What plant foods are a good source of protein? Why are adolescents advised not to cut out animal foods from their diet? Why food of animal origin should be included in a child’s diet What is dangerous for a person to refuse meat

In adolescence, growth processes are activated in the child's body. During this period of life, significant changes occur in the functioning of the body, especially in hormonal and emotional sphere. That is why it is so important that a teenager gets enough calories and nutrients through food.

For full development, it is very important to provide a teenager balanced diet

Principles of healthy eating

Meals should be regular, so it is important to organize a meal plan that a teenager will follow every day.
The teenager's menu should be as varied as possible so that the child receives both interchangeable and irreplaceable nutrients in the right amount.
Proteins in daily diet a teenager at least 50-60% should be represented by products of animal origin.
A teenager should receive fats from vegetable oil, sour cream, nuts, cheese, butter and other products. It is desirable that about 70% of all fats consumed per day be vegetable.
Carbohydrates the child should receive in larger quantities than other nutrients. The optimal ratio of carbohydrates to proteins is 4 to 1.
Sources of fast carbohydrates (sweet foods) should make up to 20% of all carbohydrates consumed by a teenager.
Complex carbohydrates the child will receive from cereals, potato dishes, bread. For the preparation of flour dishes, it is recommended to give preference to flour with coarse grinding.
Fish should be on the teenager's menu at least 1-2 times a week. The same recommendations are given for red meat.
Every day, a teenager should eat 5 servings of fruits and vegetables. One serving is a medium-sized fruit (such as an apple or orange), two small fruits (such as an apricot), 50 g vegetable salad, a glass of fresh juice, three tablespoons of cooked vegetables.
Dairy products should be on the teenager's menu daily in the form of three servings.
The child can eat fatty and sweet foods in small quantities, but such meals should not replace healthy foods, since they contain too few useful elements.
The best views heat treatment of products is called boiling and stewing, as well as baking.
Foods with food additives, margarines, store-bought sauces, out-of-season vegetables, raw smoked sausages, very spicy dishes, deep-fried foods, packaged juices, lollipops, dishes are undesirable in the diet of adolescents. fast food, chewing gum. It is also worth limiting the consumption of white bread and sugar.

When compiling the menu, you need to take into account the lifestyle of the child.

Teenager's nutritional needs

A teenager should receive an adequate amount of calories to cover his energy expenditure during the day. On average, this is 65 kcal per kilogram of the child's weight, which in general is about 2500-3000 kcal per day.

If physical activity adolescent high, the daily calorie intake should be increased in accordance with the energy expenditure in training.

As far as nutrients are concerned, children adolescence recommend to receive daily 100-110 g of protein, 90-100 g of fat and an average of 400 g of carbohydrates.

What foods should be in the diet?

A teenager's daily food needs will be as follows:

Meat - about 200 grams;
Cottage cheese - 60 grams;
Dairy products - about 500 ml;
1 egg;
Cheese - about 10-15 grams daily;
Fish - from 60 to 70 grams;
Sweets - up to 100 grams;
Bread - from 300 to 400 grams (including Rye bread up to 150 grams);
Pasta or cereals - about 60 grams (beans are replaced once a week in the same amount);
Vegetables - 300-350 grams;
Fresh fruits - from 150 to 300 grams;
Dried fruits - about 25 grams;
Butter - from 30 to 40 grams;
Vegetable oil - from 15 to 20 grams.

Read about vitamins for teenagers in another article. Find out if you need to enter additional vitamin complexes in the diet and what you should pay attention to at this age.

What you should pay attention to when compiling a menu for a teenager, see the video of the Union of Pediatricians of Russia.

How to teach a child to eat healthy?

The issue of proper nutrition in adolescence is both complex and simple. Parents are still able to influence the menu of their son or daughter, but the food preferences in general have already been formed in the child. In addition, the desire to be independent and do your own thing affects nutrition. Here it is important to find a balance between food control and personal violence.

In introducing a teenager to a healthy diet, the example of parents is important. It is desirable that the whole family follow the principles rational nutrition. Talk to your child about the benefits of specific foods and the importance of certain foods for growth and health. Tell your teenager about the importance of breakfast, the bad effects of fast food, skipping meals, and starvation diets.

Be sure to pay attention to the nutrition of the child at school. Encourage your teen to bring healthy alternatives to hot dogs and pizza from home. For example, let your son or daughter take yogurt, fruit, casseroles, homemade cakes to class.

Food habits are formed in children over the years, so parents need to set a good example.

Diet

Teenagers should eat at least 4 times a day. All meals are divided into:

Breakfast. In the morning meal, the child should receive about 25% of all calories.
Dinner. This is the most voluminous meal, accounting for 35 to 40% of daily calories.
afternoon tea. It is represented by a small snack, corresponding to approximately 15% of the daily calorie content.
Dinner. At the evening meal, the child is advised to eat from 20 to 25% of the calories of the daily requirement. At the same time, it is important that the teenager has dinner a maximum of 2 hours before the moment when he goes to bed.

What liquids to give?

The total amount of liquid an adolescent consumes per day will be determined by the child's menu, the activity level of the adolescent, and the weather. On a hot day or physical activity more water should be consumed. On average, a teenager needs about 50 ml of fluid daily for every kilogram of his weight.

The best drink for a teenager is plain water. Also in the diet of children school age drinks such as milk, compotes, jelly, rosehip infusion, dried fruit decoction, tea, cocoa may be present.

Juice is considered a less preferred drink due to its high content of simple sugars and increased acidity. If a child drinks freshly squeezed juice, then it should certainly be diluted with water.

Teenagers should not consume carbonated drinks, as well as drinks with high content caffeine. Caffeine interferes with iron absorption and can cause sleep problems. Drinks with gas do not quench thirst and irritate the digestive tract, and often contain various chemical additives.

The best drink for both adults and children is water.

How to make a menu?

When compiling a menu for a teenager for a day, one should take into account the daily routine of the child, in particular, the mode of attending school, sports clubs, tutors and other activities.

It is better to make a menu for the whole week at once, then it will turn out to be more varied and nutritious. Consider these nuances:

For breakfast, a teenager should receive an average of 300 g of a main course, as well as a drink with a volume of approximately 200 ml. good options for breakfast, milk porridge, cottage cheese dishes, scrambled eggs or scrambled eggs are considered. Vegetables, dried fruits, berries, fruits, meat, sauces are added to them.
Many teenagers have lunch at school, where they get soup, a second course (which usually includes a side dish and meat or fish), and a drink. The home lunch menu is built on the same principle. The child is given about 250 ml of the first course and about 100 g of vegetable salad. The main dish is offered to a teenager in a volume of up to 300 grams, and a drink in a volume of 200 ml.
For an afternoon snack, a teenager is recommended to consume dairy products, fruits, pastries and cookies. Approximate volumes of dishes are 100 g for baking, 100 g for fruit and 150-200 ml for a drink.
At the evening meal, a teenage child is offered a main course (about 300 g) and a drink (200 ml). good choice there will be lean protein meals, for example, cottage cheese casserole, egg or fish dishes. Also a good option for teenagers' dinners is porridge and vegetable dishes.
Bread can be included in any meal, offering the child bakery products from different varieties flour.

Maintain interest in healthy food can be done by co-cooking

Menu example

Nutrition should be varied, healthy and balanced

Possible problems

If parents are not interested in the child's nutrition, due to a monotonous and nutrient-poor menu, a teenager may experience such problems:

Obesity.
Brittleness of the bones.
Fast fatiguability.
Reduced immunity.
Diseases of the joints.
Dizziness and low blood pressure.
Problems with the menstrual cycle in girls.
Caries.
Exhaustion.

Excess weight

If the BMI of a teenager exceeds 25-30, you should pay attention to nutrition and adjust it. First of all, the child is excluded from the menu harmful products(chips, chocolate bars, fried foods, fast food,

Questions from FIPI "Man and his health" 2018

Starting from the last page and working backwards to 225

Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food? Give two reasons.

All carbohydrates in food are converted into glucose and in this form they enter the blood from the intestines. Glucose is one of the most common essential energy sources for nerve tissues, heart, muscles and other organs.

Cellulose is the so-called dietary fiber. They are practically not absorbed, but perform protective function by stimulating bowel activity. They bind cholesterol, salts of heavy metals, many harmful substances and then remove them from our body, stimulating the activity of beneficial microorganisms living in our intestines.

At food poisoning vomiting, abdominal pain. Explain their importance to the body.

Vomiting - this symptom is a protective reaction of the body, which is aimed at cleansing the body of poor-quality toxic food.

Pain informs a person of imminent danger. Pain causes a negative psycho-emotional state and forms the motivation to eliminate this negative feeling.

What is dietary fiber? Why is dietary fiber good for the body?

1. Dietary fiber - indigestible components of the shells plant cells(cellulose).
2. Any of the following arguments may be given:

Food that contains a lot dietary fiber, requires prolonged chewing. Chewing stimulates salivation and digestive processes, and also cleans teeth, massages the gums.

Promote the removal of toxic decay products from the body

To maintain the intestinal microflora, because. beneficial bacteria synthesize B vitamins, increase immunity
– fibers remove heavy metals;
fiber lowers cholesterol and blood glucose levels

What are the functions in digestion hydrochloric acid? List at least two of its functions.

1. Provides protection against most pathogens entering the digestive system with unwashed food and unboiled water.
2. Creates a highly acidic environment for the enzyme to work gastric juice- pepsin.
3. Denatures food proteins, which contributes to their successful digestion.

How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in your diet? Specify two ways.

1) The priority in nutrition should be whole grains, fresh vegetables and fruits.
2) You should limit the consumption of animal and dairy fats (for example, butter), sauces and gravies.

During a many-hour excursion, which took place at an air temperature of about +10 ° C, Zinaida felt that she was cold. Using knowledge about the thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl experienced discomfort on the street.

1. During the excursion, intense heat transfer occurred from the surface of the girl's body.

2. At the same time, the process of heat generation in the body was somewhat slower, so the girl felt temperature discomfort

Which biological significance have fat in the human body? Name at least two values.

They perform a building function - they are part of cell membranes

Spare power source

Regulatory (many fats are hormones)

Energy (38.9 kJ of energy is obtained from 1 g of fat)

Protective layer internal organs(from mechanical damage)

Heat-insulating layer (subcutaneous adipose tissue)

Fats deliver fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the body.

IN chemical composition human cells include proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Human food must contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot.

1. In the human body, it is possible to convert carbohydrates into fats and vice versa, as well as proteins into fats and carbohydrates.
2. The conversion of carbohydrates and fats into proteins is impossible.

Name two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them?

Dysentery is an intestinal infection that affects the final part of the large intestine. There are several pathogens that cause the development of the disease: bacterium - dysentery bacillus (shigella) and dysentery amoeba - the simplest animal

Cholera is a human-to-human intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae and characterized by dehydration due to severe vomiting and diarrhea. Among all intestinal infections cholera is the most contagious disease.
3. Salmonellosis (typhoid fever) - an acute intestinal infection transmitted from animals to humans, caused by certain types of bacteria - Salmonella and manifested by defeat gastrointestinal tract.

Why should vitamins be included in the human diet? Name at least two functions of vitamins in the human body.

Vitamins are biologically active organic substances necessary for small quantities. They are not formed in the body (with the exception of some: D, K and group B) and must be supplied with food.

They are part of enzymes, participating in metabolism.

They increase the body's resistance to adverse environmental influences, stimulate the growth and development of the body, and restore tissues and cells.

Diseases, as a rule, are accompanied by a significant increase in body temperature, metabolism decreases, and appetite disappears. At this time there is destruction a large number cells (especially blood - leukocytes). Therefore, the patient is given food that does not require large expenditures of energy for digestion and absorption, and is also rich in proteins.

The disease, as a rule, is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, which leads to an increase in the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin, lungs and heat transfer in general. In order to avoid violations of water-salt metabolism and tissue dehydration, fluid loss must be compensated by drinking plenty of fluids.

What organs does the dentist warn about violations of the work of a smoking person and why? Name at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on these organs.

1. The dentist will draw the patient's attention to the effect of tobacco smoke and the tar it contains on the organs oral cavity: teeth, gums, salivary glands.

2.Tobacco smoke leaves on the enamel yellow plaque, which contributes to the development of caries and tooth decay, enhances the secretion salivary glands, and the saliva they secrete is swallowed along with the toxic components of tobacco smoke.

3.Soot and harmful smoke particles cause inflammatory processes oral mucosa: bleeding gums, stomatitis.

What foods contain cholesterol? What is dangerous for the human body high level blood cholesterol?

1. Cholesterol is a substance necessary for the construction of cell membranes , production of hormones of the adrenal glands and gonads, work nervous system and the functioning of the brain.

2. The greatest amount of cholesterol is found in fatty foods of animal origin: lard, egg yolks, sour cream, fatty cheeses and meat, some confectionery

3. Cholesterol is dangerous because it is deposited in the walls of blood vessels, gradually forming a lipid spot, a plaque that grows and can come off. The thrombus is carried with the blood stream and clogs the narrow lumens of the arteries. As a result, the normal blood flow is disturbed, the blood supply to any organ stops. ischemia occurs. oxygen starvation tissue), which can lead to necrosis.

Often, with a lack of nutrition, they talk about a protein deficiency in the human diet, but why don’t they talk about carbohydrate or fat deficiency?

Proteins in the body can turn into fats and carbohydrates, compensating for their deficiency.

Neither carbohydrates nor fats can be converted into proteins in the human body, so the lack of proteins cannot be compensated by fats and carbohydrates.

German proverb says: "Well chewed– half digested." Explain its meaning from the perspective of the physiology of digestion. Give two explanations.

1) If a person chews food well, then it moves in the alimentary canal in a crushed form and therefore is more accessible to the action of digestive juices.

2) Thorough chewing food is accompanied by the release of a large amount of saliva and gastric juice, which also speeds up the process of digestion.

Why is the preparation of the pancreatic hormone, insulin, administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and the preparations of hormones of the adrenal cortex, the so-called corticoids: hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone – taken as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic drugs in the form of tablets?

1. Insulin is a protein and, like all proteins, is affected by the digestive enzymes of the stomach and small intestine. It should enter the bloodstream not in the form of individual amino acids, but as a whole, retaining its hormonal activity. Therefore, it is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously.

2. Hormones of the adrenal cortex are classified as lipids - fats. Many lipids are absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries of the intestinal villi and are transported by the lymph flow into the blood as a whole; they also easily pass through cellular and intracellular membranes.

What part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is such regulation ensured?

Regulation fat metabolism carried out by the central nervous system. The centers of regulation are located in the hypothalamus, they exert their influence on fat metabolism through the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic nerves enhance the decay, and parasympathetic - the synthesis of fat.

The influence of the nervous system on fat metabolism is carried out by changes in endocrine secretion: adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and gonads.

Explain in nutritional terms why cleanliness– guarantee of health.

1. Washing hands before eating is the key to the absence of infectious gastrointestinal diseases. You need to take care not only about the cleanliness of the hands, but also about the hygiene of the nails, because a lot of bacteria also accumulate under them.

2. Lack of personal hygiene, unwashed vegetables and fruits can cause helminthic diseases in humans.

3. Through carriers (flies, cockroaches), pathogens can enter the intestines infectious diseases.

During dinner, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and what is it associated with?

1. Heartburn is an unpleasant burning sensation mainly behind the sternum and / or in the epigastric region.

2. This is due to the effect of gastric juice on the mucosa of the esophagus. This happens when gastric contents are thrown into the esophagus, and this, in turn, becomes possible due to insufficiency of the esophageal sphincter (a kind of clamp at the junction of the esophagus into the stomach), which normally separates the acidic contents of the stomach.

Which Negative influence Does tobacco smoking affect the digestion process? Specify at least two changes.

1. Tobacco smoke weakens the sense of smell and perception taste sensations, increases salivation, loosens the gums, promotes bleeding and the formation of ulcers on the oral mucosa, can destroy dentin

2. During smoking, the vessels of the stomach narrow, the mucous membrane bleeds, the amount of gastric juice decreases and its acidity changes

3. Smoking disrupts intestinal motility. Violation of bowel function is expressed by intermittent constipation and diarrhea.

What drug is used by patients diabetes? Why is it administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures?

1. Patients with diabetes mellitus are given insulin.

2. Insulin is a protein and, like all proteins, is affected by the digestive enzymes of the stomach and small intestine. It should enter the bloodstream not in the form of individual amino acids, but as a whole, retaining its hormonal activity. Therefore, it is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously.

Olga is a master of sports. the coach asked Olga to consume meals with the highest protein content. Why did the coach turn Special attention Olga on the content of proteins in ordered dishes? Specify at least two arguments .

1) Protein is the main building material for the body. It consists of muscles and ligaments, skin and internal organs. Proteins in the body cannot be formed from other nutrients.
2) Protein can be used as an energy source.

3. Lack of a complete protein nutrition can greatly affect the growth, physical and mental development of the child.

Before ordering lunch in a cafe, Konstantin carefully studied appearance well-known products and the dishes offered from them, and after ordered menu went to the toilet to wash his hands. Explain the teenager's actions.

There is a conditioned juice reflex - the release of juice at the sight and smell of food, it contributes to the breakdown of food immediately after it enters the stomach.

Washing hands before eating is a guarantee of the absence of infectious gastrointestinal diseases.

Why do packages of sterilized milk have longer shelf life than pasteurized milk?

1. Milk pasteurization temperature - 60-80 degrees, depending on the duration. During this period, some microorganisms die, and the other part reduces activity, thereby extending the shelf life. dairy product.

2. Sterilization is a heat treatment process in which, as a result of exposure to high temperatures (above 100 ° C), all microorganisms die, and the duration of storage of milk increases.

During lunch, friends will probably actively exchange impressions and look at photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Peter should not be distracted and do other things while eating. Give at least two arguments.

1 .During eating, do not be distracted, as this worsens salivation .

What changes in the processes of digestion in the stomach causes alcohol? List at least two changes.

Alcohol irritates its mucosa and activates increased excretion of hydrochloric acid. With regular ingestion of alcoholic beverages into the stomach, there is a violation acid-base balance, dysfunction and regeneration of the gastric mucosa

Under the influence of alcohol, gastric juice is secreted with a smaller amount of the enzyme pepsin. Digestion in the stomach becomes defective, food stagnates or undigested enters the intestines

Why should a person limit their sugar intake? Give at least two arguments

Sugar affects normal metabolism. Excessive use of it leads to weight gain, obesity, high level blood sugar, high blood pressure;

Excessive sugar consumption can also raise uric acid levels, which increases the risk of heart and kidney disease.

It creates an excessive load on the liver, damaging it like alcohol, since all carbohydrates are ultimately transported to this organ;

Why is it not enough for football player Fedor to take into account only the calorie content of foods when compiling a diet? Give two arguments.

1. It is necessary to take into account the correct distribution of the calorie content of the diet for individual meals.

2. Nutrition must be complete, i.e. the diet must fully satisfy the needs of a particular organism for vitamins, mineral salts and water, and also contain all the essential amino acids (complete proteins)

3. It is required to maintain a balance in the diet of the amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals.

In people who are accustomed to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach is greatly stretched and its muscles become weak. This negatively affects the work of other organs and the process of digestion. Why?

1. At distended stomach a person eats too much food, which can cause obesity and, as a result, increase the work of the heart, liver, intestines and the occurrence of various diseases of these organs.

2. Pressure is created on neighboring organs and through the diaphragm on the heart and lungs

3. With a distended stomach, food mixes worse with juices, there is a delay in the promotion of contents

What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body?

Water balance organism - equilibrium between the amount of water entering the body and what is excreted. The average amount of water consumed per day is up to 2.5 liters.

2. Water exchange is under the control of neuro-hormonal regulation. The intake of water is controlled by the feeling of thirst. Thirst occurs when the water content in the body decreases even by a few percent.

3. The hormone vasopressin (antidiuretic) is produced by the hypothalamus. With the formation of an excess of electrolytes (with an increase in osmotic pressure), more antidiuretic hormone is released, under the influence of which the kidneys produce less urine. Conversely, if the osmotic pressure of the blood decreases, less antidiuretic hormone is released. In addition, the volume of blood flowing through the kidneys is simultaneously regulated. With a decrease in this volume, more of the hormone aldosterone is produced and released. Aldosterone inhibits normal selection salts through the kidneys, under its influence there is a feeling of thirst,

4. The release of water from the body is stimulated by a hormone thyroid gland - thyroxine. With an excess of this hormone, the excretion of water by the skin increases.

For what purpose, when checking the state of health, the patient is offered to do a urine test? What can a specialist detect in the urine if the patient has inflammation of the kidneys? Give at least two examples.

The urinalysis is laboratory research urine, which is carried out for diagnostic purposes

1. Leukocytes in the urine indicate that there is inflammation in the kidneys or urinary tract, often this is an indicator of a chronic infection.

2. Do healthy person there is no protein in the urine or its concentration is insignificant, with inflammation, the protein concentration increases.

In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and not containing carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was found in its liver. What is glycogen? Explain its origin.

1. Glycogen is a polysaccharide formed by glucose residues, the main reserve carbohydrate of animals. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized if necessary to make up for a sudden lack of glucose. Only the glycogen stored in the liver cells can be converted into glucose to feed the entire body.

2. In the process of metabolism, carbohydrates can be formed from proteins, which happened with the experimental animal, which was fed only protein food. This happens with people who eat mainly animal food, for example, among the peoples of the north.

Name two diseases of the digestive system. Give reasons for each of them.

1.Gastritis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach wall. Causes: non-compliance with the diet, poor nutrition, dry food, on the go, alcohol abuse, smoking.
2) A stomach ulcer is a disease in which there is a violation of the integrity of the tissues of the gastric walls from the inside, as a result of which they are corroded by gastric juice, which, in turn, forms a characteristic lesion, that is, an ulcer. Causes: prolonged negative emotions and stress, alcohol abuse, smoking

3) Cirrhosis of the liver - a disease in which liver cells degenerate into another tissue. Causes: poor nutrition, lack of proteins and vitamins, poisoning chemicals And medicines, alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction

What are the changes in the processes of digestion in small intestine causes alcohol? List at least two changes.

Alcohol causes a very strong decrease in motor activity. digestive tract and especially the small intestine. Accordingly, this leads to a deterioration in the absorption of proteins, vitamins and carbohydrates,

2. Under the influence of alcohol, the walls of the small intestine change their structure at the cellular level. As a result, the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine stops, which leads to the exhaustion of the body.

3. There is an increase in the permeability of the intestinal walls, through which toxic substances and underdigested protein compounds enter the bloodstream. Some of them are classic allergens, so many people develop allergic reactions when drinking alcohol. allergic reactions like hives

What plant foods are a good source of protein? Why are adolescents advised not to cut out animal foods from their diet?

1. The most valuable source of protein are plants of the legume family: soybeans, peas, beans, chickpeas, as well as nuts and green vegetables.

2) For adolescents, a sufficient amount of animal protein is needed, which is contained in meat, since it is he who serves as a building material for the muscular system. Plant proteins, unlike animal proteins, do not contain all the amino acids necessary for the formation of specific human proteins.

3) Lack of complete protein nutrition can greatly affect the growth, physical and mental development of the child.

What is dangerous for a person low acidity of gastric juice? Give at least two reasons.

1. Since hydrochloric acid has an antiseptic, bactericidal effect on pathogenic microorganisms, then a decrease in the acidity of the stomach can provoke the occurrence of various intestinal infections.

2. Low acidity of the stomach causes disturbances in the functioning of the digestive organs. Some enzymes lose their activity, which leads to improper protein digestion and the development of active fermentation processes.

3. Decreased acidity leads to poor absorption of vitamins and minerals. Vitamin deficiency is fraught with brittleness and dryness of hair, skin, brittle nails and other external signs.

4. A frequent companion of low acidity is constipation, followed by frequent diarrhea.

About what violations in the functioning of internal organs and external manifestations of these disturbances the gastroenterologist of the smoker will warn?

1. First of all, the stomach. Toxic substances of smoke, dissolving

in saliva, act on the gastric mucosa, causing inflammation - gastritis. Nicotine, tobacco smoke, tobacco particles disrupt the rhythm of the entire gastrointestinal tract.

2. The smoker's appetite decreases; there is nausea, vomiting, pain in the stomach; stomach ulcers may develop.

Why do substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, injected directly into the blood, cause the death of a person? Give at least two reasons.

1. There are no enzymes in the blood capable of splitting high-molecular organic compounds into simpler ones, which are transported to the cells and used by them.

Milk and chicken broth have a specific composition (especially for proteins), which will become antigens for the body, which will cause immune protection.

name two external sign that there is not enough protein in the human diet.

1. With a lack of protein, metabolism slows down. If they are missing, they are lost. muscle mass and, on the contrary, the amount of fat in the body increases.
2. Skin, hair, nails are not vital important organs, but at the same time almost completely consist of protein, receiving it according to the residual principle. Therefore, fragile hair, loose skin, exfoliating nails - a sure sign of a lack of protein in the body.

In the human body in 1 hour, as much heat is generated as needed to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, the temperature of the human body practically does not change. Why? List at least two bodies that are actively involved in maintaining constant temperature body.

1. Thermoregulation is the ability of the body human regulate heat exchange with the environment and maintain body temperature at a constant normal level 36.6° regardless of external conditions and the severity of the work to be done.

2. The sweat glands of the skin form sweat, which, when evaporated, protects against overheating

3.High temperatures blood vessels expand, increasing blood flow to the surface of the skin and increasing heat transfer.

Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; not earlier than 3 h
and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous meal, and its duration should be 20– 25 minutes.

1. When eating food at the same hours in the body, the formation of conditioned juice-releasing reflexes occurs for a certain time and the food is better digested.

2. It is recommended to eat no earlier than 3 hours and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous intake, since after about 3-4 hours the food leaves the stomach. If this requirement is not observed, digestion worsens and appetite decreases.

3. When eating fast, food is poorly chewed and crushed, insufficiently processed by saliva. This leads to an excessive load on the stomach, deterioration of digestion and assimilation of food. When eating in a hurry, the feeling of fullness comes more slowly, which contributes to overeating.

Why can't humans digest undigested food? Give at least two reasons.

During digestion, there is a gradual breakdown of the biopolymers that make up food products, into simpler connections. able to be easily absorbed into the blood and participate in vital important functions human body

Undigested food cannot be digested because its physical state and chemical composition are very complex. macromolecules organic matter very large and cannot get into the blood, and then into the cells.

Macromolecules foreign to the body, which are part of food products, can cause immune response organism.

What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet?

1. General weakness, decreased performance - the performance of ordinary, everyday duties causes difficulties, lethargy appears, decreased performance, muscle weakness, tremors in the muscles and impaired coordination of movements are characteristic;

2. With its deficiency, hair becomes thinner and falls out, nails grow slowly and can delaminate, white spots or stripes appear on them, the skin loses elasticity, becomes grayish-pale and rough, and rashes appear.

2. Lack of protein can also be manifested by exacerbations of chronic diseases and frequent occurrence colds(ARVI and ARI)

3. A person feels eternally hungry, the amount of sugar in the blood decreases. therefore, a person eats a lot of sweets, he has frequent headaches and difficulty sleeping.

4. The character worsens, previously unusual qualities appear: irritability, tearfulness, aggressiveness, anxiety, resentment, and so on;

5. Weight loss, swelling

Which preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.

Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene. Wash hands before eating

Boil water from natural reservoirs.

Thoroughly wash vegetables and fruits before eating.

Destroy cockroaches and flies.

Hormones of which endocrine glands are actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Specify at least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce.

Insulin is a protein hormone synthesized by the pancreas in response to an increase in glucose levels after a meal. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by increasing its utilization by cells and increases the conversion of glucose to glycogen in both the liver and muscles.
Glucagon is the "hunger hormone" produced by the pancreas in response to a decrease in blood glucose levels.
2. Adrenaline - is a hormone of the adrenal medulla. Adrenaline promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to form glucose and raises blood glucose levels. In muscles, adrenaline activates the breakdown of glucose to lactic acid.

It has long been known that proper nutrition affects people's lives. Nutrition depends on how often a person gets sick, what is the duration of his life, as well as his development and even mental abilities. Therefore, proper nutrition of a teenager plays a huge role in the formation of a maturing organism.

Scientists identify three stages in the development of a teenager. The first stage falls on the age from ten to thirteen years. During this period, all the forces of the teenager's body are spent on active growth. That is why during this period the teenager needs increased amount calcium, since its deficiency can provoke diseases of the musculoskeletal system, such as scoliosis and osteochondrosis. In order to avoid these problems, it is necessary to include a large amount of dairy products in the diet:

curd,
milk,
kefir,
yogurt.

Also, adolescents need a sufficient amount of animal protein, which is contained in meat, since it is he who serves as a building material for the muscular system.

Nutrition for teenagers from 14 to 16 years old

The second stage of growing up falls on the period from fourteen to sixteen years. At this time, there is an active formation of endocrine glands, causing acne in many adolescents ( acne). Teenagers during this period should not abuse food with elevated content fats. However, it is impossible to completely exclude fats from the diet. It is very useful to eat foods rich in fiber and dietary fiber, such as vegetables and fruits, whole grains.

Nutrition for teenagers from 17 to 20 years old

At this age, the body of a teenager is practically formed. Often it is during this period that a desire arises to conduct some food experiments. However, it is worth delaying and abandoning strict diets and alternative ways nutrition. For example, it is contraindicated for young people to practice vegetarianism. The nutrition of adolescents should provide the body with the necessary amount of energy, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The diet should consist of a variety of food groups, such as dairy products, fruits, vegetables, white bread, legumes, meat, whole grains, fish. Avoid foods that are high in fat, salt and sugar.

There are several groups of products that are necessary for the full growth and development of a teenager. First of all, adolescents need to consume complex carbohydrates, since they are the main suppliers of energy, which is so necessary for rapid growth. Complex carbohydrates are found in sufficient quantities in cereals and cereals. Foods such as meat, poultry and fish contain protein and must be included in the diet of a teenager. Protein is a building material for the muscular system and internal organs, in addition, meat, especially red meat, contains iron, which prevents anemia. Vegetable fiber is found in vegetables, root crops and fruits. It is necessary for normal operation gastrointestinal tract, as well as to cleanse the body of toxins, as these products contain natural antioxidants. vegetable fats found in vegetable oils and nuts, prevent hair loss and brittle nails in adolescents. To obtain the necessary amount of calcium, vitamin D and phosphorus in the body of a teenager, dairy products, such as milk, cottage cheese, cheese, kefir, and so on, must be present in the diet. A teenager's adherence to the principles of healthy eating will help him avoid health problems not only during growing up, but also throughout his later life.

1. The most valuable source of protein are plants of the legume family: soybeans, peas, beans, chickpeas, as well as nuts and green vegetables.

3) Lack of complete protein nutrition can greatly affect the growth, physical and mental development of the child.

35. Why is low acidity of gastric juice dangerous for a person? Give at least two reasons.

1. Since hydrochloric acid has an antiseptic, bactericidal effect on pathogenic microorganisms, a decrease in the acidity of the stomach can provoke the occurrence of various intestinal infections.

3. Decreased acidity leads to poor absorption of vitamins and minerals. Vitamin deficiency is fraught with brittleness and dryness of hair, skin, brittle nails and other external signs.

4. A frequent companion of low acidity is constipation, followed by frequent diarrhea.

What disorders in the functioning of internal organs and external manifestations of these disorders will the gastroenterologist of the smoker warn about?

1. First of all, the stomach. Toxic substances of smoke, dissolving

in saliva, act on the gastric mucosa, causing inflammation - gastritis. Nicotine, tobacco smoke, tobacco particles disrupt the rhythm of the entire gastrointestinal tract.

2. The smoker's appetite decreases; there is nausea, vomiting, pain in the stomach; can develop stomach ulcers

37. Why do substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, injected directly into the blood, cause the death of a person? Give at least two reasons.

1. There are no enzymes in the blood capable of splitting high-molecular organic compounds into simpler ones, which are transported to the cells and used by them.

2. Milk and chicken broth have a specific composition (especially for proteins), which will become antigens for the body, which will cause immune protection.

Name two outward signs that a person's diet is deficient in protein.

1. With a lack of protein, metabolism slows down. With their lack, muscle mass is lost and, conversely, the amount of fat in the body increases.
2. Skin, hair, nails are not vital organs, but at the same time they are almost entirely composed of protein, receiving it according to the residual principle. Therefore, fragile hair, flabby skin, exfoliating nails are a sure sign of a lack of protein in the body.

In the human body in 1 hour, as much heat is generated as needed to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, the temperature of the human body practically does not change. Why? Name at least two organs that are actively involved in maintaining a constant body temperature.

1. Thermoregulation is the ability of the body human regulate heat exchange with the environment and maintain body temperature at a constant normal level of 36.6 °, regardless of external conditions and the severity of the work performed.

2. The sweat glands of the skin form sweat, which, when evaporated, protects against overheating

3. At high temperatures, blood vessels expand, increasing blood flow to the surface of the skin and increasing heat transfer.

40. Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; not earlier than 3 h
and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous meal, and its duration should be 20-25 minutes.

1. When eating food at the same hours in the body, the formation of conditioned juice-releasing reflexes occurs for a certain time and the food is better digested.