What are the benefits of tannins for humans. Tannins
Tannins are, of course, not derived from the mighty oak tree. They owe their name to high-molecular phenolic natural compounds, which are endowed with astringent and tanning properties, and are quite widespread in the plant world. They are found in wood, bark, leaves, roots and fruits of plants. Phenolic compounds, from the point of view of biology, are plant secretions - urea. Over time, accumulating in certain areas, they form growths. What are the properties of tannins? You can say big. Phenolic compounds affect the organic environment and eliminate the influence of microorganisms. Tannins of plants are characterized by a special astringent taste and are divided into organic and mineral. Organic are of plant and animal origin.
When did humanity come to understand the importance of tannins?
It can be safely asserted, even at the dawn of the birth of this very humanity. The cold at all times was “not an aunt” and it was a vital necessity to dress the freezing tribes in the skins of dead animals. This saved from the cold, and was the first clothing of a person, not counting, of course, Adam's fig leaf. But the tribesmen faced one important problem - the skins of those same slaughtered animals exuded a terrible smell and, moreover, became unsuitable for wearing because of their rigidity.
As time went on, people gained little experience in cutting leather, began to scrape everything unnecessary from the surface and dry them. But, anyway, brittleness after drying was present, and then people began to rub the skins with fat, and to give them elasticity - to crush. But these attempts were not crowned with success.
Through creative experiments, that is, by trial and error, it was possible to find out that some parts of plants are endowed with amazing properties, they make the treated leather soft, strong and durable. These same substances that can turn the skin into a material for further use, and began to actually be called tannins. But, it is quite possible that oak served as the basis for their name, since oak cara was most often used for these purposes, as a source of tannin.
Properties of vegetable tannins
As a rule, tannins isolated from plants are amorphous and do not have a pronounced crystalline structure. Characterized by a distinct acidic nature and the ability to tan the skin. This was the most useful quality of tannins.
Subsequent experiments revealed the special properties of tannins. They have bactericidal, astringent, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic properties. Their widespread use was not long in coming, they began to be used both externally and internally. Came out very interesting fact, tannins, it turns out, are also found in vegetables, fruits, berries, and many herbs.
The benefits of tannins
In the form of a rinse, tannins are used in the treatment of stomatitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, in the form of compresses - for cuts, abrasions and
Food products with these substances have a beneficial effect in preventing the deposition of salts of heavy metals, with diarrhea, and radioactive damage.
They show themselves wonderfully as an antidote.
Tonic tea is used for diseases of the nose, throat, eye diseases, as drops.
Cognac also contains tannins, which improves the perception of vitamin C.
Tannins (tannins) are part of natural coffee and determine its bitter taste. By the way, tannin finds its application in the production of ink, medicine, dyeing, to obtain pyrogallol and gallic acid. Tannins give elasticity to blood vessels.
I would like to note the bay leaf, which most housewives find use in cooking. It also contains tannins. Infusion of bay leaf is favorable for problems of the gastrointestinal tract, for bleeding, menstrual cycles and climax. Recommend infusion and physicians as a method of eliminating kidney stones.
Quince lovers do not even realize that it contains substances such as epicatechin and catechin, which cleanse the intestines of putrefactive deposits and toxins, bind carcinogenic compounds in the body, and counteract the development of metastases and diverticulitis.
Separately, I would like to say about medicinal herbs, in which there are a lot of tannins.
Harm of tannins
- Excessive use of tannins provokes constipation, do not forget about it.
- It is best to consume foods that are rich in tannins - on an empty stomach or in the intervals between meals. Otherwise, they interact with food proteins, completely without reaching the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines.
Tannins or tannins are found in various parts some plants. These elements have an active effect on the human body, so their properties are used in medical purposes. In general, tannins can be safely called useful, but under certain conditions they can also cause harm. Therefore, it is so important to follow simple rules when eating foods rich in tannins.
What are tannins?
The presence of tannins in vegetables, fruits, herbal teas and other natural drinks is easy to determine. They have a tart, astringent taste. Bird cherry, persimmon, quince, grapes, blueberries, pomegranate, bay leaf, natural coffee, black and green tea are rich in tannins. As for herbal remedies, tannins can be found in the bark of oak and willow, in different parts heather and beech, in leaves and buds of cherry and currant bushes.
Tannins: give astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, cleansing effect, useful for digestion
The effect of tannins on the body
Astringent properties of tannins
Tannins have a rather noticeable effect on the human body. First of all, their astringent property is noted. It manifests itself in many different areas. Tannins, when used correctly, safely reach the intestines and help to cope with its disorders, dysbacteriosis, diarrhea.
Benefits for the digestive system
Tannins have a positive effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract as a whole. In particular, they suppress the activity of pathogenic microorganisms, promote the removal of harmful deposits, and help the best absorption of beneficial compounds.
Cleansing the body
The active substances of tannin also contribute to the general cleansing of the body. They bring out the most different types toxins and wastes. These compounds can help even with radiation exposure.
Hemostatic properties of tannins
The hemostatic property of tannins is especially distinguished. It is actively used in different occasions. Tannins help stop both external and internal bleeding. Therefore, they are used for heavy menstruation, hemorrhoids, bleeding gums and lesions skin- cuts and other wounds.
Anti-inflammatory action
They have tannins and anti-inflammatory properties. They protect tissues from infections, destroy pathogenic bacteria, and stop the inflammatory process. Thus, they are widely used in medicine in the treatment of a variety of ailments. Tannins are especially effective against inflammation in oral cavity and throat, since in this case there is a direct effect by rinsing. When treatment of intestinal or gastric diseases is required, it is necessary to drink medicinal decoctions on an empty stomach and between meals, so that the active compounds freely reach one or another organ.
Of course, tannins effectively cope with inflammatory processes on the skin. In particular, they help eliminate acne and some dermatological diseases. In these cases, special ointments and lotions with tannins are used.
Harm of tannins
In some cases, tannins can also harm the body. This happens when overuse foods rich in them. So, there is a slowdown in intestinal motility, the stool becomes more solid. Constipation gradually develops. Fortunately, this problem is temporary - you just need to identify it in a timely manner and take the necessary measures.
The use of products containing tannins
To only benefit from tannin-rich foods and medicinal plants it is important to use them correctly. First of all, any abuse should be avoided. If you use medicines with tannins to treat internal organs or to cleanse the body, then take them on an empty stomach. Otherwise, the tannins will react with the proteins in the food and fail to reach their destination.
Among other things, using tannins for medicinal purposes, be sure to consult a doctor. He will determine the duration of treatment and dosage, as well as give recommendations regarding the time of taking medications.
Tannins play important role in the formation good health. They are found in some products that are often present on almost every table. To get only the benefit from them, remember that everything is good in moderation. When using tannins for medicinal purposes, follow the rules for taking medications and monitor your well-being.
Tannin, ellagogentannic acid, oaktannic acids, kinotannic acid, maclurine are all tannins. They are found in berries, fruits and vegetables. Can provide positive action on the body, but also irritate the stomach.
The benefits of tannins:
- withdrawal of carcinogenic compounds;
- prevention of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract;
- deprive bacteria of food on damaged areas of the skin and mucous membranes.
Fast passage:
- Products with tannins
- Features of tannins
Products with high content tannins
Products with tannins are persimmon, blueberries, dogwood, quince, blackcurrant, turmeric, tea, coffee. Most of these compounds help to reduce the production of gastrointestinal secretions, have an anti-inflammatory effect on the gastric mucosa. At high concentrations, they exhibit an astringent (constipation) or irritant (heartburn) effect. In any case, tannins, consisting of flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, catechin, epicatechin, accelerate absorption nutrients. In normal doses, tannins protect the mucous membrane from irritation.
Medicinal herbs with tannins are bird cherry, birch, oak bark, St. John's wort, tansy, rhubarb. All these plants have bactericidal, hemostatic, astringent properties.
Green tea is an excellent remedy against staphylococci, typhoid bacilli, dysentery. Tannins in this type of tea (tannin, catechin with vitamin P properties) stop active cell mutation and reduce the risk of developing oncological diseases. If tea irritates the stomach too much, then it should be brewed cold. So less tannins will get into the drink.
Features of tannins
- Destroyed when food is frozen.
- Grind fruits, vegetables and berries with tannin with stainless steel knives, otherwise the substance will react with iron salts and turn black-green or black-blue.
- Fruits and berries with tannins are consumed between meals or on an empty stomach. These elements quickly bind to proteins and do not have time to reach the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, if they are eaten after meals, and therefore useful effect will not.
- An excess of tannin leads to constipation.
Theotanine in green tea is an antioxidant and cancer prevention
In medicine, plants with tannins and medicines based on them are prescribed for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and poisoning with metal salts and plant poisons. They are used externally, including for burns and bleeding.
Tannin components are included in recipes for rinsing with sore throat and gum disease, they work well against diarrhea, hemorrhoids, and frostbite.
Tannins, or tannic acid, are water-soluble polyphenols (complex natural organic compounds), which are found in many plant foods.
From French, the name is translated as "tanning of the skin", which determines one of the main abilities of the substance.
general characteristics
Tannins are a yellow-brown powder. This substance is often found in plants, mainly in roots, tree bark, leaves, and some fruits. High concentrations are found in oak bark.
Tannin solutions are acids with an astringent taste. AT Food Industry gives the products a tart taste, a certain color and aroma. Tannic acid is used in winemaking and brewing. And thanks to its astringent properties, it has found application in medicine - for the treatment of tonsillitis, pharyngitis, skin rashes, hemorrhoids.
Water-soluble tanning agents with iron compounds form a dark blue or dark green solution. This property allows the use of tannins for the manufacture of ink. In light industry, it is used for the production of leather, dyeing fabrics.
Classification of tannins
Given the chemical properties, there are 2 groups of tannins:
- hydrolyzable (dissolve in water);
- condensed.
Representatives of the first group after hydrolysis with acids or enzymes create gallic and ellagic acids. From a chemical point of view, they are esters of phenolic acid. Gallic - mainly found in rhubarb, cloves, and ellagic - in eucalyptus leaves and pomegranate bark.
Condensed tannins are resistant to hydrolysis and are produced from flavonoids. These substances are found in henna bark, male fern seeds, tea leaves, wild cherry bark.
Tannic acid is a substance that is easily soluble in water, combines with alcohol almost as easily and cooperates with glycerin a little worse. Tannins are well diluted with acetone and alkaline substance, sparingly soluble in chloroform, ethyl acetate and other substances. In chemical reactions with iron compounds, they give a purple, violet or black precipitate. Combining with water, they produce colloidal solutions, and under the influence of oxygen, they are oxidized and acquire dark color. Under influence high temperatures(up to 200 degrees Celsius) tannins do not melt, but char. This process is accompanied by secretions of pyrogallol and pyrocatechol. Most tannins are optically active compounds.
Natural vs Synthetic Tannins: What's the Difference?
In nature, tannins are found in almost all plants, but the highest concentration is found in dicots (in roots, fruits, leaves and seeds). By the way, plants containing tannins are less susceptible to "attacks" by insects. High concentrations of the substance are found in particles of oak, chestnut, cocoa, and even in persimmon fruits. This substance was also found in apples, blackberries, chamomile flowers, St. John's wort, sage. Often found in mosses, horsetails, ferns and club mosses. But still, the maximum content of tannins - from 50 to 70 percent - is stored in cone-shaped growths on trees, called galls.
For industry, a substance in the form of a light powder is most often obtained from oak or acacia. Concerning oak bark, then, as a rule, a smooth "skin" of a tree is used, not older than two decades. In it, tannins are almost 10-20 percent of the composition, and in chemical formula There is pyrogallol and pyrocatechin. More than half of total weight ink nuts are occupied by tannic acid. Also, since ancient times, the leaves of mountain plants-shrubs of sumac and skumpia have been used as a source of this substance. Most often, tannins from these plants were extracted by residents of the Caucasus and Crimea. Other plant sources tannins: bird cherry, medicinal burnet, serpentine, blueberry, alder.
Scientists have established an interesting fact: the content of tannin in plants is not a static indicator. The concentration of a substance can change not only in different seasons, but even during daylight hours. Thus, the maximum content of tannic acid in plants is observed in the spring months, the peak of concentration is during budding. In addition, it is known that in the early hours the plant also contains more tannin than at noon, and in the evening the concentration rises again.
Mankind has been using tannins for several centuries. And during this time, chemists, having studied the properties of a natural substance, learned how to produce it synthetic analogue. The chemical product has retained the ability of natural tannins, but, in addition, it is completely free of impurities (it is found in natural), and its consistency allows the substance to be used in the most accurate dosage. And of course, the shelf life of "chemical" tannins significantly exceeds the "survivability" of a natural substance.
But synthetic tannins have appeared relatively recently. Back in the middle of the last century, no one could have thought that the source of the tanning substance could be something other than herbal ingredients. The year of birth of laboratory tannin is 1950. And it is this variation of the substance that has found its active use in medicine.
Tannic acid as a medicine
Tannins have a number of useful properties that made it possible to use tannins in medical practice. In particular, their abilities, reminiscent of the action of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic agents, did not go unnoticed by doctors. This substance is also used to remove toxins and salts of heavy metals, or as an astringent for indigestion.
Tannins are effective in the treatment of inflammation (especially in the oral cavity) and skin diseases (caused by bacteria, inflammation and infections), and are used to relieve intoxication (caused by heavy metals).
And most importantly, they are safe for use during pregnancy, lactation, and also for babies. In addition, they improve blood clotting and strengthen blood vessels, and are also known as substances that promote better absorption of vitamin C.
Creams based on tannins relieve swelling and itching, and tannin in powder form is used as a bath additive.
Properties of medical tannin:
- relieves itching;
- treats various kinds of inflammation;
- eliminates microbes that cause disease;
- prevents dehydration of the epidermis;
- fights viruses with eczema, herpes, chicken pox;
- heals postoperative wounds;
- used in urology, gynecology, proctology;
- effective for healing first-degree burns;
- an effective remedy for dermatoses in children.
Meanwhile, it is worth noting that not only a synthetic analogue of a substance is used as a medicine. ethnoscience often resorts to the use of plants rich in tannic acid. For example, galangal (root) treats diarrhea, chestnut strengthens the walls of blood vessels, eucalyptus is effective means with a cold. In addition, acorns (used as a coffee substitute) and sumac (used as a spice in oriental cuisine) have a beneficial effect on the body. Similar positive influences on the body has most plants rich in tannins.
The "dark" side of tannins
Too active consumption of products containing tannins is fraught with not the most pleasant consequences. In particular, digestive disorders, liver or kidney dysfunction are possible. Under the influence of tannins, irritation of the intestinal walls is possible. Excess tannic acid interferes with proper absorption useful minerals, in particular iron, which is fraught with the development of anemia.
It is important to treat these substances with extreme caution to people whose body does not perceive tannins. Otherwise, allergies are possible with very serious consequences. It is also important to avoid tannin-containing foods for people with heart failure and unstable blood pressure. Excessive consumption of tannins can cause dispersion and impair appetite.
Products rich in tannins
Probably, if someone wanted to compile a complete list of products containing tannins, they would have to rewrite almost all representatives of the earth's flora, since almost all plants contain tannins in one or another concentration in their different parts. We will name only the most popular products in which the concentration of tannins is close to the maximum.
Drinks: tea, cocoa.
Berries: grapes (dark varieties), blackcurrant, dogwood, bird cherry, pomegranate.
Fruits: quince, persimmon.
Vegetables: rhubarb, red beans.
Nuts: walnuts, almonds.
Spices: cinnamon, cloves.
In addition, acorns, chestnuts, eucalyptus, galangal root and dark chocolate are powerful stores of tannins.
As a dietary supplement
In the food industry, tannins are known as additive E181 (stabilizer, emulsifier, dye) - a yellow-brown powder with an astringent aftertaste and a specific odor. The raw materials for E181 are extracts of plants of the genus sumac and galls.
The substance earned its popularity in the food industry due to its ability to impart an astringent aftertaste. In addition, it is actively used due to the ability to protect the peel of vegetables and fruits from rotting or drying out. If we talk about the effect on taste buds, then this substance somewhat resembles glutamic acid, and gives food products a specific flavor of savory. Also, tannic acid in the form of E181 is used as a clarifier for beer, wine and other products.
Tannins in wine
If you are a wine lover, you have probably heard of the so-called tannins. Although it is possible, for many it remains a mystery what it is - the concentration of tannin in wine, and what is the role of tannins in winemaking. Now let's try to clarify what is in wine and why some of these drinks cause severe headaches.
The effect of tannins is easy to recognize even after the first sip of wine - it is a characteristic dry mouth and astringent aftertaste. Depending on the intensity of manifestation of these effects, we can talk about the level of concentration of tannins in the drink.
Tannic acid enters the composition of wine in two ways: from certain grape varieties and from wood. Grape tannin is found mainly in the skin, seeds and stems of the berry. In red wines, its amount is much higher. In addition, the concentration of tannins depends on the grape variety.
Another route for tannins into a glass of wine is through wood. Or rather, the barrel in which the drink was stored. Oak vessels are the most popular in winemaking, as they bring a specific flavor to the drink. To better understand what the taste of tannin is, ordinary tea will help. Enough to brew strong drink(without sweeteners) and insist it a little longer than usual. The very first sip of such tea will immediately make it clear everything about the taste of tannin. Light bitterness on the middle part of the tongue and tart dryness on its tip - this is tannin in action. Basically, black tea is aqueous solution tannin.
The concentration of tannic acid in wine depends not only on which grape varieties the drink is made from, but also on how long the skins, seeds and stems have been in contact with the juice of the berry. In the production of red wines for a deeper color, the berry skins are aged in the juice for a longer time. This explains why significantly more tannins are found in this type of wine. But this does not mean that white varieties are devoid of tannins. Tannic acid gets into them, first of all, from oak barrels, and similarly gives white wines dryness, astringency, bitterness.
But tannins in winemaking are used not only to improve taste. In this area, tannins, among other things, play the role of natural antioxidants that contribute to the long-term storage of grape drinks. Meanwhile, over the years, the concentration of tannic acid in wines is lost, which affects the taste of the drink, and it becomes softer.
But wine tannins also have their downsides. Some people react to tannic acid with severe headaches. This explains the migraines that some wine lovers suffer from, even after a very small portion of the drink. Therefore, it is better for people who are sensitive to tannin to enjoy white varieties so that they do not suffer the next day.
Tannin in tea
But wine is not the only drink that contains tannins. In tea, the concentration of this substance is also quite high. Tannic acid is present in all types of drink, but, as in the case of grapes, some varieties contain more of it.
First of all, this applies to green varieties. Some of them contain over 30% tannin. But it is worth noting that the concentration of tannic acid in tea plants depends on several factors. First, it is important in what climatic and natural conditions grown the product. It is believed that in Ceylon, Indian and Javanese teas, the concentration of tannins is higher, hence their amazing tart taste. In addition, in the leaves collected in July or August, the substance is much greater than in the drinks "born" in May or September. Secondly, the age of the plant also matters: maximum amount tannins are found not in young shoots, but in older leaves.
By the way, tannic acid contained in tea, chemical composition somewhat different from its counterpart from other products and synthetic "brother". Tea tannins resemble vitamin P and have a strengthening effect on blood vessels.
Tanning agents and industry
If we recall that the French name for tannins is translated as "tanning of the skin", it becomes clear in which industry this substance is most often used. Sheepskin coats and furs, in which we all love to wrap ourselves up in cold winters, are the result of the use of tannins. In addition, the production different types ink humanity is also indebted to tannins. And the mordant of textile fibers without tannins is also hard to imagine.
Interaction with other substances
Scientists continue to study the properties of tannin, since there is still a lot of unknown in the biography of this substance. In particular, scientists analyze how tannic acid affects the body, and especially how it “gets along” with other useful elements.
At present, for example, the combination of tannin and caffeine (which is present in tea) is perhaps the most studied. In this unusual "cocktail" of substances, scientists were primarily interested in why tea, which contains a rather high concentration of caffeine, has a relaxing effect on the body. It turned out that all this is the merit of tannin, which, in combination with caffeine, does not act on the body invigoratingly (like coffee), but rather as a relaxation agent and causes restful sleep. But in addition to the effect on nervous system, tannins act as protectors for liver cells. In particular, the body needs the protective effect of tannic acid after alcohol abuse.
If we talk about the combination of tannin with other medicines, then it interacts well with etiotropic drugs and antibiotics.
Tannin does not belong to substances, oh useful properties which is known to almost everyone. Moreover, many do not even know about the existence of tannic acid and its role for humans. Meanwhile, tannins do not just exist, but greatly facilitate our lives. And if you have read this text to the end, then now you know almost everything about the role of tanning agents.
The average person does not even suspect the existence of many substances, despite the fact that they can be in his body and even perform some pretty important features. So, probably, everyone has already heard about vitamins and minerals, and not many people are familiar with such elements as tannins. These substances are phenolic compounds, they are quite widespread in flora, and in certain cases can bring significant benefits to our body. Tannin is found in tea and some other foods. Let's talk about what products contain tannins, consider their properties, and also find out what benefits and harms can be to our body from their consumption.
Tannin is also often referred to as tannic acid and is found in the bark of many trees and also in the leaves and fruits of some plants. This substance has many useful qualities, therefore, it is widely used in food, as well as in light industry, and is used for the production of various medicines.
Tannins in plants
Many of them are found in the following plants: larch, chestnut, oak, spruce, acacia, Chinese camellia, eucalyptus, pomegranate, cocoa, persimmon, quebracho, cinchona.
Tannin in tea
Tea is a source of fifteen to thirty percent tannin. Many researchers previously believed that ordinary tannins were present in such a drink, but this is not so. Tea tannin - theotanin has a different structure than its synthetic counterpart and other tannic acids from plants. It is theotaine that gives tea a pleasant astringency, which creates its main taste. Most of the tannic acids are found in green tea, they give it a special flavor, help saturate the body with vitamin P, and also. Moreover, such substances are not able to have a tanning effect on the mucous membranes of the stomach.
Tannins in products
A significant amount of tannin is present in persimmon. The properties of tannin help it effectively cleanse the body, remove toxins and toxins from it. Also, tannins contribute to the optimization of activity digestive tract, eliminate dyspepsia and facilitate the manifestations of gastritis.
Quite a lot of tannins are also found in pomegranates, some berries (cranberries, strawberries, blueberries and grapes), due to which they have bacteriostatic and bactericidal qualities. Consumption of such foods helps to neutralize the infection and eliminate it from the body.
Among the foods rich in tannic acids, nuts can be distinguished, they are represented by pistachios, peanuts, walnuts, pecans, almonds and hazelnuts. Tannin increases the antioxidant qualities of such products by an order of magnitude. A significant amount of such a substance is found in some spices, in cloves, tarragon, cumin, cinnamon, thyme, vanilla and bay leaf. There is also quite a lot of tannin in beans, chocolate and quality wine.
Why are tannins valuable, what are the benefits of them to us?
How does tannin affect a person, what determines its action?
The action of tannins is astringent and tanning. The first is associated with the ability to cause coagulation of wound exudate or mucus proteins, the formation of a film that protects the nerve endings of tissues.
As a result, local vasoconstriction and densification of cell membranes begin. Inflammatory reaction subsides.
The use of tannins in medicine
In medicine, tannic acids of synthetic origin are used quite widely. They are used to eliminate inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity, larynx or gums, as well as to correct a runny nose, colds, laryngitis, etc. Such substances are used to eliminate ulcerative lesions, burns, necrosis and nipple cracks. Tannin helps to cope with intoxication by many alkaloids, with the exception of morphine, atropine, cocaine, as well as nicotine and eserine salicylate.
Tannic acids are used as astringents, they are often used as antidotes, for example, when the body is intoxicated with salts of mercury or lead and other heavy metals. Such elements treat diarrhea, improve blood clotting, help to cope with hemorrhoids. Their use is indicated for the correction of many dermatological viral infections, represented by eczema, exanthema, herpetic infections, etc. Tannins also help with viral infections, for example, chickenpox, papular acrodermatitis, etc.
These substances help treat surgical wounds in gynecological, urological and proctological practice. They help speed up the healing of first-degree burns, as well as fissures. anus. They are also used by surgeons before surgery to tan the skin of their hands. Tannins are also used to eliminate a number of children's skin diseases, including gluteal erythema, sweating of the feet, intertrigo and impetigo.
Among other things, such elements inhibit the excretion of vitamin C from the body and improve its absorption by an order of magnitude. Creams based on them perfectly relieve increased swelling, irritation and itching, help to cope with pain and local inflammation. And applying them to healthy skin effectively reduces the release of sweat.
But where else is tannin used: its use in industry
Tannin comes in synthetic form and is used to make medicinal formulations and in various industries: in the manufacture of leather, fur, ink, textile fibers. Also, such a substance is used in the form of food coloring and to achieve astringency and astringency in certain drinks.
Are tannins dangerous, can they harm?
Doctors do not advise consuming tannin orally to eliminate diarrhea, since it first reacts with proteins on the gastric mucosa, and almost does not reach the intestines. Consumption inside in a significant amount is fraught with the development of dyspepsia and appetite disorders.
Introduction in the form of enemas is contraindicated in the presence of anal fissures. In addition, excessive intake of tannins can cause kidney damage, liver toxicity, gastrointestinal irritation, and interfere with the normal absorption of vitamins and minerals.
Tannins are called tannins - special active organic compounds found in some plants. These substances can be recognized by the astringent sensation in the mouth after eating the foods containing them. Tannins have a wide range of effects on the body.
Tannins owe their name to oak bark, which has long been used for tanning (softening) leather. Tannins can be found in various parts of the plant - bark, fruits, leaves. A lot of tannins in some foods that have vegetable origin- tea, coffee, chocolate, persimmon, quince, pomegranate, grapes, nuts and spices. Among the trees, willow, pine, aspen, heather, beech contain the most tannins.
The plant's ability to accumulate tannins is influenced by biological factors: amount of sun, soil moisture, time of day, etc. Moreover, each plant has its own patterns that determine the individual level of tannins. A specific pattern is that young plants are richer in tannin than old ones. Biological role tannins for plants is not fully elucidated. There is an assumption that the bactericidal effect of these substances, which prevents decay, is important for the flora.
Properties of tannins
The influence of tannins on human body very wide. In past centuries, medicinal substances from the bark of plants were used to bind and neutralize poisons that entered the body. Treated with them bacterial infections, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, cuts, and abrasions. In emergency cases, tannins help to quickly stop bleeding.
The use of tannins also lies in the ability to strengthen blood vessels- it is not for nothing that venotonics with an extract of red grapes rich in catechin (a type of tannin) are so popular today. Tannins also have effective antioxidant properties, i. contribute to the rejuvenation of the body.
Thanks
basic information
Tannins(gallotannic acids, tannic acids) are phenolic compounds containing a large number of –OH groups. Widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are characterized by tanning properties and a specific astringent taste. Capable of forming strong bonds with proteins complex carbohydrates and other natural polymers.Being in nature
Tannins are found in tree bark, wood, leaves, fruits (sometimes in seeds, roots and tubers) of many plants. A large number of them are found in the following plants:- chestnut;
- larch;
- cinchona;
- sumac;
- quebracho.
Tannic acid protects plants from a wide range pathogenic microbes, and also protects them from being eaten by insects and animals.
Receipt
Tannins are obtained mainly from the ink nuts of oak, acacia, spruce, chestnut, etc. In the final form, the resulting product is a light yellow powder with a slight specific odor and astringent taste. The powder is soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin.Chemical properties
An aqueous solution of tannins is acidic and has pronounced tannic properties. When interacting with alkaloids, solutions of proteins and salts of heavy metals, they form precipitates.Synthetic tannin
Until the middle of the 20th century, only natural tannic acids were used, which were extracted mainly from the ink nuts of the oak bark. However, in 1950, thanks to the development of chemistry, was found cheap way obtaining artificial tannin. Synthetic tannin, showing all the properties of natural tannic acids, at the same time surpasses them in a number of criteria: - synthetic tannin can be obtained from pure form, while natural cannot be freed from impurities;
- thanks to the convenient consistency, it became possible to measure the dosage more accurately;
- plants from which natural tannic acids are obtained are not controlled, while the production of artificial tannin is controlled at all stages.
Only one artificial tannin is known today. Based on it, a number of drugs are produced. One of the most famous, developed by the German pharmaceutical giant Derma-Pharm, is Delaskin. It is produced in the form of cream and powder, as well as in the form of bath additives.
Application in industry
Tannins find wide application in industry:- production of tanned leather and fur;
- ink production;
- mordant of textile fibers;
- creating a tart and astringent taste in certain drinks;
- as food coloring.
Food coloring E181 (tannin) is a light yellow powder, soluble in alcohol, water and glycerin.
Application in medicine
Tannic acids are widely used in medicine. As a rule, synthetic tannin is used in clinical practice. The range of its application in clinical practice is presented below:- inflammation of the oral cavity, larynx or gums, with a runny nose, colds, laryngitis, etc .;
- burns, ulcers, cracked nipples, soft tissue necrosis;
- intoxication with alkaloids (except for morphine, cocaine, atropine, nicotine, eserine salicylate, which form bonds with tannin that are destroyed by gastric juice);
- as astringents;
- as antidotes (for intoxication with salts of lead, mercury and other heavy metals);
- as a remedy for diarrhea;
- in order to improve blood clotting;
- for the treatment of hemorrhoids;
- various dermatological viral infections (eczema, exanthema, herpetic infections etc.);
- viral pathologies (chickenpox, papular acrodermatitis etc.);
- treatment of surgical wounds in urology, proctology and gynecology;
- healing of first degree burns and anal fissures;
- children's skin diseases(erythema of the buttocks, impetigo, intertrigo, sweating of the feet, etc.).
Creams based on synthetic tannin are designed to relieve swelling, irritation and itching, help reduce pain syndrome and local inflammation. On the healthy skin acts as an antiperspirant, reducing sweat and sebum production.
There are also powders based on tannin for baths and cold compresses.
Contraindications
Modern doctors do not recommend tannin for ingestion (for the treatment of diarrhea), since it, first of all, binds to the proteins of the gastric mucosa, and reaches the intestines in insufficient volume. Ingestion in increased volumes leads to dyspepsia and impaired appetite. Not recommended for use with anal fissures(in the form of enemas), as there is a risk of blood clots. In acute intoxication with alkaloids, it must be taken into account that tannin creates unstable compounds with certain alkaloids (morphine, cocaine, atropine, nicotine, physostigmine), so gastric lavage should be performed as soon as possible. Side effects
In persons sensitive to tannic acids, excessive use of the dye E181 can provoke a number adverse reactions. The following are the main symptoms of E181 dye intoxication:- intestinal irritation;
- kidney dysfunction;
- liver intoxication;
- irritation of the digestive tract.
Safety
In addition to therapeutic properties, each drug is presented with severe conditions on security. Since tannin has a high molecular weight and astringent effect, it is not able to penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin. Therefore, it is well tolerated and has few side effects. Tannin quickly penetrates and lingers in the upper layer of the skin, providing a healing effect and without disturbing the systemic circulation.In many situations, the use of tannin is more preferable than the use of topical glucocorticoids, since the latter have a number of contraindications and side effects with prolonged use. This is especially important in pediatric practice.
In order to avoid undesirable consequences, before using the tannin preparation, it is recommended to obtain medical advice.
Interaction with other medicines
Medicines based on artificial tannins are well combined with antibiotics and etiotropic medicines.Skin diseases
Every person suffers from one or another skin disease during his life. The most common of them are chickenpox, eczema, dermatitis, herpes, shingles, intertrigo, etc. Most of these diseases share a common set of symptoms: inflammation, itching, redness, and rash. In dermatology, a medical science that studies diseases of the skin and mucous membranes, tannins (tannins) have been used for many years. When interacting with proteins, they create on the surface of the skin thin film, as a result of which the vessels of the skin narrow, the separation of exudate decreases, and the barrier function of the skin increases. All of the above processes lead to a stop of the inflammatory reaction.Initially, tannins were used medicinally solely for their astringent properties. When treating the wound surface, they bind structural proteins, and together with them create a specific film on the skin surface, due to which the wound stops oozing, the wound surface becomes dry, and the recovery processes are accelerated.
Clinical trials and observations of people receiving treatment in hospitals have identified three more medicinal properties synthetic tannin:
- Antipruritic effect. Most dermatological pathologies are characterized by such a symptom as itching. Itching is a local unpleasant sensation of tingling or burning, provoked by innervation. nerve fibers. In the course of clinical studies with the help of electrical impulses, a high threshold of susceptibility was established, at which a person begins to feel itching. This indicates the high antipruritic properties of tannin.
- Anti-inflammatory effect. Clinical trials conducted in hospitals around the world have proven that tannin also has an anti-inflammatory effect, which is extremely important in the treatment of diseases such as psoriasis, which affects up to 2% of people. During the experiment, irritation was artificially induced by skin contact with sodium laurisulfate, which provokes an allergic reaction and has toxic properties. After applying tannin to the same area of the skin, there was a rapid reduction in redness, which demonstrated its anti-inflammatory properties.
- Antibacterial effect. Many pathologies are complicated as a result of the pathological influence of certain microorganisms. For example, clinical practice indicates that diffuse neurodermatitis (a chronic allergic disease) is often accompanied by a staphylococcal infection that actively multiplies on the surface of the skin. Tannin, in turn, reduces the release of exudate, thereby preventing the growth of bacteria, which need a special environment for life (in this case, the constant release of exudate).
tea tannins
Tannins (tannins) are one of the most important components of tea and tea infusion. 15-30% of tea consists of tannic acids. Previously, tea tannin was considered a simple tannin, and it was believed that it had a bitter taste. But later, thanks to the research of Academician A.L. Kursanov, this view has been changed. It was found that tea tannin (theotanin) differs from the synthetic analogue and from the tannic acids that are part of other plants. Theotanin is a complex complex chemical compounds, whose structure is now fully understood. The former opinion that tannin creates the bitter taste of the drink turned out to be erroneous. If theotanin does create a bitter taste in a fresh tea leaf, then after the standard procedure for making tea, this taste disappears. Subsequently, theotanine acquires a pleasant astringency, which creates the main taste of the drink. Typically, the concentration of tannic acids in green tea is significantly higher than in black tea (almost 100%), since green tea tannin is almost non-oxidized, while in black about 50% of this substance is in an oxidized state. As for black teas, in South Asian varieties (Indian, Ceylon, Javanese) the concentration of tannic acids is higher than in Chinese, Georgian, Krasnodar, etc. Tannin gives South Asian teas a more tart, distinct taste, which is what makes them so popular. As for the Georgian varieties, the leaves of the July and August harvests contain much more tannin than the May and September ones. You should also be aware that in all teas of the highest grades, the concentration of tannins is higher than in the lower grades.
The tannic acids of tea are not stable substances. The products of their reaction with oxygen - quinones, formed during factory production of tea, in turn oxidize other components of raw tea, resulting in the release of a number of aromatic compounds involved in the creation of the smell of tea. Thus, the role of tannic acids in tea cannot be overestimated. In addition, they do not have a tanning effect on the gastric mucosa, as previously thought.
Another important property of tea theotannins and catechins is their similarity with vitamin P. Therefore, due to the high concentration of tannin, tea is one of the main sources of this vitamin for modern man.
And finally - everyone knows that green tea strengthens blood vessels, but few people know that this healing property tea is due precisely to the tannins present in it.
Wine and winemaking
The quality of red wines is directly determined by the amount and origin of tannins. For centuries, winemakers have been inventing more and more new methods for extracting the highest quality tannic acids into wine. They are part of the skin of grape berries, in the stalks, as well as in the seeds. The highest quality tannins are found in the skin of the berries. They are characterized by softness, and most of all they are found in ripe grapes. The tannins extracted from the stalks lack sharpness, and the tannins of the stones are the hardest. Therefore, winemakers always try to reduce the volume of extraction from the stems, and especially from the seeds.
In red wines, the proportion of tannins is much higher than in whites, which is partly the factor in their difference. The amount of tannin in wine changes over time. As a rule, most tannins are found in young red wines. This is considered their main disadvantage, especially if the wine is too tart to taste.
However, tannin is the most important component of wine intended for long-term storage. It not only regulates the taste and color of the wine, but also acts as a preservative, protecting the product from the damaging effects of oxidative enzymes. The long-term preservation of the color of the wine is also a merit of its antioxidant properties. After a certain time, it is tannin that creates the structure of the wine, softening its taste. Therefore, if the wine is produced for the purpose of long-term storage (more than two years), then the excess of this substance is considered one of its main advantages.
Before use, you should consult with a specialist.3597 2018-09-22
What are tannins?
Tannins are natural high-molecular phenolic compounds widely distributed in the plant world. Speaking more in simple terms, then these are substances that give different fruits an astringent and tart taste. Depending on what their concentration is in a particular plant, it will have more or less pronounced astringency. Turn, persimmon, pear, dogwood - recall the characteristic taste of these fruits and berries? It's all about the presence of tannins.
What are the properties of tannins? You can say big. Phenolic compounds affect the organic environment and eliminate the influence of microorganisms. Tannins of plants are characterized by a special astringent taste and are divided into organic and mineral. Organic are of plant and animal origin.
What plants contain the most tannins?
- Oak bark
- serpentine rhizomes
- Potentilla rhizomes
- Rhizomes and roots of burnet
- Fruit blueberries
- Bird cherry fruits
- Alder fruit
- Badan rhizomes
- Skumpia leaf
- sumac leaf
- Black tea
- Green tea
- Dogwood
- Persimmon
- Black currant
Tannins in tea have proven effectiveness. They are much more in tea leaves than even in fruits. By the way, in green tea, its concentration reaches 10-30%, in black - 5-17% . It is known that due to the presence tannin drink works like antibiotic and an active disinfectant, as well as helps to neutralize radioactive strontium in the body.
Tannins are also found in natural coffee which give it a bitter taste and a tart aftertaste. A lot of tannins in red wine, which give the body vitamins and amino acids . They are also found in cognac, thanks to which the absorption of vitamin C improves.
The effect of tannins on the human body
Tannins have a rather noticeable effect on the human body. First of all, their astringent property is noted. It manifests itself in many different areas. Tannins when used correctly, successfully achieve intestines and help to cope with his disorders, dysbacteriosis , diarrhea.
Tannins, when interacting with proteins, cause their partial coagulation, and create a waterproof protective albuminate film (tanning), on which their bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effect on mucous membranes and wound surfaces is based.
Benefits for digestion
Tannins have a positive effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract as a whole. In particular, they suppress the activity of pathogenic microorganisms, promote the removal of harmful deposits, and help the best absorption of beneficial compounds.
Cleansing the body
The active substances of tannin also contribute to the general cleansing of the body. They remove from it a variety of types of toxins and toxins. These compounds can help even with radiation exposure.
Hemostatic properties
The hemostatic property of tannins is especially distinguished. It is actively used in a variety of cases. Tannins help stop both extrinsic and intrinsic bleeding . Therefore, they are used for abundant menses , hemorrhoids, bleeding gums and damage to the skin - cuts and other wounds.
Anti-inflammatory action
They have tannins and anti-inflammatory properties. They protect tissues from infections, destroy pathogens bacteria stop the inflammatory process. Thus, they are widely used in medicine in the treatment of a variety of ailments. Tannins are especially effective against inflammation in the mouth and throat, since in this case there is a direct effect by rinsing . When treatment of intestinal or gastric diseases is required, it is necessary to drink medicinal decoctions on an empty stomach and between meals so that the active compounds can freely reach one or another organ. Of course, tannins effectively cope with inflammatory processes on the skin. In particular, they help eliminate acne and some dermatological diseases. In these cases, special ointments and lotions with tannins are used.
In addition, tannins have the following beneficial properties:
- Eliminate stones in the kidneys .
- Make blood vessels more elastic.
- Medications containing tannins, used for diseases of the nose and eyes (in the form of drops).
- Food products with these substances have a beneficial effect in preventing the deposition of salts of heavy metals, with diarrhea, and radioactive damage.
- They are used to rinse the mouth and throat with such painful inflammatory diseases how stomatitis, angina , pharyngitis etc.
- Due to the fact that tannins are able to effectively disinfect and block the influence of pathogenic microflora, solutions with these substances used as compresses for abrasions, cuts, burns .
- If developed poisoning body, accompanied by serious intoxication , they will help to connect and withdraw harmful substances. With alkaloids and salts of heavy metals, tannins create insoluble compounds, so that they cease to have a negative effect. Tannins - an effective antidote for poisoning