabies, plague, tuberculosis).

Signs of the disease. At first, the sick animal coughs with a dry, hacking cough, especially with a sharp change in ambient temperature, for example, when the dog is taken outside in winter. There is a decrease in appetite, an increase in body temperature. Affected dogs bark deafly. Cough attacks are especially strong in the morning and in the evening. In chronic larinitis, the signs of the disease are not so pronounced.

The diagnosis is established by clinical signs, taking into account the conditions of the animal.

Treatment. Improve the conditions for keeping a sick animal, transfer to a warm room. Change the diet to a gentle one. On the area of ​​the pharynx and larynx warming compresses, it is possible to use UHF therapy. Codafine or terpinhydrate tablets are prescribed, 0.2-0.3 g 3 times a day; norsulfazole 30-70 mg per 1 kg of body weight 3-4 times a day; sulfadimezin 20-100 mg per 1 kg of body weight 3-4 times a day. When coughing, a medicine is prescribed; codeine - 0.15 g, sodium bicarbonate 3 g, water 150 ml. With a strong dry cough, codeine phosphate is prescribed at 0.02-0.03 g with sugar 3 times a day. From herbal expectorants, an infusion of the thermopsis herb is prescribed, one teaspoonful 2 times a day.

BRONCHITIS - inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi.

Causes of the disease. The causes of the disease are the same as in diseases of rhinitis and laryngitis. The cause of secondary bronchitis are infectious diseases, diseases of internal organs. Older animals have chronic bronchitis.

Signs of the disease. In acute bronchitis, coughing fits are observed. Initially, it is dry, and after the formation and liquefaction of the exudate, it becomes soft and moist. When listening to the lungs wheezing, hard breathing. Acute bronchitis can become chronic; there is a dry painful cough, nasal discharge of a mucous or mucopurulent nature. In chronic bronchitis, periods of improvement in well-being are replaced by an exacerbation of the disease.

Treatment. A sick animal is transferred to a warm room and provided with peace. Food and drink are given warm. With a painful cough, give inside codeine phosphate 0.01 g with sugar 3 times a day. From bronchodilators, a 0.1% solution of atropine sulfate is prescribed, 1-2 drops per piece of sugar, eufillin inside 0.01 g with sugar 3 times a day. If necessary, antibiotics are used in the treatment. chest warm up, apply UHF-therapy.

EYE DISEASES

CONJUCTIVITIS- inflammation of the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane of the eye). There are catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, fibrinous and follicular conjunctivitis.

Causes of the disease. Conjunctivitis can occur with mechanical irritations, as an allergic reaction, with beriberi, under adverse conditions, with infectious diseases.

Signs of the disease. A sick animal rubs its eyes with its paws, cannot open the eyelids, mucus or pus flows from the palpebral fissure. The mucous membrane becomes red, swollen.

Treatment. With catarrhal conjunctivitis, the eyes are washed with a 3% solution of boric acid, when the mucus begins to separate, warming compresses are made with the same solution. Drops of a 13% solution of resorcinol, hydrocortisone, protargol are instilled into the sore eye 2-3 times a day. In the chronic form, drops of a 1% solution of silver nitrate are prescribed. With purulent conjunctivitis, pus is removed with a 3% solution of boric acid, an aqueous solution of furacilin, a solution of hydrogen peroxide. Assign drops of sodium sulfacyl, immunoglobulin, lay tetracycline ointment. In severe cases, antibiotics are prescribed. Fibrinous and phlegmantic conjunctivitis are treated in the same way as purulent ones. With follicular conjunctivitis, small pinkish vesicles of the follicles are visible on the mucous membrane of the eye, which are cauterized with a 5-10% solution of silver nitrate, followed by washing with a 1% solution of sodium chloride. The treatment is repeated after 3-5 days, the full course of treatment is 3-8 cauterizations. This operation can only be performed by a specialist, because when silver gets on the cornea, a thorn forms.

blepharitis -eyelid inflammation.

Causes of the disease. Puppies usually get sick. The cause of the disease can be a cold, a general weakening of the body. The disease accompanies the plague, the skin plague. Ulcerative blepharitis occurs when dirt, insects get on the skin of the eyelids, with purulent discharge from the eye.

Signs of the disease. Nodules, seals form on the eyelids. With ulcerative blepharitis, the eyelids are inflamed, covered with crusts, the dog rubs the eyes with its paws.

Treatment. The eyelids are soaked and washed with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Then the eyelids are lubricated with zinc ointment, preventing the ointment from getting into the eyes. With ulcerative blepharitis, the eyelids are lubricated with ichthyol ointment until recovery. In some cases, the surface of the sores is cauterized with a 2–5% solution of silver nitrate, followed by neutralization with a 1% solution of sodium chloride; the edges of the eyelids are gently smeared with a 1% alcohol solution of brilliant green. To prevent the dog from scratching its eyelids during treatment, a thick cardboard collar is put on it.

INVERSION AND INVERSION OF THE EYELID – with inversion of the eyelids, the edges of the eyelids are turned inward, with eversion of the eyelids, the edges of the eyelids are turned outward.

Causes of the disease. Diseases can be caused by the consequences of an injury. It can form with spasm of the eyelids with conjunctivitis. Perhaps as a congenital hereditary defect. In older dogs, eyelid ectropion may occur as a result of facial paralysis and sagging skin.

Signs of the disease. With eversion of the eyelids, the edges of the eyelids are turned outward, lacrimation is observed, the conjunctiva is exposed and inflamed. With inversion of the eyelids, the edges of the eyelids are completely or partially wrapped inward, there is constant lacrimation, and the mucous membrane becomes inflamed.

Treatment. As a rule, treatment is carried out surgically.

GLAUCOMA– increase in intraocular pressure.

Causes of the disease. It can appear after infections, nervous stress, and also as a congenital disease.

Signs of the disease. On examination, there is an increase in the eyeball, the eyeball may be convex, the pupil is dilated, the cornea is cloudy, after a while it sprouts with vessels and becomes pigmented, outflow of mucous, then purulent exudate is observed from the eye. With atrophy of the optic nerve, blindness occurs.

Treatment. Treatment is effective only in the initial period. Pilocarpine, armin, ezerin, etc. are instilled or laid into the eyes, which reduce intraocular pressure and narrow the pupil. The animal is restricted from drinking, given a diuretic. With severe pain, they give painkillers and sedatives, perform a puncture of the anterior chamber or enucleation of the eyeball. The treatment is carried out by a specialist.

CATARACT – cataract.

Causes of the disease. It is congenital and senile. Dogs are more likely to develop senile cataracts. May occur as a result of infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, intoxication, hypo and beriberi. Signs of the disease. On examination, there is a noticeable clouding of the lens of the eye, it becomes white or smoky. A clouded lens does not let light through, vision drops sharply, up to its complete loss.

Treatment. Treatment is ineffective both with medications and with surgical intervention (dissection or removal of cataracts). In the initial stage of the disease, improvement may occur after 2-3 weeks of ingestion of iodine preparations, riboflavin and vitamin C.

KERATITIS – corneal inflammation.

Causes of the disease. It occurs for the same reasons as conjunctivitis.

Signs of the disease. Lachrymation is observed, the conjunctiva turns red, there is a spasm of the eyelids, as a result of which the palpebral fissure partially closes. With purulent keratitis, the cornea becomes cloudy, becomes yellow-green. In severe cases, an abscess, ulcer, corneal perforation, and a thorn may occur. There are superficial and deep, purulent and aseptic keratitis.

Treatment. The eyes are washed with a 3% solution of boric acid, rivanol or furacilin. In the aseptic form at the beginning of the disease, hydrocortisone is prescribed in drops or ointment. In case of infection, 12% yellow mercury ointment, 5% iodoform ointment, 30% sulfacyl sodium ointment are prescribed (introduced into the conjunctival sac). To reduce pain, a 1% solution of atropine with novocaine is administered. To brighten the cornea, a 2-3% solution of dionin is prescribed (2 times a day) or a yellow mercury ointment. In severe cases, antiseptic therapy is used, antibiotics, sulfonamides are prescribed.

In case of damage to the eye or eyelid, you need to cut the hair around them, wash the wound with a solution of furacilin with the addition of a small amount of table salt (to the taste of a tear), drip aloe juice or an antibiotic into the wound. If swelling occurs, see a doctor. In case of wounds of the cornea (most often due to mechanical damage: sharp particles entering the eye, from being hit by the claws of other animals, etc.), remove the foreign body, having previously “frozen” the eye, rinse it with a solution of furacilin. To prevent purulent inflammation of the cornea, inject 30% sulfacyl sodium or 5% iodoform ointment or streptomicidal or chloramphenicol emulsion into the conjunctival sac. In case of corneal wounds, silver, lead or zinc preparations, which cause non-healing spots on the cornea, are in no case prescribed. If any chemicals get into the eye, immediately rinse it with a large amount of saline, then drip 3-4 drops of 4-6% novocaine. Seek immediate medical attention. If the eyeball falls out of the orbit (a consequence of a strong blow to the head), cut off the hair on the eyelids, rinse the eye with furatsilin solution, apply a wet (!) Sterile bandage and immediately consult a doctor to set the eyeball. Give the victim painkillers and sedatives.

DENTAL DISEASES

CARIES – violation of the dentin coating, leading to the decay of the tooth substance.

Causes of the disease. Occurs as a result of a lack of fluorine, iodine, phosphorus, cobalt, copper and other trace elements in the body, as well as with a destructive effect on the enamel of acids: formic, lactic, acetic.

Signs of the disease. Caries begins with an inconspicuous violation of the enamel surface when viewed. Soon, hollows form in the cavity of the tooth. It is painful for the animal to gnaw and chew, an unpleasant odor comes from the mouth. The animal does not eat well, drinks cold water very carefully.

Treatment. The oral cavity is washed with a warm pink solution of potassium permanganate, an analgesic is given. Superficial caries are filled. With deep caries, the diseased tooth is removed. Anesthesia during tooth extraction is performed with a 2% solution of novocaine, the gum around the tooth being removed is treated with a 5% solution of iodine. In the first few days after tooth extraction, the animal is given only warm liquid food.

GUM INFLAMMATION – distinguish between acute and chronic forms of the disease.

Causes of the disease. Inflammation of the gums is caused by mechanical causes, most often by injury to the gums when chewing on bones, as well as various sharp objects.

Signs of the disease. The animal refuses to eat, salivation is observed, often with an admixture of blood, the gums turn red and swell. The chronic form of the disease is accompanied by the formation of ulcers on the gums.

Treatment. In the initial stage of the disease, the oral cavity is treated with a light pink solution of potassium permanganate or a weak solution of baking soda. In severe cases of the disease, seek help from a veterinary clinic.

EAR DISEASES

EAR HEMATOMA – hemorrhage under the skin of the auricle with the formation of a cavity.

Causes of the disease. Most often, this is a consequence of injuries: blows, bites, etc. In long-eared dog breeds (spaniels, setters, etc.), it can occur as a result of frequent shaking of the ears.

Signs of the disease. The ear becomes hanging, the auricle is thickened, swelling is noticeable, the animal tilts its head towards the diseased ear.

Treatment. A pressure bandage is applied to the affected ear to prevent bleeding. 4–5 days after the formation of a thrombus, the hematoma is opened, blood clots are removed, and a drain is inserted. The exfoliated skin is sutured to the underlying tissues. Both auricles are wrapped at the back of the head and a fixing bandage is applied. The stitches are removed on the 9th day.

ECZEMA OF THE EAR

Causes of the disease. The disease can occur as a result of irritation of the external auditory canal with a foreign body, water, sulfur, dust, chemicals, due to scabies.

Signs of the disease. A sick animal constantly scratches its ears with its paws, shakes them, holds its head to one side. The dog becomes nervous. In the acute course of the disease, the auricle turns red, swelling of the auricle develops, bubbles form on it. The external auditory meatus is filled with dark brown exudate with an unpleasant odor.

Treatment. The patient is given itch-soothing drugs: analgin, diphenhydramine, etc. At the beginning of treatment, it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the disease. The accumulated exudate is removed from the auricle. To do this, cotton wool is wound onto a thin wooden stick or hard wire, which is moistened in a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, rivanol, boric acid, etc., the kwach is introduced into the auricle and gently rotated. Cotton wool is changed until it becomes clean. With severe itching, cardiazole is prescribed 0.1 g orally 2-3 times a day. For treatment, corticosteroid ointments are used - hydrocortisone, geocorton, etc. In severe cases, surgery is performed.

OTITIS

Causes of the disease. Colds in cold weather, in windy or draughty water from entering the ear canal.

Signs of the disease. With inflammation of the ear, the dog tilts its head to one side, shakes its ears, scratches them with its paws. Various kinds of exudate are released from the auditory canal.

Treatment. With serous otitis media, a dark or light brown mass is removed from the ear canal with a dry kvach. After that, wipe the ear canal with a new clean kvach moistened with tincture (camphor alcohol - 50 g, glycerin - 1 g, salicylic acid - 0.5 g, menthol - 0.3 g). At night, warm the ear for 10-15 minutes and wrap it with a scarf. In case of purulent otitis media, the skin under the ear is washed, pus is removed from the ear with a dry kvacha (cotton swabs are changed until they become clean) and a solution is instilled (Tvivitamin or vegetable oil - 50 g, iodoform - 1 g, furatsilin - 2 g, streptocide - 2 g, dimexide - 2.5 g) 5-8 drops 1-2 times a day. At night, the ear is warmed with a blue lamp or salt for 10–15 minutes, after the procedure, the ear is wrapped in a warm scarf. When treating the ears, do not use aqueous solutions. In cold, damp windy weather, the animal is not walked for long, and the ears are tied with a scarf.

DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

MYOCARDITIS – inflammation of the heart muscle.

Signs of the disease. In a sick animal, the temperature rises, the pulse quickens, shortness of breath is observed, appetite decreases, sometimes accompanied by indigestion, cyanosis or yellowness of the mucous membranes appears. The disease occurs in acute or chronic forms. Depending on the severity of the underlying disease, which resulted in the development of myocarditis, the course of the disease can be very acute and lead to the death of the animal. As a rule, the illness lasts for several days, but it can last for several weeks.

Treatment. The patient is provided with complete rest, the habitat is darkened. A milk and vegetable diet is prescribed with the addition of ascorbic acid and B vitamins. During illness, the use of cardiac drugs is excluded. An ice pack is placed on the heart area. A 30–40% solution of glucose with caffeine, a 20% solution of camphor oil are administered intravenously subcutaneously at a dose of 1–2 ml, cordiamine subcutaneously at a dose of 0.5–1 ml. Assign cocarboxylase subcutaneously at a dose of 0.02-0.05 g 1 time per day, carbocromen inside after feeding, half a tablet 2-3 times a day. With a decrease in blood pressure, mezaton is administered intravenously at a dose of 0.002-0.003 g or intramuscularly at a dose of 0.005-0.01 g. Antiallergic drugs are used: diphenhydramine intramuscularly at a dose of 0.02 g, suprastin inside, etc. If necessary, antibiotics, hormonal preparations are prescribed.

MYOCARDOSIS - non-inflammatory damage to the heart muscle (dystrophy of the heart muscle).

Causes of the disease. The cause of the disease can be poisoning with poisons, a lack of vitamins and mineral salts in the feed, a violation of protein and carbohydrate metabolism, infectious diseases, stress, poisoning with toxins in parasitic diseases, etc.

Signs of the disease. The sick animal is passive, inactive, hides in a corner, groans, the coat is tousled. Appetite decreases, general weakness is observed. When moving, shortness of breath is noticeable, swelling of the limbs may occur, the pulse is frequent.

Treatment. The patient is provided with complete rest in a dark place. Assign a milk and vegetable diet with the addition of vitamins and trace elements. Assign a 30-40% glucose solution intravenously, 5-10 ml, a solution of caffeine-sodium benzoate subcutaneously at a dose of 0.05-0.2 g; heart remedies - tincture of valerian or lily of the valley 10-20 drops per sugar cube three times a day, corvalal or valocardin 5-15 drops 3 times a day. 20% camphor oil is administered subcutaneously at a dose of 1-2 ml, cordiamine at a dose of 0.5-1 ml, cocarboxylase at a dose of 0.02-0.05 ml once a day.

PERICARDITIS – inflammation of the pericardial sac.

Causes of the disease. Most often occurs as a complication after infectious diseases. Predisposing factors are inadequate feeding, hypothermia, overwork, stress.

Signs of the disease. With dry pericarditis, the animal's appetite drops or is completely absent, the body temperature rises to 40-42 degrees, the nose is dry. Then, with the transition of the disease to the exudative form, the temperature returns to normal, shortness of breath appears. In severe cases, death of the animal is possible.

Treatment. The patient is provided with rest, limit the consumption of water and feed, transfer to a milk diet. An ice pack is placed on the heart area. The dog is given a laxative and diuretic. Inside prescribe sulfonamides and antibiotics. From heart remedies, strophanthus tincture, foxglove leaf infusion, etc. are prescribed.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS – degeneration of the walls of the ok vessels with the growth of connective tissue in them.

Causes of the disease. As an independent disease, it is quite rare and mainly in older dogs. The cause of the disease is insufficient physical activity, obesity, prolonged exposure to toxins of various origins. Signs of the disease. The disease develops slowly and is established during a long-term study of the cardiovascular system and the heart.

Treatment. Treatment is ineffective. The animal is transferred to a dairy and vegetable diet, often fed in small portions, they are given vitamins A, C, and group B. When the work of the heart is weakened, the same drugs are given as for myocarditis.

HEART DISEASE – malfunction of the valve apparatus.

Causes of the disease. The disease is a consequence of chronic endocarditis. In this case, a change in the valvular apparatus of the heart occurs, which entails a circulatory disorder. Signs of the disease. With heart disease, edema develops, shortness of breath appears, the mucous membranes are cyanotic.

Treatment. The patient is provided with complete rest, a carbohydrate diet is prescribed. Inside appoint powder from foxglove leaves, tincture of lily of the valley, strophanthus. Assign vasodilating and sedative drugs, with edema give a diuretic.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

EPILEPSY- a disease of the central nervous system, manifested by periodic seizures with convulsions with loss of sensitivity. Distinguish between primary and secondary epilepsy.

Causes of the disease. The causes of primary epilepsy are not clear. Secondary epilepsy is a consequence of skull trauma and brain concussion, brain tumors, a consequence of past diseases.

Signs of the disease. A seizure is usually preceded by a change in the behavior of the animal. The dog suddenly special reasons begins to worry or, on the contrary, stands motionless with a fixed look, sometimes a shiver runs through the body. A seizure can last 1-5 minutes. During a seizure, the dog convulsively falls on its side, the head is thrown back, the jaws are compressed, foam is released from the mouth. Eyes open, pupils dilated. Seizures occur at short intervals, then slow down and stop completely. Sometimes during a seizure, involuntary excretion of feces and urine occurs. After a seizure, the animal quickly comes to its senses, usually for some time they are depressed and sleep.

Treatment. The sick animal is given rest, the diet is changed by reducing the amount of meat and increasing the amount of dairy products, yeast is prescribed at 5-10 g per day. Vitamins of group B are prescribed. Inside, barbital is prescribed 0.25-0.5 g each, sodium barbital 0.5–1 g each, potassium and sodium bromide 0.5–2 g each. A 10% solution of sodium chloride is administered intravenously 10-40 ml 5-6 injections every other day. The disease is very difficult to treat.

CRAMPS- convulsive phenomena can occur in a puppy in the first days of life and repeat several times a day. At the same time, twitching of the head, front and hind limbs is noted. By the age of one and a half months, convulsive phenomena usually stop and may not manifest themselves during life. The psyche of the animal does not suffer.

MENINGITIS – inflammation of the membranes of the brain.

Causes of the disease. The disease is a consequence of complications of infections of inflammation of the inner ear, leptospirosis, plague, etc., as well as penetrating wounds of the skull.

Signs of the disease. A sick animal periodically has convulsions, increased sweating, limited mobility eyeballs, dilated pupils, an exacerbated reaction to light stimuli. The body temperature rises, the pulse and respiration speed up. Gradually comes total loss reflexes, coordination of movements is disturbed, paresis and paralysis of the limbs appear.

Treatment. The animal is provided with complete rest, transferred to a milk diet. Assign sulfa drugs, streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline. A 40% solution of hexamethylenetedramine is administered intravenously with a 10% glucose solution for 10 days. Diuretics are prescribed, and sedatives are prescribed for pain.

SPINAL MENINGITIS – inflammation of the membranes of the spinal cord.

Causes of the disease. The disease is caused by a variety of viral and bacterial infections.

Signs of the disease. When walking, a sick animal becomes unsteady, after a while the animal is unable to move. Body temperature is elevated. Paralysis of the limbs develops.

Treatment. The sick animal is given complete rest. The diet includes lean minced meat, raw beef liver, milk with honey, ascorbic acid, B vitamins are given inside. Painkillers and sedatives are prescribed.

METABOLIC DISORDERS

OBESITY -excess fat accumulation.

Causes of the disease. In the vast majority of cases, it occurs with an excess of fats and carbohydrates in the diet and is observed mainly in older indoor dogs. Obesity contributes to the lack of physical activity of animals. The cause of the disease may be a decrease in the functions of the thyroid gland, sex glands and pituitary gland.

Signs of the disease. The body of the animal acquires a rounded shape with thick folds on the back and on the stomach. The animal is inactive, the pulse is frequent, it becomes more frequent even with a slight motor load, breathing is difficult, there is a disorder in the digestive system, constipation is replaced by diarrhea. Animals do not show sexual activity.

Treatment. The proportion of fats and carbohydrates in the diet is significantly reduced, the amount of feed is reduced. Feed is given in small portions, but often. A diet with a predominance of liquid soups is introduced, fresh vegetables and fruits are included in the diet. Before eating, they give Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad) salt, put cleansing enemas. To activate the metabolic processes in the body, thyroid preparations thyroidin, tyranon, etc. are administered orally, 0.1–0.3 g three times a day. In case of violation of the work of the heart, stimulant drugs are prescribed. Extremely important are long walks, any muscular work. Useful massage.

DIABETES- the disease is characterized by a violation of carbohydrate metabolism and manifests itself in the fact that the animal is unable to absorb sugar, which accumulates in the blood, and then excreted in the urine. The regulation of water and salt metabolism, intermediate metabolism and other disorders are disturbed.

Causes of the disease. The disease occurs as a result of a violation of the functioning of the pancreas, which is why the body does not have enough or no insulin. The most common causes of diabetes are overfeeding the animal with carbohydrate feed, obesity, constant stress, thyroid dysfunction, nervous system disorders, infections, etc.

Signs of the disease. Dogs have increased appetite, intense thirst, increased urine output. The dog loses weight, becomes lethargic, gets tired quickly. Dry skin is observed, eczema, furunculosis, indigestion may occur. Urine becomes liquid, light yellow color. The diagnosis is established by clinical signs and on the basis of urine and blood tests. In severe cases, diabetic coma may develop.

Treatment. Sugar and sugar-containing feed, bread and oatmeal are excluded from the diet. Increase the proportion of boiled lean meat, give meat broths, green soups, milk, eggs. The water is slightly alkalized with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). If necessary, insulin is injected subcutaneously half an hour before feeding, 25–30 IU. If a diabetic coma occurs, 50-100 ml of a 5% glucose solution is administered intravenously, followed by intramuscular insulin.

Avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis- avitaminosis is a disease that occurs in dogs due to a prolonged lack of vitamins in the diet. Hypovitaminoses are called diseases that occur when there is a lack of vitamins or provitamins in the diet. Diseases are especially reflected in young animals, more often observed in winter and early spring.

Disease prevention consists in a full-fledged diet of feeding, proper care of the animal. In the event of a disease, the animal is provided with a full-fledged vitamin feeding, appropriate drugs are prescribed.

SURGICAL DISEASES

INJURY- mechanical damage to tissues without violating the integrity of the skin. With bruises, fiber, muscles, and blood vessels are primarily affected. The area of ​​the bruised place swells, bruises, abrasions are visible.

As a first aid, a cold compress is placed on the site of the bruise, a pressure bandage is applied, and the animal is provided with peace. After 2-3 days, thermal procedures and massage with ointments are applied. Unresolved hematomas are opened, drained, and an aseptic dressing is applied. A head injury can lead to a concussion. The most common sign of a concussion is vomiting, a staggering gait, and pale mucous membranes. In such cases, the animal is placed on its side, a cold compress is placed on the head. If breathing has stopped and the heart is not audible, artificial respiration is done. A sick animal is sent to a veterinary clinic.

WOUND– open mechanical damage to tissues and organs.

Causes wounds can be very diverse: animals inflict wounds on each other during fights, get hurt on glass fragments, nails, knots, etc. Accordingly, there are many types of wounds. Having found a wound, you must first of all stop the bleeding, treat the surface of the skin around the wound (cut the hair around the wound and treat it with 5% alcohol solution of iodine), apply an aseptic bandage. If the wound is accompanied by severe bleeding, then a tourniquet or twist from any improvised material should be applied above the wound; the tourniquet or twist must be relaxed every hour for one minute, after pressing the artery with a finger above the bleeding site. If the bleeding has been stopped, the animal can be given strongly brewed sweet chilled tea. The victim should be taken to a veterinary clinic as soon as possible. The dog must not be allowed to remove the bandage with its paws or teeth. The phases of inflammation and wound healing develop in a certain order. This causes the use of drugs in accordance with the stage of the process.

FRACTURE – partial or complete violation of the integrity of the bone.

If the integrity of the skin is preserved, the fracture is called closed, if it is broken, it is called open. The signs of fractures are characteristic. The animal cannot lean on a limb, jumps on three legs. With fractures of the pelvic bones and injuries of the spine, the animal cannot rise. When providing first aid, it is necessary to apply a splint bandage. It is necessary to deliver the injured animal to the veterinary clinic as soon as possible.

DISLOCATION – closed injury of the joint, accompanied by sprain and rupture of the ligaments.

With first aid, you can try to set the dislocated joint, put a cold compress on the site of the dislocation, and give a painkiller. If necessary, impose tires, splints.

Frostbite- tissue damage caused by exposure to cold. Most often, the tips of the ears, nose, paws, tail, and areas of the body with weak hairline are affected.

First aid consists in local and general warming of the animal. The frostbitten area is washed with warm water and soap, wiped with a 40-70% alcohol solution. The blisters are pierced with a sterile needle and pressure aseptic bandages are applied.

HOW TO GIVE YOUR DOG MEDICINE

The easiest and most convenient way is to give the medicine along with the food. To do this, the medicine is rolled into a ball of minced meat or placed in an incision in a small piece of meat or bread. Bitter drugs are pre-wrapped in thin tissue paper. If the dog does not swallow the medicine, it is given forcibly. To give an animal a pill, it is necessary to pull the head back so that the nose is pointing up. Then open the mouth and place the tablet on the midline of the root of the tongue, close the mouth and hold the head up until the dog swallows. Liquid medicines are easiest to inject with a pipette. This procedure is usually performed with an assistant. The owner wraps his hand around the dog's muzzle and squeezes it a little, and with the fingers of the other hand opens the animal's lips on the side; the assistant pours the medicine into the hole between the back teeth. The head of the animal must be held up for some time.

HOW TO LUBRICATE THE THROAT

This procedure is carried out with an assistant. The owner, pressing with his left hand on the corners of his lips, opens the dog's mouth, and with his right hand presses on the root of the tongue. The assistant lubricates the throat with a stick, the end of which is wrapped in cotton wool with medicine.

HOW TO RINSE THE MOUTH

The mouth of the dog is clamped with the left hand, and with the fingers of the right hand, the lips of the animal are slightly opened on the side, the head is tilted down so that the liquid is not swallowed. The syringe tip is inserted into the corner of the dog's mouth.

HOW TO VOMIT

The simplest remedy for inducing vomiting is table salt. A solution prepared at the rate of 1 teaspoon of salt per half liter of warm water is poured into the dog's cheek.

The mouth of the animal is opened and a piece of wood is placed between the fangs, the jaws are tied. You can use two loops of durable material, insert them into the dog's mouth and open the jaws.

EXTERNAL USE OF DRUGS

Medicines are applied to the skin of a dog in the form of ointments, emulsions, powders, solutions, etc. Medicines are applied to clean skin, previously freed from hairline. Tools used for this purpose must be clean.

INSTALLATION OF EYE DROPS AND APPLICATION OF EYE OINTMENT

Eye drops are administered with a pipette. The lower eyelid of the dog is pulled with the fingers of the left hand, and the medicine is injected with the right hand, in which the pipette is located. After dripping two drops per eyelid, the eyelid is released. Excess medication that has leaked from the eye is removed with a cotton swab. Eye ointment is laid with a special glass spatula. The lower eyelid is pulled with the left hand, the ointment is applied to the surface of the eyelid at the inner corner of the eye. Then, with two fingers, reduce the lower and upper eyelids for a while so that the ointment is evenly distributed over the eyeball.

SETTING AN ENEMAS

The tip of the enema cup or syringe is lubricated with petroleum jelly or a neutral cream and gently inserted into the dog's rectum. The amount of fluid administered depends on the body weight of the animal. An enema is given to dogs in a position on its side.

URINE COLLECTION FOR ANALYSIS

During urination, clean dishes are placed in a jar, plate, etc. Then the urine is poured into a clean glass bottle, closed with a clean stopper, and a label is signed indicating the name of the owner and data about the dog.

FEEL COLLECTION FOR ANALYSIS

For analysis, it is better to collect feces in the morning during the first walking. Excrements are taken with a flat wooden spatula in an amount of at least 50 g. Feces are collected in a cleanly washed glass jar with a tightly fitting or screw cap. A label is glued to the jar indicating the name of the owner and the exact data about the dog, also indicate the month and date of collection of feces.

VETERINARY KIT

In veterinary home first aid kit usable preparations for providing first aid to a sick dog should be stored: 5% alcohol solution of iodine, brilliant green solution, potassium permanganate, boric acid, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, furatsilin, activated charcoal, castor oil, analgin, antibiotics and sulfonamides, etc. In addition, you need to have a thermometer, scissors for cutting wool, a syringe, pipettes, a rubber band, gauze and cotton wool in sufficient quantities. First aid to a sick animal should be provided calmly, quickly and deliberately. After providing first aid, you need to contact a specialist.

Like people, our four-legged brothers are prone to various diseases. But alas, they can’t talk about what worries them. That is why every caring owner should be well versed in the symptoms of dog diseases in order to take timely action.

Diseases can be classified as follows:

Infectious diseases

general characteristics

What these diseases have in common is that they are caused by microorganisms and are usually contagious. Each infectious disease is characterized by a clear pattern of course, since their occurrence and spread depend on the stage of the life cycle of the pathogen. Such diseases are more susceptible to weak animals, puppies, old dogs. However, after the disease, post-infectious immunity appears: a dog that has been ill becomes immune to the pathogen for a long time. If such a disease is detected, the animal should be isolated from other dogs, and the room where it was kept should be disinfected.

The disease consists of four main stages:

• Incubation (hidden);
• preclinical;
• Clinical (right now the signs of the disease manifest themselves in the most significant way);
• The outcome of the disease (full or partial recovery, death).

Viral

Most common infectious diseases, characteristic of dogs, are viral.

Rabies. Infection occurs through contact with saliva a sick animal when bitten. The virus, which enters the body with saliva, penetrates the spinal cord, and then the dog's brain, where, actively multiplying, causes inflammation. Knowing the following symptoms will help to recognize this disease: a change in behavior (the animal becomes capricious and unapproachable, or, conversely, overly caresses). Often the dog begins to actively gnaw at the bite site, is very excited, the appetite disappears, vomiting and salivation are observed. it early signs illness.

At the next stage dog becomes aggressive, can pounce on a person, even on the owner, strives to run away, vomiting and salivation continue. In the future, the animal manifests convulsive seizures, the frequency and duration of which increases with the development of the disease, muscle paralysis (primarily the larynx, pharynx). The body temperature rises.

If rabies passes in a quiet form, then attention should be paid to the depressive appearance, lethargy of a previously active animal. It is very difficult to recognize this form due to the absence of characteristic symptoms.

Plague. Infection occurs in contact with a sick animal or through infected external objects (water, feed). The main symptoms are: fever, lack of appetite, lethargy of the animal, desire for solitude, fever, inflammation of the mucous membranes, purulent discharge from the eyes and nose. The skin of the nose becomes dry, cracked, causing discomfort to the dog, causing the animal to scratch its nose and sneezes. Difficulty breathing is also characteristic, there may be diarrhea, vomiting.

Aujeszky's disease, also known as "false rabies", can be recognized by signs: loss of appetite, shyness, excessive salivation. Then there is a strong itching of the muzzle, which is why the animal loses control over itself, begins to itch, peeling off the skin to the blood.

Canine disease

Other diseases. The owner of the animal should carefully monitor the condition of his pet in order to recognize a viral disease in time by the following signs:

• Lethargy, apathy;
• Decreased appetite, refusal to feed;
• Vomit;
• Temperature rise;
• Purulent discharge from the eyes, nose;
• Difficulty breathing, sneezing.

Having noticed at least two or three such signs, you should contact your veterinarian immediately. Treatment can only be prescribed by a specialist on the basis of an examination of the animal. As a rule, the dog is given an injection of serum with antibodies to fight the infection, antibiotics are prescribed.

Bacterial:

The following signs will help to recognize a bacterial disease at an early stage:

• General depression;
• Refusal of food;
• elevated temperature;
• Vomiting, diarrhea, foaming at the mouth.

By contacting the clinic, you can help the animal receive timely treatment.

ate undercooked or raw meat food, the dog can become infected with the "broad tapeworm" worm, which can be seen with the naked eye in the feces. In this case, the treatment can be carried out independently by giving the dog fenasal (0.1-0.2 g of the drug per 1 kg of weight). Pumpkin seeds also help.

Non-contagious internal

Diseases of the cardiovascular system

Differ in variety. Cough, shortness of breath, wheezing can be signs of emphysema. Treatment should be used bronchodilators, mucolytics, and when coughing - libexin or codeine. Depressed state, high temperature, tachycardia and arrhythmia may indicate endocarditis. Tachycardia, shortness of breath, increased fatigue, wheezing often allows diagnosing dilated cardiomyopathy. The treatment of this disease can only be prescribed by a professional, therefore, if symptoms are detected, it is urgent to take the animal to the clinic. Fatigue, shortness of breath, tachycardia can speak of heart failure.

Diseases of the respiratory system of dogs

This is a fairly common group of diseases, dangerous primarily because they can lead to complications. Symptoms are as follows:

• Depressed state;
• elevated temperature;
• breathing problems;
• Dyspnea;
• Discharge from the nose;
• Drop in appetite.

Diseases of the digestive tract

Quite common varied and often associated with feeding errors. So, if the dog is overfed, obesity may occur, especially castrated and sterilized animals are susceptible to it. The first symptom is excessive excess weight, which provides Negative influence on the heart. As a treatment, a reduction in the diet should be used, first of all, the exclusion of fatty foods from it.

Perverted appetite (eating the dog's own feces, stones, earth) can be a sign of serious diseases of the internal organs.

Mistakes in catering can cause gastritis, which will help determine the following symptoms: vomiting, weight loss, dull hair, dandruff. If at least two or three signs are present, a visit to the veterinary clinic for treatment should not be postponed, since advanced forms can be fatal. At home, it is enough to simply diagnose constipation - if the dog has problems with defecation: he whines, spins in one place, strains, but cannot recover. Constipation without proper attention can lead to serious consequences, as undigested food accumulates in the intestines and can lead to rupture.

If the skin of an animal has acquired an unpleasant yellow tint, this may be a signal of liver disease, only an experienced doctor can treat them.

Surgical

These include the following:

• Injuries;
• Muscle diseases;
• Diseases of the teeth;
• Ear diseases;
• Eye diseases.

To determine the probability of any of them will allow observation of the animal. If a the eyelids are reddened and swollen, purulent discharge comes from the eye, and the dog is experiencing photophobia, this may be a sign of conjunctivitis. For treatment, the eyes are first washed with a 2% solution of boric acid. If, together with these signs, a thorn has formed on the dog's eye, it may be keratitis (inflammation of the cornea).

Ear infections are also very common. If in the auricle external examination revealed a hot and soft tumor, this may be a sign of an injury. The following signs will help to recognize otitis media: the dog constantly tilts its head to one side, tends to scratch its ears, and reacts painfully when trying to touch them. For treatment, the auricle should be thoroughly cleaned using a cotton swab and hydrogen peroxide.

There are a lot of diseases that dogs are susceptible to, each of them differs in its own way. a set of features that allow veterinarians to make a correct diagnosis. However, it should be remembered that the first symptoms of any disease are changes in the behavior of the dog: it becomes lethargic and apathetic, or, on the contrary, excessively violent and active; he disappears or, on the contrary, appears strong appetite. Many diseases are signaled by a change in body temperature. heart rate profuse salivation. Having found several symptoms at once, you should not self-medicate, you need to contact a professional as soon as possible.

To prevent a large number dangerous dog diseases, the animal must be provided with conditions: cleanliness of the room, proper diet, periodic disinfection, preventive examinations at the veterinarian. And the treatment of an already arisen disease should be timely.