Why is there not enough air when breathing - what to do? Difficulty breathing: why it's hard to breathe
To perform this breathing at home, you need to:
- Sit in a chair and relax your shoulders
- Purse your lips, leaving a small gap between them
- Inhale noisily through the hole between your lips for a couple of seconds.
- Gently exhale, without opening your lips, for four counts.
- Continue inhaling and exhaling in this manner for 10 minutes.
You can try this exercise any time you feel short of breath and repeat it throughout the day until you feel better.
Finding a comfortable, supportive position
Finding a comfortable, supportive position (standing or lying down) will help you relax and catch your breath. If your shortness of breath is caused by anxiety or excessive stress, this may be the most suitable method.
The following positions can reduce pressure on a person's airway and improve breathing:
- Sitting in a chair, preferably with your head propped up
- Leaning against a wall to support the back of the body
- Standing with your elbows on the table to take the weight off your legs
- Lying on your back with pillows under your head and knees
Using a fan
Research has shown that using a portable fan to blow air over your nose and face can reduce shortness of breath. The feeling of the force of the air flow when inhaling makes people feel the air entering the lungs and relax.
However, researchers have not found that using a ventilator helps relieve symptoms of shortness of breath caused by another condition or disease.
Steam inhalation
Inhaling the steam helps clear the nasal passages, making it easier to breathe. Additionally, the heat and humidity from the steam breaks down the mucus in the lungs, which can also reduce shortness of breath.
What causes shortness of breath?
For many, shortness of breath appears suddenly and disappears after a short period of time. Others encounter it regularly. Shortness of breath that occurs regularly may be the result of a more serious underlying medical condition. Sudden shortness of breath may require immediate treatment.
Common reasons
Shortness of breath, which occurs from time to time, can be caused by:
- Overweight or poor physical condition
- Smoking
- Allergens or air pollutants
- Extreme temperatures
- Anxiety
Other diseases
Regular shortness of breath may be caused by a more serious medical condition which affects the heart or lungs. The heart and lungs help transport oxygen throughout the body and get rid of carbon dioxide. Thus, diseases that affect how they function can also affect a person's breathing.
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Lifestyle changes
Depending on the cause of dyspnea, Some lifestyle changes can eliminate symptoms or permanently relieve shortness of breath. Such changes include:
- Weight loss if the cause of shortness of breath is obesity
- Exercises to improve your physical fitness
- Avoiding exercise in hot conditions or at high altitudes
- Quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke
- Avoiding allergens and pollutants
- Treatment of the underlying disease causing shortness of breath
Dyspnea is a breathing disorder that is accompanied by a change in its frequency and depth. As a rule, breathing during shortness of breath is rapid and shallow, which is a compensatory mechanism ( adaptation of the body) in response to lack of oxygen. Dyspnea that occurs during inhalation is called inspiratory, and shortness of breath during exhalation is called expiratory. It can also be mixed, that is, occur both on inhalation and exhalation. Subjectively, shortness of breath is felt as a lack of air, a feeling of compression of the chest. Normally, shortness of breath may appear in a healthy person, in which case it is called physiological.
Physiological shortness of breath may appear in the following cases:
- as the body’s reaction to excessive physical activity, especially if the body is not constantly exposed to physical activity;
- at high altitudes, where hypoxic conditions are created ( lack of oxygen);
- in confined spaces with increased amounts of carbon dioxide ( hypercapnia).
Depending on the etiology(reasons for occurrence)shortness of breath can be of the following types:
- cardiac dyspnea;
- pulmonary shortness of breath;
- shortness of breath as a consequence of anemia.
Doctors to contact if you experience shortness of breath include:
- therapist;
- family doctor;
- cardiologist;
- pulmonologist
How does human breathing occur?
Breathing is physiological process, during which gas exchange occurs, that is, the body receives oxygen from the external environment and releases carbon dioxide and other metabolic products. This is one of the most important functions of the body, since breathing maintains the vital functions of the body. Breathing is a complex process that is carried out mainly through the respiratory system. The respiratory system consists of the following organs:
- nasal and oral cavity;
- larynx;
- trachea;
- bronchi;
- lungs.
Atmospheric air enters the lungs through the airways and then into the pulmonary alveoli. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, that is, carbon dioxide is released, and the blood is saturated with oxygen. Next, oxygenated blood is sent to the heart through pulmonary veins, which flow into the left atrium. From the left atrium, blood flows into the left ventricle, from where it goes through the aorta to organs and tissues. Caliber ( size) arteries, through which blood is carried throughout the body, moving away from the heart, gradually decreases to capillaries, through the membrane of which gases are exchanged with tissues.
The act of breathing consists of two stages:
- Inhale, in which atmospheric air saturated with oxygen enters the body. Inhalation is an active process that involves the respiratory muscles.
- Exhalation, in which air saturated with carbon dioxide is released. When you exhale, the respiratory muscles relax.
Cardiac dyspnea
Cardiac dyspnea is shortness of breath that develops as a consequence of heart pathologies. As a rule, cardiac dyspnea has a chronic course. Shortness of breath in heart disease is one of the the most important symptoms. In some cases, depending on the type of shortness of breath, duration, physical activity after which it appears, one can judge the stage of heart failure. Cardiac dyspnea is usually characterized by inspiratory dyspnea and frequent attacks of paroxysmal ( periodically repeating) nocturnal shortness of breath. Causes of cardiac dyspnea
There are a large number of reasons that can cause shortness of breath. These can be congenital diseases associated with genetic abnormalities, as well as acquired ones, the risk of which increases with age and depends on the presence of risk factors.The most common causes of cardiac dyspnea include:
- heart failure;
- acute coronary syndrome;
- hemopericardium, cardiac tamponade.
Heart failure is a pathology in which the heart, due to certain reasons, is unable to pump the volume of blood that is necessary for normal metabolism and the functioning of organs and systems of the body.
In most cases, heart failure develops under such pathological conditions as:
- arterial hypertension;
- IHD ( cardiac ischemia);
- constrictive pericarditis ( inflammation of the pericardium, accompanied by its hardening and impaired heart contraction);
- restrictive cardiomyopathy ( inflammation of the heart muscle with decreased compliance);
- pulmonary hypertension (increased blood pressure in the pulmonary artery);
- bradycardia ( decrease in heart rate) or tachycardia ( increased heart rate) of various etiologies;
- heart defects.
In the early stages of heart failure, shortness of breath may be absent. Further, as the pathology progresses, shortness of breath appears under heavy loads, under light loads, and even at rest.
Symptoms of heart failure associated with shortness of breath are:
- cyanosis ( bluish discoloration of the skin);
- cough, especially at night;
- hemoptysis ( hemoptysis) – expectoration of sputum mixed with blood;
- orthopnea – rapid breathing in a horizontal position;
- nocturia – increased urine formation at night;
Acute coronary syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that may suggest myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Myocardial infarction is a disease that occurs as a result of an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and oxygen supply, which results in necrosis of an area of the myocardium. Unstable angina is considered an exacerbation of coronary heart disease, which can lead to myocardial infarction or sudden death. These two conditions are combined into one syndrome due to a common pathogenetic mechanism and the difficulty of differential diagnosis between them at first. Acute coronary syndrome occurs with atherosclerosis and thrombosis of the coronary arteries, which cannot provide the myocardium with the necessary amount of oxygen.
Symptoms of acute coronary syndrome are considered to be:
- pain behind the sternum, which can also radiate to the left shoulder, left arm, lower jaw; as a rule, the pain lasts more than 10 minutes;
- shortness of breath, feeling of lack of air;
- feeling of heaviness behind the sternum;
- paleness of the skin;
First aid for symptoms of acute coronary syndrome is sublingual nitroglycerin ( under the tongue), unbuttoning tight clothing that is squeezing the chest, providing fresh air and calling an ambulance.
Heart defects
A heart defect is a pathological change in the structures of the heart that leads to impaired blood flow. Blood flow is disrupted in both the systemic and pulmonary circulation. Heart defects can be congenital or acquired. They may concern the following structures - valves, septa, vessels, walls. Congenital defects hearts appear as a result of various genetic abnormalities and intrauterine infections. Acquired heart defects can occur against the background of infective endocarditis ( inflammation of the inner lining of the heart), rheumatism, syphilis.
Heart defects include the following pathologies:
- ventricular septal defect is an acquired heart defect, which is characterized by the presence of a defect in separate parts interventricular septum, which is located between the right and left ventricles of the heart;
- patent oval window– a defect in the interatrial septum, which occurs due to the fact that the oval window, which participates in the blood circulation of the fetus, does not close;
- open arterial ( botalls) duct, which in the prenatal period connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery, and must close during the first day of life;
- coarctation of the aorta– heart disease, which manifests itself as a narrowing of the aortic lumen and requires cardiac surgery;
- heart valve insufficiency– this is a type of heart defect in which complete closure of the heart valves is impossible and reverse flow of blood occurs;
- heart valve stenosis characterized by narrowing or fusion of the valve leaflets and disruption of normal blood flow.
The most common symptoms of heart defects are:
- dyspnea;
- cyanosis of the skin;
- pale skin;
- loss of consciousness;
- retardation in physical development;
Heart defects are diseases that can be alleviated through therapeutic methods, but can only be completely cured through surgery.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease characterized by damage to the heart and manifests itself as hypertrophy ( increase in the volume of cardiac muscle cells) or dilatation ( increase in the volume of the heart chambers).
There are two types of cardiomyopathies:
- primary (idiopathic), the cause of which is unknown, but it is assumed that these may be autoimmune disorders, infectious factors ( viruses), genetic and other factors;
- secondary, which appears in the background various diseases (hypertension, intoxication, ischemic disease heart disease, amyloidosis and other diseases).
The most common manifestations of cardiomyopathy are considered to be:
- shortness of breath;
- cough;
- pale skin;
- increased fatigue;
- increased heart rate;
- dizziness.
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is damage to the myocardium ( heart muscle) predominantly inflammatory in nature. Symptoms of myocarditis are shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, and weakness.
Among the causes of myocarditis are:
- Bacterial and viral infections more often than other causes cause infectious myocarditis. The most common causative agents of the disease are viruses, namely the Coxsackie virus, measles virus, and rubella virus.
- Rheumatism, in which myocarditis is one of the main manifestations.
- Systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis ( inflammation of the walls of blood vessels) lead to myocardial damage.
- Taking certain medications ( antibiotics), vaccines, serums can also lead to myocarditis.
In order to prevent the occurrence of myocarditis, it is necessary to promptly treat infectious diseases and sanitize chronic foci of infections ( caries, tonsillitis), rationally prescribe medications, vaccines and serums.
Pericarditis
Pericarditis is an inflammatory lesion of the pericardium ( pericardial sac). The causes of pericarditis are similar to the causes of myocarditis. Pericarditis manifests itself as prolonged chest pain ( which, unlike acute coronary syndrome, do not improve with nitroglycerin), fever, severe shortness of breath. With pericarditis, due to inflammatory changes in the pericardial cavity, adhesions can form, which can then grow together, which significantly complicates the functioning of the heart.
With pericarditis, shortness of breath often occurs in a horizontal position. Shortness of breath with pericarditis is a constant symptom and it does not disappear until the cause is eliminated.
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is a pathological condition in which fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity and hemodynamics are disrupted ( movement of blood through vessels). The fluid that is in the pericardial cavity compresses the heart and limits heart contractions.
Cardiac tamponade can appear as acutely ( for injuries), and for chronic diseases ( pericarditis). It manifests itself as painful shortness of breath, tachycardia, and decreased blood pressure. Cardiac tamponade can cause acute heart failure and shock. This pathology is very dangerous and can lead to complete cessation of cardiac activity. Therefore, timely medical intervention is of utmost importance. As an emergency, pericardial puncture and removal of pathological fluid are performed.
Diagnosis of cardiac dyspnea
Shortness of breath, being a symptom that can occur in pathologies of various organs and systems, requires careful diagnosis. Research methods for diagnosing shortness of breath are very diverse and include examination of the patient, paraclinical ( laboratory) and instrumental studies.The following methods are used to diagnose shortness of breath:
- physical examination ( conversation with the patient, examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation);
- ultrasonography ( transesophageal, transthoracic);
- X-ray examination of the chest organs;
- CT ( CT scan);
- MRI ( );
- ECG ( electrocardiography), ECG monitoring;
- cardiac catheterization;
- bicycle ergometry.
The very first step in making a diagnosis is collecting anamnesis ( that is, questioning the patient), and then examining the patient.
When collecting anamnesis, you need to pay attention to the following information:
- Characteristics of shortness of breath, which can be on inspiration, on expiration or mixed.
- The intensity of shortness of breath may also indicate a certain pathological condition.
- Hereditary factor. The likelihood of heart disease if your parents had it is several times higher.
- The presence of various chronic heart diseases.
- You should also pay attention to the time at which shortness of breath appears, its dependence on body position and physical activity. If shortness of breath appears during physical activity, it is necessary to clarify the intensity of the exercise.
Cardiac percussion provides information about an increase in the boundaries of the heart, which occurs due to the phenomena of hypertrophy or dilatation. Normally, percussion produces a dull sound. Changes and shifts in the boundaries of cardiac dullness indicate cardiac pathologies or pathologies of other mediastinal organs.
The next step in examining the patient is auscultation ( listening). Auscultation is performed using a phonendoscope.
Using cardiac auscultation, the following changes can be determined:
- weakening of the sonority of heart sounds ( myocarditis, myocardial infarction, cardiosclerosis, valve insufficiency);
- increased sonority of heart sounds ( atrioventricular orifice stenosis);
- split heart sounds ( mitral stenosis, non-simultaneous closure of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves);
- pericardial friction rub ( dry or effusion pericarditis, after myocardial infarction);
- other noises ( with valve insufficiency, orifice stenosis, aortic stenosis).
A general blood test is a laboratory research method that allows you to evaluate the cellular composition of the blood.
In a general blood test for cardiac pathologies, changes in the following indicators are of interest:
- Hemoglobin is a component of red blood cells that is involved in oxygen transport. If the hemoglobin level is low, this indirectly indicates that there is a lack of oxygen in the tissues, including the myocardium.
- Leukocytes. White blood cells may be elevated if infectious process in organism. An example is infective endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis. Sometimes leukocytosis ( increased white blood cell count) is observed during myocardial infarction.
- Red blood cells often reduced in patients with chronic heart disease.
- Platelets participate in blood clotting. An increased number of platelets can occur due to blockage of blood vessels; when the level of platelets decreases, bleeding is observed.
- ESR () is a nonspecific factor in the inflammatory process in the body. An increase in ESR occurs with myocardial infarction, infectious heart disease, and rheumatism.
A biochemical blood test is also informative in diagnosing the causes of shortness of breath. Changes in some parameters of a biochemical blood test indicate the presence of heart disease.
To diagnose the causes of cardiac dyspnea, the following biochemical parameters are analyzed:
- Lipidogram, which includes such indicators as lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglycerides. This indicator indicates a disturbance in lipid metabolism, the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which, in turn, are a factor leading to most heart diseases.
- AST (aspartate aminotransferase). This enzyme is found in large quantities in the heart. Its increase indicates the presence of damage to the muscle cells of the heart. As a rule, AST is elevated during the first day after myocardial infarction, then its level may be normal. By how much the AST level is increased, one can judge the size of the area of necrosis ( cell death).
- LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). For the analysis of cardiac activity, the total level of LDH, as well as the fractions of LDH-1 and LDH-2, are important. An increased level of this indicator indicates necrosis in the muscle tissue of the heart during myocardial infarction.
- KFC (creatine phosphokinase) is a marker of acute myocardial infarction. Also, CPK can be increased with myocarditis.
- Troponin is a protein that is an integral part of cardiomyocytes and is involved in heart contraction. An increase in troponin levels indicates damage to myocardial cells during acute myocardial infarction.
- Coagulogram (blood clotting) indicates the risk of blood clots and pulmonary embolism.
- Acid phosphatase increases in patients with myocardial infarction with severe course and the presence of complications.
- Electrolytes (K, Na, Cl, Ca) increase with cardiac arrhythmia or cardiovascular failure.
A general urine test does not provide exact description and localization of heart diseases, that is, this research method does not indicate specific signs heart disease, however, it can indirectly indicate the presence of a pathological process in the body. A general urine test is prescribed as a routine test.
If cardiac shortness of breath is suspected, an x-ray examination is one of the most important and informative.
X-ray signs that indicate cardiac pathology and pathology of the heart vessels are:
- Heart sizes. An increase in heart size may occur with myocardial hypertrophy or chamber dilatation. This can occur with heart failure, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, coronary heart disease.
- Shape, configuration of the heart. You may notice an enlargement of the heart chambers.
- Saccular protrusion of the aorta due to aneurysm.
- Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity during pericarditis.
- Atherosclerotic lesion of the thoracic aorta.
- Signs of heart defects.
- Congestion in the lungs, hilar infiltration in the lungs in heart failure.
CT scan of the heart and blood vessels
CT scan is a method of layer-by-layer examination of internal organs using x-rays. CT is an informative method that allows you to detect various pathologies of the heart, and also allows you to determine possible risk IHD ( cardiac ischemia) according to the degree of calcification ( deposition of calcium salts) coronary arteries.
Computed tomography can detect changes in the following structures of the heart:
- condition of the coronary arteries - the degree of calcification of the coronary arteries ( by volume and mass of calcifications), coronary artery stenosis, coronary bypass grafts, coronary artery anomalies;
- aortic diseases – aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection; measurements necessary for aortic replacement can be taken;
- condition of the heart chambers – fibrosis ( connective tissue proliferation), ventricular dilatation, aneurysm, thinning of the walls, presence of space-occupying formations;
- changes in the pulmonary veins - stenosis, abnormal changes;
- CT can detect almost all heart defects;
- pericardial pathologies – constrictive pericarditis, pericardial thickening.
MRI ( Magnetic resonance imaging) is a very valuable method for studying the structure and functions of the heart. MRI is a method for studying internal organs based on the phenomenon of magnetic nuclear resonance. MRI can be performed with either contrast ( injection of contrast agent for better tissue visualization), and without it, depending on the purposes of the study.
An MRI allows you to obtain the following information:
- assessment of heart and valve functions;
- degree of myocardial damage;
- thickening of the myocardial walls;
- heart defects;
- pericardial diseases.
MRI is contraindicated in the presence of a pacemaker or other implants ( prosthetics) with metal parts. The main advantages of this method are its high information content and the absence of radiation to the patient.
Ultrasonography
Ultrasound is a method of examining internal organs using ultrasonic waves. Ultrasound is also one of the leading methods for diagnosing heart diseases.
Ultrasound has a number of significant advantages:
- non-invasiveness ( no tissue damage);
- harmlessness ( no radiation);
- low cost;
- quick results;
- high information content.
The following types of ultrasound examination are used to diagnose cardiac pathologies:
- Transthoracic echocardiography. In transthoracic echocardiography, the ultrasound transducer is placed on the surface of the skin. Different images can be obtained by changing the position and angle of the sensor.
- Transesophageal ( transesophageal) echocardiography. This type of echocardiography allows you to see what may be difficult to see with transthoracic echocardiography due to the presence of obstructions ( fatty tissue, ribs, muscles, lungs). In this test, the probe passes through the esophagus, which is key because the esophagus is in close proximity to the heart.
ECG
An electrocardiogram is a method of graphically recording the electrical activity of the heart. ECG is an extremely important research method. With its help, you can detect signs of cardiac pathology and signs of a previous myocardial infarction. An ECG is performed using an electrocardiograph, the results are given immediately on the spot. A qualified doctor then conducts a thorough analysis ECG results and draws conclusions about the presence or absence of characteristic signs of pathology.
An ECG is done both once and so-called daily ECG monitoring is carried out ( according to Holter). This method uses continuous ECG recording. At the same time, physical activity, if any, and the appearance of pain are recorded. Usually the procedure lasts 1 – 3 days. In some cases, the procedure lasts much longer - months. In this case, sensors are implanted under the skin.
Cardiac catheterization
The most commonly used method is Seldinger cardiac catheterization. The progress of the procedure is monitored by a special camera. Local anesthesia is first performed. If the patient is restless, a sedative may also be administered. A special needle is used to puncture the femoral vein, then a guide is installed along the needle, which reaches the inferior vena cava. Next, a catheter is placed on the guidewire, which is inserted into the right atrium, from where it can be inserted into the right ventricle or pulmonary trunk, and the guidewire is removed.
Cardiac catheterization allows you to:
- accurate measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure;
- oximetry analysis of blood obtained through a catheter ( determination of blood oxygen saturation).
Coronary angiography
Coronary angiography is a method for studying coronary ( coronary) heart arteries using x-rays. Coronary angiography is performed using catheters through which a contrast agent is injected into the coronary arteries. After administration, the contrast agent completely fills the lumen of the artery, and with the help of an X-ray machine, several images are taken in different projections, which allow us to assess the condition of the vessels.
Bicycle ergometry ( ECG with stress)
Bicycle ergometry is a research method that is performed using a special installation - a bicycle ergometer. A bicycle ergometer is a special type of exercise machine that can accurately dose physical activity. The patient sits on a bicycle ergometer, on his hands and feet ( possibly on the back or shoulder blades) the electrodes are fixed, with the help of which the ECG is recorded.
The method is quite informative and allows you to assess the body’s tolerance to physical activity and establish an acceptable level of physical activity, identify signs of myocardial ischemia, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, and determine the functional class of exertional angina.
Contraindications to bicycle ergometry are:
- acute myocardial infarction;
- pulmonary embolism;
- unstable angina;
- late dates pregnancy;
- 2nd degree atrioventricular block ( disruption of the conduction of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles of the heart);
- other acute and severe diseases.
Treatment of cardiac dyspnea
Treatment of shortness of breath, first of all, should be aimed at eliminating the causes of its occurrence. Without knowing the causes of shortness of breath, it is impossible to fight it. In this regard, correct diagnosis is very important.Can be used in treatment as pharmaceuticals both surgical interventions and traditional medicine. In addition to the basic course of treatment, adherence to diet, daily routine and lifestyle adjustments are very important. It is recommended to limit excessive physical activity, stress, and treat heart disease and the risk factors leading to it.
Treatment of cardiac dyspnea is etiopathogenetic, that is, it is aimed at the causes and mechanism of its occurrence. Thus, to eliminate cardiac dyspnea, it is necessary to combat heart disease.
Groups of drugs used in the treatment of cardiac dyspnea
| Group of drugs | Group representatives | Mechanism of action |
| Diuretics
(diuretics) |
| Eliminate swelling, reduce blood pressure and stress on the heart. |
| ACE inhibitors
(angiotensin converting enzyme) |
| Vasoconstrictor, hypotensive effect. |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers |
| Antihypertensive effect. |
| Beta blockers |
| Hypotensive effect, reducing the frequency and strength of heart contractions. |
| Aldosterone antagonists |
| Diuretic, antihypertensive, potassium-sparing effect. |
| Cardiac glycosides |
| Cardiotonic effect, normalize metabolic processes in the heart muscle, eliminate congestion. |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs |
| Normalization of heart rate. |
Oxygen therapy is also recommended. Oxygen therapy is usually carried out in a hospital setting. Oxygen is supplied through a mask or special tubes, and the duration of the procedure is determined in each case individually.
Traditional methods for treating shortness of breath include the following:
- Hawthorn normalizes blood circulation, has a tonic effect, hypotonic effect, lowers cholesterol levels. You can make tea, juice, infusion, and balm from hawthorn.
- Fish fat Helps reduce heart rate and helps prevent heart attacks.
- Mint, lemon balm have a calming, vasodilating, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory effect.
- Valerian It is used for strong palpitations, heart pain, and has a calming effect.
- Calendula helps with tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypertension.
Surgical methods for treating cardiac dyspnea include the following procedures:
- Coronary artery bypass surgery is an operation whose purpose is to restore normal blood flow in the coronary arteries. This is done with the help of shunts, which allow you to bypass the affected or narrowed section of the coronary artery. To do this, a section of a peripheral vein or artery is taken and sutured between the coronary artery and the aorta. Thus, blood flow is restored.
- Valve replacement, valve restoration- this is the only type of operation with which you can radically ( fully) eliminate heart defects. Valves can be natural ( biological material, human or animal) and artificial ( synthetic materials, metals).
- Pacemaker- This is a special device that supports cardiac activity. The device consists of two main parts - a generator of electrical impulses and an electrode that transmits these impulses to the heart. Pacing can be external ( however, this method is now rarely used) or internal ( implantation of a permanent pacemaker).
- Heart transplant. This method is the most extreme and, at the same time, the most difficult. Heart transplantation is performed at a time when it is no longer possible to cure the disease and maintain the patient’s condition using any other methods.
Pulmonary dyspnea
Pulmonary dyspnea is a disorder of the depth and frequency of breathing associated with diseases of the respiratory system. With pulmonary dyspnea, there are obstructions for air that rushes into the alveoli ( the final part of the breathing apparatus, has the shape of a bubble), insufficient oxygenation occurs ( oxygen saturation) blood, and appear characteristic symptoms.Causes of pulmonary dyspnea
Pulmonary dyspnea may appear as a consequence of inflammatory diseases of the lung parenchyma, the presence of foreign bodies in the respiratory tract and other pathologies of the respiratory system.Conditions that most often lead to pulmonary dyspnea:
- pneumothorax;
- hemothorax;
- pulmonary embolism;
- aspiration.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a disease characterized by partially reversible and progressive difficulty air flow in the respiratory tract due to an inflammatory process.
The most common causes of COPD are the following:
- Smoking. 90% of COPD cases are caused by smoking ( This includes passive smoking);
- Pollution of atmospheric and indoor air with various harmful substances (dust, pollution by substances emitted by street transport and industrial enterprises);
- Recurrent ( frequently repeated) infections bronchi and lungs often lead to exacerbation and progression of COPD;
- Frequent infections respiratory tract in childhood.
The main symptoms of COPD are:
- Cough It rarely appears in the early stage and becomes chronic as the disease progresses.
- Sputum initially it is secreted in small quantities, then its quantity increases, it becomes viscous and purulent.
- Dyspnea- this is the most late symptom disease, may appear several years after the onset of the disease, initially appears only during intense physical exertion, then appears during normal exercise. Shortness of breath, as a rule, is of a mixed type, that is, both on inhalation and on exhalation.
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract, which is characterized by periodic attacks of breathlessness. The number of asthma patients is about 5–10% of the population.
The causes of bronchial asthma include:
- hereditary factor, which occurs in approximately 30% of cases;
- allergic substances in the environment ( pollen, insects, mushrooms, animal hair);
- professional factors in the workplace ( dust, harmful gases and fumes).
The most characteristic manifestations of bronchial asthma are:
- periodic occurrence of episodes of shortness of breath;
- cough;
- feeling of discomfort in the chest;
- the appearance of sputum;
- panic.
Emphysema
Emphysema is an irreversible expansion of the air space of the distal bronchioles as a result of destructive changes in their alveolar walls.
Among the causes of pulmonary emphysema, there are 2 main factors:
- COPD;
- alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
The main symptoms of emphysema are:
- dyspnea;
- sputum;
- cough;
- cyanosis;
- “barrel” chest;
- expansion of intercostal spaces.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lungs that affects the alveoli and/or interstitial tissue of the lungs. Every year, about 7 million cases of pneumonia worldwide result in death.
Pneumonia is predominantly caused by various microorganisms and is an infectious disease.
The most common pathogens that cause pneumonia are the following:
- Pneumococcus;
- respiratory viruses ( adenovirus, influenza virus);
- legionella.
The most characteristic symptoms of pneumonia are the following:
- acute onset with fever;
- cough with copious sputum production;
- dyspnea;
- headache, weakness, malaise;
- chest pain.
Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity. Pneumothorax can be open or closed, depending on the presence of communication with the environment.
Pneumothorax may occur in the following cases:
- Spontaneous pneumothorax which occurs most often. Usually, spontaneous pneumothorax caused by rupture of blisters in pulmonary emphysema.
- Injury– penetrating ( penetrating) chest injuries, rib fractures.
- Iatrogenic pneumothorax (related to medical care) – after pleural puncture, chest surgery, catheterization of the subclavian vein.
Clinical manifestations of pneumothorax are:
- stabbing pain in the affected part of the chest;
- dyspnea;
- asymmetrical movements of the chest;
- pale or bluish discoloration of the skin;
- coughing attacks.
Hemothorax is an accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity with the accumulation of blood compresses the lung, complicates breathing movements and promotes displacement of the mediastinal organs.
Hemothorax appears as a consequence of the following factors:
- injuries ( penetrating chest wounds, closed injuries );
- medical manipulations (after surgery, puncture);
- pathologies ( tuberculosis, cancer, abscess, aortic aneurysm).
Symptoms characteristic of hemothorax are:
- pain in the chest that gets worse when coughing or breathing;
- dyspnea;
- forced sitting or semi-sitting position ( to alleviate the condition);
- tachycardia;
- pale skin;
- fainting.
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of the lumen of the pulmonary artery by emboli. An embolus may be a thrombus ( most common cause of embolism), fat, tumor tissue, air.
Clinically, pulmonary embolism is manifested by the following symptoms:
- shortness of breath ( most common symptom);
- tachycardia;
- severe chest pain;
- cough, hemoptysis ( hemoptysis);
- fainting, shock.
Pulmonary embolism can lead to pulmonary infarction, acute respiratory failure, instant death. In the initial stages of the disease, with timely medical care, the prognosis is quite favorable.
Aspiration
Aspiration is a condition characterized by the penetration of foreign bodies or liquid into the respiratory tract.
Aspiration is manifested by the following symptoms:
- expiratory shortness of breath;
- sharp cough;
- suffocation;
- loss of consciousness;
- noisy breathing that can be heard from a distance.
Diagnosis of pulmonary dyspnea
Diagnosing pulmonary dyspnea may seem simple at first glance. However, the purpose of diagnosis in this case is not only to identify the presence of a disease of the respiratory system, but also the form, stage, course of the disease and prognosis. Only correct diagnosis can become the basis for adequate therapy.Diagnosis of pulmonary dyspnea is carried out using the following methods:
- physical examination;
- general blood analysis;
- general urine analysis;
- blood chemistry;
- determination of the level of D-dimers in the blood;
- chest x-ray;
- CT, MRI;
- scintigraphy;
- pulse oximetry;
- body plethysmography;
- spirometry;
- sputum examination;
- bronchoscopy;
- laryngoscopy;
- thoracoscopy;
- Ultrasound of the lungs.
The first step in diagnosing pulmonary dyspnea is taking a history and examining the patient.
When collecting anamnesis, the following factors are of great importance:
- age;
- presence of chronic pulmonary diseases;
- conditions at the workplace, since a large number of pulmonary diseases occur due to inhalation of harmful substances and gases during work;
- smoking is an absolute risk factor for pulmonary diseases;
- decreased immunity ( the body's defenses), when the body is unable to fight pathogenic factors;
- heredity ( bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis).
When examining a patient, pay attention to the following details:
- Skin color. Skin color may be pale or bluish, reddish ( hyperemia).
- Forced position. With pleural effusion, lung abscess ( unilateral lesions) the patient tries to lie on the affected side. During an attack of bronchial asthma, the patient sits or stands and leans on the edge of a bed, table, or chair.
- Chest shape. A “barrel-shaped” chest can be caused by emphysema. Asymmetrical chest occurs with unilateral lesions.
- Fingers shaped like drumsticks appear with prolonged respiratory failure.
- Breathing characteristics– increase or decrease in the frequency of respiratory movements, shallow or deep, arrhythmic breathing.
After palpation, begin percussion ( tapping). With percussion it is determined bottom line lungs, apex of the lung, percussion sound is compared on the right and left. Normally, the percussion sound in the area where the lungs are located is ringing and clear. With pathological changes, a clear pulmonary sound is replaced by a tympanic, dull, box sound.
Auscultation of the lungs is performed while sitting or standing. In this case, the main respiratory sounds are heard, additional ( pathological) breath sounds ( rales, crepitus, pleural friction rub).
General blood analysis
In a general blood test, there are a number of indicators that are characterized by changes in pulmonary diseases.
A complete blood count provides the following information important for diagnosing shortness of breath:
- Anemia– in pulmonary diseases it is established due to the phenomenon of hypoxia.
- Leukocytosis– purulent lung diseases, infectious diseases of the respiratory tract ( bronchitis, pneumonia).
- Increase in ESR ( erythrocyte sedimentation rate) indicates the presence of inflammatory diseases.
A general urine test, as well as a general blood test, is prescribed as a routine research method. It does not directly inform about any pulmonary disease, but the following indicators can be detected - albuminuria, erythrocyturia, cylindruria, azotemia, oliguria.
Blood chemistry
Biochemical blood test is a very important method laboratory research, the results of which make it possible to judge the condition of various organs. Biochemical blood test allows you to detect active and latent diseases, inflammatory processes
For pulmonary diseases, the following biochemical blood test indicators are important:
- Total protein. With diseases of the respiratory system, it often decreases.
- Albumin-globulin ratio, in which changes occur during inflammatory lung diseases, namely, the amount of albumin decreases and the amount of globulins increases.
- SRB ( C-reactive protein) increases in inflammatory and dystrophic lung diseases.
- Haptoglobin (a protein found in blood plasma that binds hemoglobin) increases in pneumonia and other inflammatory diseases.
D-dimer level
D-dimer is a component of the fibrin protein that is involved in blood clot formation. An increase in D-dimers in the blood indicates the process of excessive thrombus formation, although it does not indicate the exact location of the thrombus. The most common reasons Increases in D-dimers are pulmonary embolism, malignant neoplasms. If this indicator is normal, pathology cannot be excluded, since there is a possibility of obtaining false negative results.
X-ray of the chest organs
Chest x-ray is the most common x-ray examination method.
The list of diseases detected using radiography is extensive and includes the following:
- pneumonia;
- tumors;
- bronchitis;
- pneumothorax;
- pulmonary edema;
- injuries;
- other.
Diseases of the respiratory system can be detected by the following signs:
- decreased transparency of lung tissue;
- darkening of the pulmonary fields is the main radiological sign of pneumonia ( associated with inflammatory changes in lung tissue), atelectasis;
- increased pulmonary pattern - COPD, tuberculosis, pneumonia;
- expansion of the root of the lung - chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis, expansion of the pulmonary arteries;
- foci of pneumosclerosis in COPD, chronic bronchitis, atelectasis, pneumoconiosis;
- smoothness of the costophrenic angle – pleural effusion;
- a cavity with a horizontal level of fluid is characteristic of a lung abscess.
CT and MRI of the lungs are among the most accurate and informative methods. A wide variety of pulmonary diseases can be detected using these methods.
Thus, using CT and MRI, the following diseases can be diagnosed:
- tumors;
- tuberculosis;
- pneumonia;
- pleurisy;
- enlarged lymph nodes.
Scintigraphy is a research method that involves introducing radioactive isotopes into the body and analyzing their distribution in various organs. Scintigraphy mainly detects pulmonary embolism.
The procedure is carried out in two stages:
- Blood supply scintigraphy. A labeled radioactive substance is injected intravenously. When the substance decays, it emits radiation, which is recorded by a camera and visualized on a computer. The absence of radiation indicates the presence of an embolism or other pulmonary disease.
- Ventilation scintigraphy. The patient inhales a radioactive substance, which, along with the inhaled air, spreads through the lungs. If you find an area where gas does not enter, this indicates that something is blocking the flow of air ( tumor, fluid).
Pulse oximetry
Pulse oximetry is a diagnostic method for determining blood oxygen saturation. Normal oxygen saturation should be 95 – 98%. When this indicator decreases, they speak of respiratory failure. The manipulation is carried out using a pulse oximeter. This device is fixed on a finger or toe and calculates the content of oxygenated ( oxygenated) hemoglobin and pulse rate. The device consists of a monitor and a sensor that detects pulsation and provides information to the monitor.
Bodyplethysmography
Body plethysmography is a more informative method compared to spirography. This method allows you to analyze in detail functional ability lungs, determine the residual lung volume, total lung capacity, functional residual lungs, which cannot be determined with spirography.
Spirometry
Spirometry is a diagnostic method that examines the function of external respiration. The study is carried out using a spirometer. During the examination, the nose is pinched with fingers or with a clamp. To avoid unwanted effects ( dizziness, fainting) it is necessary to strictly follow the rules and constantly monitor the patient.
Spirometry can be performed with calm and forced ( reinforced) breathing.
During quiet breathing, vital capacity is determined(vital capacity)and its components:
- expiratory reserve volume ( after taking the deepest breath possible, exhale as deeply as possible);
- inspiratory volume ( after exhaling as deeply as possible, take a deep breath).
With forced breathing, FVC is determined ( forced vital capacity). To do this, exhale calmly, inhale as deeply as possible, and then immediately exhale as deeply as possible without pause. FVC decreases with pathology of the pleura and pleural cavity, obstructive pulmonary diseases, and disturbances in the functioning of the respiratory muscles.
Sputum analysis
Sputum is a pathological discharge secreted by the glands of the bronchi and trachea. Normally, these glands produce a normal secretion, which has a bactericidal effect and helps in the release of foreign particles. With various pathologies of the respiratory system, sputum is formed ( bronchitis, tuberculosis, lung abscess).
Before collecting material for research, it is recommended to drink a large volume of water 8–10 hours in advance.
Sputum analysis includes the following points:
- Initially, the characteristics of sputum are analyzed ( content of mucus, pus, blood, color, smell, consistency).
- Then microscopy is performed, which informs about the presence of various formed elements in the sputum. Microorganisms can be detected.
- Bacteriological analysis is carried out to detect microorganisms that may cause infection.
- Determination of sensitivity to antibiotics ( antibiogram) allows you to find out whether the detected microorganisms are sensitive or resistant to antibacterial drugs, which is very important for adequate treatment.
Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic method for examining the trachea and bronchi. To carry out the procedure, a bronchofiberscope is used, which is equipped with a light source, a camera, and special parts for performing the manipulation, if necessary and possible.
Using bronchoscopy, the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi is examined ( even the smallest branches). This is the most suitable method for visualizing the inner surface of the bronchi. Bronchoscopy allows you to assess the condition of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, identify the presence of inflammatory changes and the source of bleeding, take material for a biopsy, and remove foreign bodies.
Preparation for bronchoscopy consists of the following:
- the last meal should be 8 hours before the procedure to prevent aspiration of gastric contents in case of possible vomiting;
- Before the procedure, premedication is recommended ( pre-administration of drugs);
- conducting a detailed blood test and coagulogram before the procedure;
- It is recommended not to drink liquids on the day of the test.
- local anesthesia of the nasopharynx is performed;
- the bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth;
- the doctor gradually examines the condition of the mucous membrane as the device is introduced;
- if necessary, material is taken for a biopsy, a foreign body is removed, or another necessary medical procedure is performed;
- At the end of the procedure, the bronchoscope is removed.
Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy is a research method in which the larynx is examined using a special device called a laryngoscope.
There are two methods for performing this manipulation:
- Indirect laryngoscopy. This method is currently considered outdated and is used quite rarely. The idea is to insert a special small mirror into the oropharynx and visualize the mucous membrane using a reflector that illuminates it. To avoid gagging, local spraying with an anesthetic solution is carried out ( pain reliever).
- Direct laryngoscopy. This is a more modern and informative research method. There are two options – flexible and rigid. In flexible laryngoscopy, the laryngoscope is inserted through the nose, the larynx is examined, and then the device is removed. Rigid laryngoscopy is more complex method. During this procedure, it is possible to remove foreign bodies and take material for a biopsy.
Thoracoscopy is an endoscopic research method that allows you to examine the pleural cavity using a special instrument - a thoracoscope. The thoracoscope is inserted into the pleural cavity through a puncture in the chest wall.
Thoracoscopy has several advantages:
- low-injury;
- information content
- manipulation can be carried out before open operations to argue for the need for one or another type of treatment.
This procedure when examining the lungs, it is less informative due to the fact that the lung tissue is filled with air, as well as due to the presence of ribs. All this interferes with the examination.
However, there are a number of lung diseases that can be diagnosed using ultrasound:
- accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity;
- lung tumors;
- lung abscess;
- pulmonary tuberculosis.
Treatment of pulmonary dyspnea
Doctors take a comprehensive approach to the treatment of pulmonary dyspnea, using different methods and means. Treatment is aimed at eliminating the cause of shortness of breath, improving the patient’s condition and preventing relapses ( repeated exacerbations) and complications.Treatment of pulmonary dyspnea is carried out using the following methods:
- Therapeutic, which includes medications and non-drug therapies.
- Surgical method.
Non-drug therapy for pulmonary dyspnea includes:
- rejection of bad habits ( primarily from smoking);
- breathing exercises;
- active immunization against pneumococcus, influenza virus;
- rehabilitation of chronic foci of infection.
Drug therapy
| Group of drugs | Group representatives | Mechanism of action |
| Beta2-agonists |
| Relaxation and expansion muscle wall bronchi. |
| M-anticholinergics |
|
|
| Methylxanthines |
|
|
| Antibiotics |
| Death and suppression of pathogenic flora. |
| GKS (glucocorticosteroids) |
| Anti-inflammatory effect, reducing swelling of the respiratory tract, reducing the formation of bronchial secretions. |
Also important in the treatment of pulmonary dyspnea is oxygen inhalation ( inhalation). The effectiveness of oxygen inhalation in cases of pneumonia, bronchial asthma, and bronchitis has been proven. Typically, the inhalation procedure lasts approximately 10 minutes, but its duration can be increased if indicated. You should be careful, as too long a procedure can also cause harm.
If other treatment methods are ineffective, surgical methods of treatment are resorted to. In some cases, the surgical method is only chance for the patient's recovery.
Surgical methods for treating pulmonary dyspnea include:
- Pleural puncture (thoracentesis) is a puncture of the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity is located between the two layers of the pleura. The puncture is performed in a sitting position. A place for puncture is selected, disinfected, then done local anesthesia novocaine solution ( if there is no allergic reaction to it). After this, an injection is given in this area; when a feeling of failure is felt, this means that the parietal pleura has been punctured and the manipulation is successful. Next, the syringe plunger is pulled and the liquid is evacuated ( blood, pus, effusion). It is not recommended to pull out a large amount of liquid at one time, as this is fraught with complications. After removing the needle, the puncture site is treated with an antiseptic and a sterile bandage is applied.
- Thoracotomy is an operation in which open access to the chest organs is performed through opening the chest wall.
- Drainage of the pleural cavity (Bülau drainage) is a manipulation to remove fluid and air from the pleural cavity using drainage.
- Surgical reduction of lung volume. The part of the lungs damaged by emphysema cannot be treated or restored. In this regard, an operation is performed to surgically reduce the volume of the lungs, that is, the non-functional part of the lung is removed so that the less damaged part can function and provide gas exchange.
- Lung transplant. This is very major surgery, which is carried out for progressive, chronic fibrosing lung diseases. Transplantation is a radical surgical method that consists of completely or partially replacing the diseased lungs of a sick person with healthy ones taken from a donor. Transplantation, despite the complexity of its implementation and postoperative therapy, significantly increases the length and quality of life of the patient.
Anemia as a cause of shortness of breath
Anemia is a decrease in the level of hemoglobin, hematocrit or red blood cells. Anemia can be like separate disease, and a symptom of other diseases. Iron deficiency anemia occurs most often in clinical practice. Shortness of breath with anemia develops as a result of the destruction, disruption of formation or loss of red blood cells in the body, and a disturbance in the synthesis of hemoglobin. As a result, oxygen transport to organs and tissues is disrupted and hypoxia is established. Causes of anemia
Anemia is a disease that can occur as a result of a wide variety of factors. For all etiological factors different mechanisms of action are characteristic, but the effect remains common for all - the state of anemia.Nutritional deficiencies most often occur for the following reasons:
- vegetarian diets;
- long-term diets on exclusively dairy products;
- poor quality nutrition among low-income populations.
A lack of iron in the body causes disturbances in the formation of hemoglobin, which binds and transports oxygen to tissues. Thus, tissue hypoxia and corresponding symptoms develop. Anemia associated with a lack of iron is called iron deficiency and is the most common.
Malabsorption of nutrients
In some cases, the necessary nutrients are present in the required quantities in the diet, but due to certain pathologies they are not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.
Malabsorption of nutrients most often occurs in the following cases:
- malabsorption syndrome ( nutrient malabsorption syndrome);
- gastrectomy ( removal of part of the stomach);
- resection of the proximal part of the small intestine;
- chronic enteritis ( chronic inflammation of the small intestine).
There are periods of life when the human body needs certain substances more. In this case, nutrients enter the body and are absorbed well, but they cannot cover the metabolic needs of the body. During these periods, hormonal changes occur in the body, and the processes of cell growth and reproduction intensify.
These periods include:
- teenage years;
- pregnancy;
When bleeding occurs, large losses of blood and, accordingly, red blood cells occur. In this case, anemia develops as a consequence of the loss of a large number of red blood cells. The danger is that anemia sets in acutely, threatening the patient’s life.
Anemia as a result of massive blood loss can result from:
- injuries;
- bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract ( gastric and duodenal ulcers, Crohn's disease, diverticulosis, esophageal varices);
- blood loss during menstruation;
- donation;
- hemostasis disorders.
In some cases, anemia appears as by-effect some medications. This happens when drugs are prescribed inappropriately without taking into account the patient’s condition or drugs are prescribed for too long a period. Typically, the drug binds to the red blood cell membrane and leads to its destruction. Thus, hemolytic drug anemia develops.
Drugs that can cause anemia include:
- antibiotics;
- antimalarials;
- antiepileptic drugs;
- antipsychotic medications.
Tumors
The mechanism of anemia in malignant tumors complex. In this case, anemia may appear as a result of massive blood loss ( colorectal cancer), lack of appetite ( which, in turn, leads to insufficient intake of nutrients necessary for hematopoiesis into the body), taking antitumor drugs that can lead to suppression of hematopoiesis.
Intoxication
Poisoning with substances such as benzene and lead can also lead to the development of anemia. The mechanism is increased destruction of red blood cells, impaired synthesis of porphyrins, and damage to the bone marrow.
Genetic factor
In some cases, anemia is established as a result of anomalies that occur at the gene level.
Abnormalities that lead to anemia include:
- defect in the red blood cell membrane;
- disruption of hemoglobin structure;
- enzymopathies ( disruption of enzyme systems).
Diagnosis of anemia
Diagnosing anemia is not difficult. Usually it is necessary to carry out a detailed general analysis blood.General blood count indicators important for diagnosing anemia
| Index | Norm | Change in anemia |
| Hemoglobin |
| Decreased hemoglobin levels. |
| Red blood cells |
| Decreased red blood cell levels. |
| Average red blood cell volume |
| Decreased with iron deficiency anemia, increased with megaloblastic ( B12-deficient) anemia. |
| Reticulocytes |
| Increased in hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, in the initial stage of treatment of anemia. |
| Hematocrit |
| Decreased hematocrit. |
| Platelets |
| Decreased platelet levels. |
In order to specify what type of anemia a particular one has, a number of additional studies are used. This is a key point in prescribing treatment, because when different types Various therapeutic methods are used to treat anemia.
To effectively treat anemia, it is necessary to adhere to several principles:
- Treatment of chronic diseases that cause anemia.
- Dieting. A balanced diet with sufficient nutrients necessary for hematopoiesis.
- Taking iron supplements for iron deficiency anemia. Iron supplements are usually given orally, but in rare cases they may be given intravenously or intramuscularly. However, with this administration of the drug there is a risk of developing allergic reactions, and efficiency is lower. Iron preparations include sorbifer, ferrum lek, ferroplex.
- Taking cyanocobalamin ( subcutaneous injections) before normalization of hematopoiesis and after for prevention.
- Stopping bleeding in anemia caused by blood loss with various medications or through surgery.
- Transfusions ( transfusion) blood and its components are prescribed for in serious condition patient that threatens his life. Reasoned prescription of blood transfusions is necessary.
- Glucocorticoids are prescribed for anemia caused by autoimmune mechanisms ( that is, antibodies are produced against one’s own blood cells).
- Folic acid preparations in tablets.
- increase in hemoglobin level in the third week of treatment;
- increase in the number of red blood cells;
- reticulocytosis on days 7–10;
- disappearance of symptoms of sideropenia ( iron deficiency in the body).
Why does shortness of breath occur during pregnancy?
Most often, shortness of breath during pregnancy occurs in the second and third trimester. As a rule, this is a physiological condition ( which is not a manifestation of the disease).The appearance of shortness of breath during pregnancy is easy to explain, taking into account the stages of development of the child in the womb.
During pregnancy, shortness of breath occurs for the following reasons:
- Dyspnea as a compensatory mechanism. Shortness of breath appears as a mechanism of the body’s adaptation to the increased need for oxygen during pregnancy. In this regard, changes occur in the respiratory system - the frequency and depth of breathing increases, the work of the respiratory muscles increases, and vital capacity increases ( vital capacity) and tidal volume.
- Hormonal changes in the body also affects the appearance of shortness of breath. For the normal course of pregnancy, changes in the production of hormones occur in the body. So, progesterone ( a hormone that is produced in large quantities by the placenta during pregnancy), stimulating the respiratory center, helps to increase pulmonary ventilation.
- Fetal weight gain. As the weight of the fetus increases, the uterus becomes enlarged. The enlarged uterus gradually begins to put pressure on nearby organs. When pressure begins on the diaphragm, breathing problems begin, which primarily manifest as shortness of breath. Shortness of breath is usually mixed, that is, both inhalation and exhalation are difficult. In about 2–4 weeks, changes occur in the pregnant woman’s body that affect the breathing process. The uterus drops down by 5–6 centimeters, which leads to easier breathing.
Pathological shortness of breath during pregnancy can result from:
- Anemia is a condition that often appears during pregnancy. Due to hemoglobin related disorders ( disruption of synthesis, insufficient intake of iron into the body), oxygen transport to tissues and organs is disrupted. As a result, hypoxemia occurs, that is, low oxygen content in the blood. Therefore, it is especially important to monitor the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin in a pregnant woman to avoid complications.
- Smoking. There are many reasons for shortness of breath when smoking. Firstly, damage occurs to the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Also, atherosclerotic plaques accumulate on the walls of blood vessels, which contributes to poor circulation. In turn, impaired blood circulation affects the breathing process.
- Stress is a factor that contributes to an increase in the respiratory rate and heart rate; it is subjectively felt as a lack of air, a feeling of tightness in the chest.
- Respiratory system diseases (bronchial asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, COPD).
- Diseases cardiovascular systems s (cardiomyopathy, heart disease, heart failure).
- elevated temperature;
- dizziness and loss of consciousness;
- cough;
- pallor or cyanosis;
- headache;
- fatigue and malaise.
Why does shortness of breath occur with osteochondrosis?
Most often, shortness of breath occurs with cervical osteochondrosis and osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine. Due to osteochondrosis, breathing problems occur and a feeling of lack of air appears. Dyspnea in osteochondrosis can have different mechanisms of occurrence. Dyspnea with osteochondrosis develops most often for the following reasons:
- Reducing the space between vertebrae. Due to degenerative changes ( violations in the structure) of the vertebrae and the spine as a whole, the intervertebral discs gradually become thinner. Thus, the space between the vertebrae is reduced. And this, in turn, contributes to pain, stiffness and shortness of breath.
- Vertebral displacement. With the progressive course of the disease, dystrophic changes ( characterized by cell damage) in tissues can also lead to displacement of the vertebrae. Displacement of different vertebrae can lead to characteristic consequences. Shortness of breath, as a rule, occurs when the first thoracic vertebra is displaced.
- Compression of blood vessels. When the space between the vertebrae decreases or they are displaced, the vessels are compressed. Thus, the blood supply to the diaphragm, which is the main respiratory muscle, becomes problematic. Also, with cervical osteochondrosis, compression of the neck vessels occurs. At the same time, the blood supply to the brain deteriorates, vital centers in the brain are depressed, including the respiratory center, which leads to the development of shortness of breath.
- Pinched or damaged nerve roots can lead to sharp pain, which is accompanied by difficulty breathing and shortness of breath, especially when inhaling. Pain due to osteochondrosis limits breathing movements.
- Deformation ( violation in the structure) chest. Due to the deformation of individual vertebrae or parts of the spinal column, deformation of the chest occurs. In such conditions, breathing becomes difficult. The elasticity of the chest also decreases, which also limits the ability to breathe fully.
To prevent the appearance of shortness of breath during osteochondrosis, you must adhere to the following rules:
- timely diagnosis of osteochondrosis;
- adequate drug treatment;
- physiotherapeutic procedures and massage;
- physiotherapy;
- avoiding prolonged stay in one position;
- matching bed and pillows for quality rest during sleep;
- breathing exercises;
- avoiding a sedentary lifestyle;
- avoiding excessive physical activity.
What to do if a child has shortness of breath?
In general, shortness of breath in children can be caused by the same reasons as in adults. However, the child’s body is more sensitive to pathological changes in the body and reacts to the slightest changes, since the child’s respiratory center is quite easily excitable. One type of reaction of the child’s body to various factors ( stress, physical activity, increased body temperature and ambient temperature) is the appearance of shortness of breath. Normally, the frequency of respiratory movements in a child is higher than in adults. There are normal breathing rates for each age group, so don't panic if your child's breathing rate seems elevated. Perhaps this is just the norm for his age. Respiration rate is measured in a calm state, without physical activity or stress preceding the measurement. It is best to measure the respiratory rate while the child is sleeping.
Respiratory rate norms for children of different age groups
| Child's age | Normal respiratory rate |
| Up to 1 month | 50 – 60/min |
| 6 months – 1 year | 30 – 40/min |
| 1 – 3 years | 30 – 35/min |
| 5 – 10 years | 20 – 25/min |
| Over 10 years old | 18 – 20/min |
If you notice a deviation from the norm in the frequency of respiratory movements, you should not ignore it, as this may be a symptom of a disease. It is worth consulting a doctor for qualified medical help.
If a child experiences shortness of breath, you can contact your family doctor, pediatrician, cardiologist, or pulmonologist. In order to get rid of shortness of breath in a child, you should find its cause and fight the cause.
Shortness of breath in a child may occur as a result of the following factors:
- rhinitis ( inflammation of the nasal mucosa) can also lead to shortness of breath by making it difficult for air to pass through the airways;
- bronchial asthma, which is manifested by periodic attacks of severe shortness of breath, and the diagnosis of which in childhood is sometimes quite difficult to establish;
- viral diseases ( influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus);
- heart disease ( heart defects), which in addition to shortness of breath are also manifested by cyanosis and developmental delays in the child;
- lung diseases ( pneumonia, emphysema);
- entry of a foreign body into the respiratory tract is a condition that requires immediate intervention, as this can very quickly lead to death;
- hyperventilation syndrome, which manifests itself during stress, panic disorder, hysteria; in this case, the level of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, which, in turn, contributes to hypoxia;
- cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease characterized by serious disorders of respiration and exocrine glands;
- physical exercise;
- diseases immune system;
- hormonal imbalance.
Is it possible to treat shortness of breath using traditional methods?
For shortness of breath, you can use traditional medicine. But you must be extremely careful. After all, shortness of breath is often a manifestation of serious diseases that can become a threat to human life. Traditional medicine can be used if shortness of breath occurs occasionally and after heavy physical activity or excitement. If shortness of breath appears when walking or even at rest, you need to sound the alarm. This condition requires immediate consultation with a doctor in order to assess the condition of the body, find the cause of shortness of breath and prescribe appropriate treatment. Anyway, folk remedies can be used as a separate treatment method ( if shortness of breath is not a manifestation of a serious illness) and as an addition to the main drug course of treatment. Traditional medicine has many means and methods for treating shortness of breath, which have different mechanisms of action. Such remedies can be taken in the form of solutions, tinctures, and teas.
The following traditional medicine methods can be used to treat shortness of breath:
- Cranberry infusion. Pour 5 tablespoons of cranberries into 500 ml of boiling water, let it brew for several hours, then add 1 teaspoon of honey. The prepared infusion should be drunk within 24 hours.
- Infusion of wormwood. To prepare the infusion, you need to pour boiling water over 1–2 teaspoons of wormwood and let it brew for half an hour. After the infusion is ready, take 1 teaspoon half an hour before meals 3 times a day.
- Astragalus root infusion prepared on a water basis. To do this, take 1 tablespoon of dried and crushed astragalus root and pour boiling water over it. Then you need to let the mixture brew for several hours. The finished tincture is taken 3 times a day, 3 tablespoons.
- A mixture of honey, lemon and garlic. To prepare the mixture, you need to add 10 peeled and chopped heads of garlic to 1 liter of honey, and also squeeze the juice from 10 lemons. Then you need to tightly close the container in which the mixture is prepared and put it in a dark place for 1 - 2 weeks. After this, the medicine is ready for use. It is recommended to drink 1 teaspoon of this medicine 3 to 4 times a day.
- Infusion of potato sprouts. First you need to dry it well, then chop and grind the raw materials. Dried sprouts are poured with alcohol and infused for 10 days. It is recommended to take the infusion 1 – 3 potassium 3 times a day.
- Motherwort infusion. Pour 1 tablespoon of motherwort into a glass of boiling water, let it brew for an hour, and then drink half a glass 2 times a day.
- Melissa infusion. 2 tablespoons of dried lemon balm leaves are poured with a glass of boiling water and infused for 30 minutes. Take the product 3-4 times a day, 3-4 tablespoons.
- Infusion of hawthorn flowers. To prepare the infusion, pour 1 teaspoon of hawthorn flowers into 1 glass of boiling water and leave for 1 – 2 hours. Once ready, the infusion is taken 3 times a day, 1/3 cup.
Breathing is a physiological process that we hardly pay attention to. But difficulty breathing, which doctors call shortness of breath, manifests itself in the form of lack of air, problems with inhalation and exhalation, immediately become noticeable. And in many cases, such symptoms are an indicator of a serious illness.
Almost always, the feeling of lack of air is caused by hypoxia - a decrease in oxygen content in tissues or hypoxemia - a drop in oxygen concentration directly in the blood. Both of these conditions cause activation of the respiratory center of our brain, we have a feeling of lack of air, in response to which breathing quickens, in which gas exchange between the blood and atmospheric air intensifies, reducing oxygen starvation of tissues.
What can cause the development of this condition?
Cardiac weakness - leads to congestion in the lungs and tissues, gas exchange in the lungs is disrupted, and shortness of breath appears.
Respiratory (pulmonary) failure - weakening of gas exchange due to the loss of the functionally active part of the lungs due to inflammation, sclerosis of the lung tissue, tumor lesions, lung collapse, bronchospasm and difficulty exhaling, etc.
Primary decrease in oxygen concentration in the blood due to poisoning, anemia, diseases of the blood system, etc.
There are quite a lot of functional disorders or diseases that make it difficult to breathe. Therefore, we will try to describe the main ones.
So:
- Poor physical shape - detraining
In this situation, shortness of breath occurs with increased physical activity and is generally normal reaction at her. The heart begins to pump blood more actively, and working muscles require more energy and oxygen. Because of this, a person may begin to feel a lack of air; his breathing reflexively quickens to compensate for the lack of oxygen in the tissues. This situation does not pose a threat to health, but it shows that you need to take care of your physical fitness. - Congestive heart failure
Lack of air and shortness of breath in this pathology are a consequence of chronic disruption of the blood supply to all tissues of the body. One of the most characteristic signs of congestive heart failure is the forced sitting position of the patient. Shortness of air occurs while lying down, often at night, and decreases when moving to a sitting position. - Cardiac asthma
With this disease, lack of air develops very quickly and can develop into an attack of suffocation. Shortness of breath persists even in a sitting position, accompanied by a sharp pallor of the skin, hoarse breathing and cough. This is a very serious violation life-threatening person and requiring emergency medical care. - Pulmonary embolism
Blood clots that can form in deep veins lower limbs, can break off and move with the bloodstream, clogging the lumen of the pulmonary artery. It leads to acute ischemia and pulmonary infarction, which is accompanied by a feeling of lack of air. In addition, this vascular catastrophe is manifested by a painful cough, bluishness of the face, stabbing pain in the chest, etc. This condition also requires urgent medical intervention. - Cardiac ischemia
Discomfort, tightness in the chest is a classic symptom of an angina attack - one of the manifestations of coronary artery disease. Patients sometimes refer to it as a feeling of shortness of breath. In some severe cases, including myocardial infarction, an attack of ischemia can cause cardiac weakness, classic heart failure and an attack of cardiac asthma. This is an extremely dangerous condition and a medical emergency.
- bronchial asthma, in which difficulty in exhaling and lack of air develops paroxysmally - against the background of spasm of the bronchi and bronchioles under the influence of stress, contact with an allergen or with a sharp change in environmental parameters;
- spontaneous pneumothorax (air entering the pleural cavity, which is the lining of the lungs), in which the lung sharply shrinks and the respiratory surface of the lungs decreases. The condition is also accompanied by lack of air, sudden pallor, pain in the chest, etc.;
- a feeling of shortness of breath after or during eating or choking may indicate that a foreign body has entered the respiratory tract.
- Sympatho-adrenal crisis, or panic attacks
Strong emotional arousal, fear, anxiety, etc. are accompanied by the release of adrenaline, the “stress hormone,” into the blood. It speeds up the body's metabolism, increasing oxygen consumption by tissues. This is why during panic attacks or stressful situations a person may begin to feel short of breath. Difficulty breathing can also be a manifestation of hysterical syndrome. These conditions are more characterized by a feeling of lack of breath. - Anemia
Iron is a component of the hemoglobin protein molecule, which is found in blood cells - red blood cells. It is this protein that is responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the whole body. With iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia develops, which at high stages can cause relative hypoxia - oxygen starvation of tissues, a feeling of lack of air and shortness of breath at the slightest physical effort. - Obesity
This is a serious pathology, the main threat of which is the accumulation of fatty tissue on internal organs. This additional load does not allow the lungs to breathe fully and the heart to make effective contractions. Therefore, all this also leads to a decrease in the supply of oxygen to the tissues and the development of shortness of breath. - a feeling of lack of air that occurs at the height of inspiration along with pain may be evidence of neuritis of the intercostal nerve, for example, with herpes;
- It is also difficult for patients with various chest injuries, such as soft tissue bruises or rib fractures, in which the injuries do not allow a full breath, causing severe pain;
- lack of air, sneezing, coughing, a sensation of soreness or a lump in the throat may indicate the development of pneumonia, severe bronchitis or an allergic reaction;
How to get rid of difficulty breathing?
The feeling of lack of air is not a disease, but it is only one of the manifestations of any pathology. Therefore, when treating breathing difficulties in the CELT clinic, the main attention is paid to finding the cause this symptom. Having discovered it, our doctors will treat the underlying disease, as a result of which shortness of breath will disappear.
Changes, which are commonly called age-related, begin much earlier than many people think. This also applies to the spine - or rather, just it in the first place. The age category “over thirty” should already listen to the body more sensitively than in recent youth.
People suffering from osteochondrosis know how difficult it is to get rid of pain, which can affect all parts of the body and all organs. With osteochondrosis, it is not only difficult to bend and unbend, but sometimes even to breathe.
Cause of shortness of breath
If those over thirty paid due attention to their spine and the musculoskeletal system as a whole, they would not subsequently have to wonder whether cervical osteochondrosis could affect breathing.
Degenerative changes in the tissues of the thoracic and cervical spine cause not only pain symptoms, but also disruption of the functioning, in particular, of the respiratory system.
Dyspnea (shortness of breath), often perceived as a sign of cardiac dysfunction, may be one of the symptoms of osteochondrosis. Moreover, if you went to the doctor already when you have difficulty breathing, the disease has most likely already passed the early stage.
Shortness of breath occurs when changes have already occurred in the intervertebral discs - they have shifted. Changing the position of the discs causes compression not only of nerve endings, but also of blood vessels that supply the brain with oxygen.
As a result, hypoxia occurs, which chain reaction causes breathing disturbance, changes its frequency and depth.
With osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine, a deep breath can cause severe pain- this is the main answer to why it is difficult to breathe with osteochondrosis.
Respiratory symptoms of osteochondrosis
The inability to take a deep breath changes the nature of breathing, it becomes shallow and more frequent.
In this case, difficulty breathing is combined with constant headaches and muscle pain in the back and neck, and the hands may also become numb.
A frequently asked question is whether the nose can become stuffy due to osteochondrosis. This may well happen if we are dealing with the cervical spine.
Violation of innervation and blood supply leads to swelling of the nasal mucosa and difficulty in nasal breathing.
Other signs of osteochondrosis:
dyspnea; snore.
Both, on the one hand, are a consequence of hypoxia, and on the other hand, aggravate oxygen starvation of the brain. This vicious circle can only be broken with the help of a qualified specialist who will make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment.
Therefore, doctors never tire of repeating that even the slightest, seemingly insignificant deviations in health are already a reason to visit a doctor.
And osteochondrosis is also insidious because it early stages it can only be recognized by examination results, since the symptoms are either absent or vague and indistinct.
With initial pain symptoms, a person will begin to take analgesics, but the disease will progress until clearly defined problems appear - say, with breathing.
And the main thing you need to know in case of osteochondrosis is that degenerative changes in the tissues of the spine, alas, are irreversible.
After consulting a doctor, you can choose a treatment regimen in which this process can be suspended with a greater or lesser degree of certainty. But here's to return intervertebral discs elasticity cannot be achieved by any medicine.
To make it easier to understand how to deal with osteochondrosis, you need to show the reasons for its occurrence:
physical inactivity, static lifestyle; lack of daily routine; hyperload; overweight; incorrectly composed diet; stooping when sitting and walking; incorrect posture during sleep and others.
Therefore, to prevent the disease you need:
daily exercise, even the simplest one - but always regular; a proper bed with a semi-rigid mattress and a low headboard (it is best to purchase a special orthopedic mattress and pillow); hardening of the body; a walk before bed; for breathing problems, inhalation with essential oils; proper nutrition and weight control; to give up smoking.
And remember: your health is in your hands.
Denial of responsibility
The information in the articles is for general information purposes only and should not be used for self-diagnosis of health problems or for therapeutic purposes. This article is not a substitute for medical advice from a doctor (neurologist, therapist). Please consult your doctor first to know the exact cause of your health problem.
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Shortness of breath is often compared with bronchopulmonary or cardiac diseases, seeking help from appropriate specialists. However, one of hidden reasons shortness of breath may be osteochondrosis. It is diagnosed in 50% of patients who complain that they have difficulty breathing.
Treatment of this problem is complicated by the neglect of the disease, since early stages symptoms do not manifest themselves and do not bother patients.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW! The only remedy for OSTEOCHONDROSIS that actually treats and does not relieve symptoms, moreover, it is recommended by doctors! ...
Breathing and osteochondrosis
Osteochondrosis is the pathological degeneration of intervertebral discs that progresses over time. Articular cartilage and vertebrae are gradually included in the process. A decrease in the spaces between the vertebrae occurs due to deformation of the discs, bone tissue grows (osteophytes are formed), muscles undergo spasms, and the flexibility of the spine decreases.
Lack of air in cervical osteochondrosis appears due to vascular and neurological pathologies. They develop when the roots of nerves and arteries in the cervical vertebrae are pinched.
Shortness of breath with osteochondrosis is provoked by:
Excessive physical activity. Weightlifting classes. Incorrect posture. Sedentary work. Excess weight. Injuries.
Difficulty breathing appears gradually. First under excessive loads, and then under lighter loads.
If you do not start treating the problem in time, the symptoms of shortness of breath will increase, and this will only worsen your situation.
Causes
Difficulty breathing can occur with degenerative-dystrophic changes in tissues and connective tissue specifically in the cervical, thoracic regions spine, as well as vertebral displacement. As a result, full saturation of the body with oxygen stops.
What are the main causes of shortness of breath:
Vertebral displacement. Pinched nerves. Infringement of blood vessels. Chest deformity.
The manifestation of shortness of breath will vary. With cervical osteochondrosis, compression occurs vertebral artery while turning the head and sitting for a long time with a bent neck. As a result, the compressed vessels cannot fully supply the brain tissue with blood, oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells suffering from hypoxia die 5 minutes after the oxygen supply stops.
Shortness of breath with osteochondrosis is the body’s response to a lack of oxygen.
Oxygen starvation is fraught with memory loss, loss of performance, and the development of encephalopathy or senile dementia.
The brain, irritated, sends signals to the muscles responsible for the mechanics of breathing. As a result, breathing becomes more frequent, and there is a feeling of lack of air.
Osteochondrosis of the thoracic vertebrae by damage to the nerve roots causes the development of intercostal neuralgia. Pain when inhaling interferes with breathing correctly, and concomitant pathologies develop.
Symptoms
Shortness of breath with osteochondrosis has characteristic symptoms. True, they vary depending on the part of the spine that is undergoing degenerative changes.
With thoracic osteochondrosis, patients feel:
"Lump in the throat. Burning in the region of the heart. Stomach ache. Hiccups. The fact is that pinching of the phrenic nerve in cervical osteochondrosis interferes with the functioning of the diaphragm, causing hiccups. Numbness of fingers. Pain between the shoulder blades.
The variety of symptoms makes diagnosis difficult. But at the same time, the danger lies in the fact that with thoracic osteochondrosis, breathing is disrupted during sleep. Delays become longer and lead to serious problems. This means that if you experience any symptoms of shortness of breath, you should consult a doctor.
In the cervical region, impaired functions of the diaphragm produce the following symptoms:
Inability to breathe deeply. Dizziness, drowsiness, weakness. Decreased vision. Snoring and sleep apnea. Frequent yawning. The tips of the fingers and the triangle around the lips turn blue.
Signs of oxygen starvation may indicate more serious problems with health. Therefore, it is important to get diagnosed and begin treatment as quickly as possible.
You may want to see a therapist first. Based on your medical history and visual examination, he will refer you to a neurologist, pulmonologist, oncologist, cardiologist or other doctor. The appointment of MRI, fluoroscopy, ultrasound and other studies in such cases is quite reasonable.
Self-diagnosis
The presence of pathological changes in the body during shortness of breath can be checked using simple test. Moreover, you can do it yourself at home.
The following exercise will help eliminate respiratory diseases:
Sit in a comfortable position and normalize your breathing. Do full breath and exhale. Hold your breath for 40 seconds.
If after this complex the patient does not cough, then the respiratory organs are working correctly.
To determine whether it is still difficult to breathe or not, you need to:
Light a candle. At a distance of up to 0.7 meters, try to blow it out.
If the exercise is done with ease, there are no problems with breathing. If you have any doubts, you need to be examined by medical institution. Identified pathologies will require specific measures to be taken.
Treatment
Shortness of breath due to osteochondrosis is relieved through the treatment of spinal diseases. After all, in fact, the feeling of difficulty breathing and shortness of breath are just symptoms that will go away after getting rid of the underlying disease. For osteochondrosis, treatment should be comprehensive, and selected not independently, but by a doctor.
Since this type of shortness of breath is not caused by a disease of the internal organs, specialists aim to relieve the patient of pain and neurovascular pinching. So, with cervical osteochondrosis, you need to walk in a special neck brace - it will hold the vertebrae in one position and prevent new injuries.
Manifesting attacks of suffocation are blocked as follows:
Full length hot tub. If this is not possible, the symptoms are relieved with a foot bath (pour water up to your knees) with the addition of mustard powder. Wet inhalations. A decoction of onion peels, potato peels, and the addition of eucalyptus and lemon essential oils will help you breathe easier and deeper. Pain caused by movement of the diaphragm due to pathological changes in the vertebrae is relieved with non-steroidal analgesics. If it is difficult to breathe for a long time, the ambulance team may be called to give an injection of adrenaline. But it is contraindicated for people old age and patients with hypertension.
Drug treatment, physiotherapy, reflexology, etc. must be supported by self-discipline, adherence to a daily routine, walking, swimming.
Temporary symptoms are not specifically eliminated. The most important thing is to come to a specialist in a timely manner and strictly follow the prescribed treatment regimen.
Preventing shortness of breath
Lack of air in osteochondrosis is prevented by following simple and accessible rules. Prevention saves not only money, but also time. And purchasing orthopedic bedding (pillows, mattress) will prevent morning cramps and morning shortness of breath.
You need to do exercises every day:
Place your crossed hands on your forehead and press them as hard as possible for 10 seconds. Do the same with the left and right temples, with the back of the head. Repeat 5 times. Throw your head further back and slowly roll your head along your back from one ear to the other. Tilt your head back, tense your muscles (to do this, stretch your chin down).
Exercises will prevent deformation of the cervical vertebrae, disperse blood stagnation, and stimulate blood circulation.
Osteochondrosis is a disease whose prevalence tends to its absolute maximum. Along with common symptoms such as pain and a feeling of stiffness in the spine, there are also specific ones. For example, a situation where it is difficult to breathe with osteochondrosis often brings a lot of discomfort. And in order to get rid of it, it is necessary to understand the causes of osteochondrosis, the mechanism of development of shortness of breath syndrome and the most effective methods of therapy.
Osteochondrosis - causes of the disease
Despite the fact that osteochondrosis is a pathology that worries almost every person, it is difficult to call it a full-fledged disease; it is rather a set of signs of initial changes in the tissues of the spine. The spinal column bears a large functional load; the blood supply to the organs and their correct position depend on its health.
However, evolutionary development, thanks to which a person is upright, has increased the functional load on the spine, due to which osteochondrosis is a disease that manifests itself in almost every person.
Important! Initial dystrophic changes in the tissues of the spine can be safely considered the norm for an adult. But in order for the process not to progress, it is necessary to make efforts in the form of physical activity and treatment recommended by a neurologist or therapist.
Factors influencing the development of somatic pathology include:
Availability excess weight; low physical activity; the absence of a muscular corset that supports the spine, absorbing the load placed on it during exercise.
Thus, osteochondrosis can occur in almost every person, while its symptoms can manifest themselves in different ways. Thus, one person may experience severe pain, another may experience dizziness, and some patients with osteochondrosis have difficulty breathing.
Causes of difficulty breathing
To the question whether with thoracic osteochondrosis there can be a feeling that a person is having difficulty breathing, there is a clear positive answer. But unlike diseases of the respiratory system, when a violation of the ventilation process is objective and pathological, the symptoms of osteochondrosis are subjective, that is, there is no direct difficulty in the breathing process.
Considering the relationship between the feeling of lack of air and osteochondrosis, the following reasons can be identified:
disruption of the circulatory process; pinched nerve.
Encephalopathy
Osteochondrosis causes a functional neurological disorder, which is a disruption of the venous outflow process. This syndrome is most clearly seen in the example of osteochondrosis of the cervical spine: when the veins are pinched, arterial hypertension of the cerebral vessels occurs. The symptoms of this somatic disorder are familiar to many: a person experiences severe headaches, increased fatigue, and sleep disturbances.
Along with this, with dyscirculatory encephalopathy, a disruption of the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems occurs. In this state, the processes of “activity” and “inhibition” in a person are confused. And, given the fact that the frequency and depth of breathing directly depend on the emotional status of a person, it is quite obvious that the feeling of difficulty in inhaling or exiting may well arise involuntarily.
Important! People with emotional lability and increased sensitivity are most susceptible to autonomic disorders.
A feature of difficulty breathing when venous blood flow is disrupted is that, despite the person’s sensation, he can easily inhale and exhale in full, and the process of oxygen supply to tissues does not interfere.
Neuralgia
The spinal column consists of discs that are anatomically located at a certain distance from each other. With osteochondrosis, the correct position of the discs is disrupted and the nerve roots are pinched.
In the case of thoracic osteochondrosis, intercostal neuralgia occurs - a disease in which pain is localized in the region of the ribs, being acute and very pronounced. Discomfort intensifies with the slightest movement, and, accordingly, during the breathing process, so a person unconsciously takes a shallow breath in order to avoid a painful attack, which is absolutely impossible to do to avoid the effect of hypoxia.
Gradually, the habit of breathing shallowly becomes constant, and a so-called “block” appears in the area of the diaphragm, when it is not possible to relax muscle tone. Then it begins to seem to the person that the difficulty in the breathing process arises independently, without his direct participation.
You can determine that the nature of the pain is a pinched nerve by understanding that the process of deep inhalation and exhalation is accompanied by pain localized in the ribs, chest or back. Most often, pain intensifies after physical activity, heavy lifting, or a prolonged static position, for example, in an airplane or car.
Pulmonary diseases
The fact that difficulty in inhaling and exhaling can be caused directly by lung pathologies can hardly be disputed. However, you should know that osteochondrosis can play an important role in the development and progression of lung diseases.
The blood supply to organs directly depends on the correct position of the spinal discs. If a person has pronounced osteochondrosis and is predisposed to lung diseases (hereditary factors, chronic processes, living conditions), the risk of developing a disease, the symptom of which is difficulty breathing, increases many times over.
Most often we are talking about diseases such as pneumonia and bronchitis. Inflammation of the lung tissue caused by curvature of the spine leads to the transition of the disease to a chronic form, which is very difficult to get rid of.
Important! In order to exclude the presence of diseases of the respiratory system, it is necessary to do fluorography and consult a therapist.
It is very difficult to independently determine the relationship between poor posture and diseases of the respiratory system. Therefore, it is advisable to consult a doctor who will conduct the necessary range of functional and laboratory tests to make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment.
Treatment
Before talking about the treatment methods chosen for shortness of breath syndrome due to osteochondrosis, it is important to understand that the only reliable method of treatment is to eliminate the root cause, that is, the curvature of the spinal column.
At the same time, it is obvious that it is impossible to completely get rid of osteochondrosis, given the nature of its occurrence. However, maintaining the proper functioning of the body is quite possible.
To do this you need:
"Build" physical exercise a muscular frame that will remove part of the functional load from the spine. Ensure muscle relaxation in order to get rid of muscle blocks and prevent their formation. The most effective for this is massage, which improves blood circulation and has a high relaxing effect.
Drug therapy in this case is of an auxiliary nature, that is, it is impossible to get rid of the difficult breathing process directly with its help. However, drugs from the group of nootropics, such as pantogam and chondroxide, can help against hypoxia, which inevitably occurs in this case. These agents accelerate the process of metabolic metabolism in tissues, thereby improving the absorption of oxygen.
It is important to know! Despite the fact that many venotonics and nootropics are sold without a prescription from a doctor, you cannot prescribe the drugs yourself.
In order to alleviate the condition of a person whose osteochondrosis is accompanied by muscle spasms, the doctor may prescribe relaxants. However, it is not recommended to take them without a prescription: first of all, it is necessary to find out for sure that lung diseases are not related to the situation when a person has difficulty breathing.
Very often, some people experience difficulty breathing. Signs of such breathing can be excessive physical stress on the body or lack of oxygen, which in both cases can greatly affect a person’s health. But often these symptoms can only be present at the initial stage. There is no need to wait for things to worsen, but it is better to immediately contact your local doctor.
The main signs of difficulty breathing may include:
- any obstacles that impede the passage of air through the nasopharynx or oral cavity;
- aggression or anger can also affect difficulty breathing;
- obesity or obesity are important factors affecting breathing;
- smoking, panic attacks and fear;
Significant causes of difficulty breathing include:
- asthma, high blood pressure, broncholitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, the most basic signs to go to the doctor and start treatment;
- Disease of the heart, blood vessels, complication of angina;
- poor cardio performance vascular system, in this case, the heart is not able to enrich the internal organs with oxygen, this can lead to irreversible consequences;
- diabetes, blood infection, allergies.
What are the signs of difficulty breathing?
To understand that breathing is impaired, you need to listen to how a person breathes. On average, an adult has 17-20 breaths per minute, and a child has 31-35 breaths. The rhythm is calculated by the rise and fall of the chest. If a person has a chronic disease, then his rhythm is slightly less than expected. The main sign of difficulty breathing is slow communication; it becomes very difficult for a person to speak and perceive what is said to him. And in extreme cases, a person even begins to stutter. It is difficult for a person to concentrate, and difficulty breathing affects the performance of the brain. The patient begins to breathe deeply to relieve his shortness.
Reasons that require you to see a doctor:
- sensations of chest compression, aching pain;
- even in calmness there is a great lack of air;
- hard to sleep on your stomach or side;
- when a person sleeps, wheezing sounds are heard;
- hard to swallow;
- when a person rests, he experiences shortness of breath;
- high temperature lasts for several days.
Difficulty breathing can occur with diseases that are associated with the respiratory organs of the cardiovascular system. Such diseases may be asthma, lung and bronchial cancer, congenital disease cardiovascular system, pneumonia, endocarditis, pulmonary edema. In this case, the lungs cannot cope with their task, and a lack of air begins. All of these diseases require a visit to the doctor.
Wheezing is a bubbling sound during inhalation. They occur when something in the throat blocks the air. They can also be due to narrowed airways. The narrowing of the bronchi may be accompanied by blockage of the passages with mucous sputum, which is why bronchial asthma appears, which prevents the patient from inhaling completely. In such cases, you should immediately consult a doctor or an ambulance.
To make breathing easier, there are a number of exercises that will help. For example, you need to take a position so that your spine is straight and your shoulders are pulled back. In this position, your lungs will take in the maximum amount of oxygen and over time you will feel much better. In this exercise, you can use a pillow of any hardness to support the spine and abduct the shoulders.
Only a specialist can determine the cause of your illness. Never self-medicate, even if the lack of air is due to fear or anger, you will only make things worse for yourself. Breathing is important for a person not only to be healthy, but also to survive, so do not ignore going to the doctor, and do not think that everything will go away on its own.
If you want to feel better, don’t be lazy and get off the couch, move around for at least 20-30 minutes. If you are unable to get out of bed, then do it every hour breathing exercises. Take a deep breath and exhale completely, and so on for 3-5 minutes. Doing slow, deep breathing exercises through your nose is also helpful. Do not forget that after each exercise you need a short rest, as you can overwork yourself and only make things worse.
Difficulty breathing is also very noticeable during sleep. It occurs mainly in men due to increasing age or obesity. There are four main syndromes that cause shortness of breath during sleep:
- central apnea syndrome;
- obstructive apnea syndrome;
- Cheyne-Stokes syndrome;
- Hypoventilation.
With these symptoms it happens increased drowsiness, excessive sweating, snoring during sleep, restless sleep.
Take care of your health, do not forget to visit a doctor. Good luck to you!