Features of the use of Retinol (retinol acetate) for dermatological diseases. Retinol for facial skin: reviews, application features Retinol for children instructions for use

Retinol acetate (vitamin A)– a fat-soluble vitamin that takes part in metabolism. Vitamin A is necessary for normal growth and development of the body, supports visual function, stimulates the processes of regeneration and epithelization, improves the nonspecific immune response and increases the body's resistance to adverse environmental conditions.

Oil solution Retinol acetate eliminates vitamin A deficiency, which is caused by poor nutrition, diseases digestive tract(in which intestinal absorption of retinol decreases) and liver.

Absorbed retinol acetate V upper sections small intestine. Peak plasma concentrations of retinol when taken orally are achieved within 4 hours. The drug creates high concentrations of vitamin A in the retina and liver, slightly lower concentrations are observed in the kidneys, fat depots, and endocrine glands.

Excreted by the kidneys in the form of metabolites and the liver unchanged, the half-life of retinol reaches 9 hours.

Indications for use

Retinol acetate intended for the treatment of patients suffering from hypo- and vitamin A deficiency, retinitis pigmentosa, xerophthalmia, superficial keratitis, hemeralopia, conjunctivitis, pyoderma, corneal lesions and eczematous eyelid lesions.

Solution Retinol acetate used in complex therapy patients with rickets, acute diseases lungs and bronchi, malnutrition, collagenosis, lesions skin(as a means of stimulating regeneration and epithelization), as well as acute respiratory diseases occurring against the background of exudative diathesis.

Vitamin A can also be prescribed in the complex therapy of erosive and ulcerative and inflammatory diseases gastrointestinal tract and cirrhosis of the liver.

Retinol acetate appointed as prophylactic patients with an increased risk of stone formation in the urinary tract.

Mode of application

A drug Retinol acetate intended for oral and external use. It is recommended to take the drug orally 10-15 minutes after eating.

Adults with vitamin A deficiency are usually prescribed 1-2 drops of the drug twice or thrice a day orally.

Adults with skin diseases are usually prescribed 5-10 drops of the drug twice a day (in combination with vitamin B2 in a daily dose of 20 mg) orally.

For skin lesions, external application of the solution under a gauze bandage is prescribed up to 6 times a day (in combination with oral vitamin A).

Children with skin diseases are usually prescribed 1-2 drops of the drug per day orally depending on their age.

The maximum recommended single dose for adults is 50,000 IU (10 drops of Retinol acetate solution).
The maximum recommended single dose for children over 7 years of age is 5000 IU (1 drop).
Maximum recommended daily dose for adults is 100,000 IU (20 drops).
The maximum recommended daily dose for children over 7 years of age is 20,000 IU (4 drops).

Side effects

Retinol acetate, as a rule, is well tolerated by patients; there is evidence of isolated cases of hypersensitivity reactions that require discontinuation of the drug.

With prolonged therapy with vitamin A (especially when using high doses), it is possible to develop chronic overdose and hypervitaminosis A, the symptoms of which are headache, bone pain lower limbs, drowsiness, irritability, hyperthermia, excessive sweating, oliguria and exanthema.

If these symptoms develop, you should immediately stop taking the drug Retinol acetate and consult a doctor.

Contraindications

Retinol acetate not prescribed to patients with individual hypersensitivity to vitamin A and soybean oil.

Oral use of the drug is contraindicated in children under 7 years of age.

Care should be taken when prescribing retinol acetate patients suffering from acute and chronic form nephritis and decompensated heart failure.

Pregnancy

Particular care should be taken when prescribing the drug Retinol acetate in the first trimester of pregnancy (the intake of vitamin A from food and other sources should be taken into account due to the development of teratogenic effects in rice retinol acetate). The maximum recommended daily dose for pregnant women in the second and third trimester is 5000 IU (1 drop of solution Retinol acetate).

There is no data on the use of an oil solution during lactation.

Drug interactions

When using the solution in combination Retinol acetate With Vaseline oil There is a decrease in the absorption of vitamin A in the intestine.

At simultaneous use retinol acetate with some carotenoids, there is an improvement in the immunobiological functions of the body and the process of epithelial malignancy slows down.

Vitamin A, or retinol acetate, can clear the skin of rashes, smooth out wrinkles and even tighten the oval. This effective remedy in the fight against aging processes. It is impossible to overestimate the benefits of retinol acetate for facial skin. This unique substance often used in the production of anti-aging cosmetics, as well as in preparations for the treatment acne.

Benefits of retinol for skin

Vitamin A was one of the first to be discovered. That’s why it got its name. At first it was used to treat such pathologies as “night blindness”. Much later, doctors noticed that this substance strengthens the immune system and has a beneficial effect on the epidermis.

Retinol acetate for skin is powerful biogenic stimulant. Its small molecular weight allows the vitamin to penetrate deep into the epidermis. It has the following positive effects there:

In some cases, retinol acetate can be dangerous for the skin. Sometimes it provokes the development of allergic reactions. For example: redness, severe peeling and itching. Therefore, before using it, it is recommended to conduct a sensitivity test. The vitamin or cosmetics containing it are applied to the skin of the wrist and its reaction is observed.

Forms of release of the drug

Retinol acetate for skin can be used in pure form. You can also prepare face masks, lotions, creams and scrubs based on it. The vitamin can be purchased at a pharmacy; it has the following release forms:

Oil capsules. The gelatinous shell is easily pierced with a needle. The contents of the capsule can be used in pure form or added to masks and creams.
Ampoules with solution for injection. Contains the highest concentration of retinol. The solution does not leave any oily residue. It is most often used to make lotions.
Retinol acetate oil solution. For skin it is used in the preparation of homemade scrubs. Packaged in dark glass bottles.
Pills. Used exclusively for oral administration.

Features of application

Before using retinol acetate for facial skin, you need to make sure that even a small dose will not provoke allergic reaction. It must be remembered that the vitamin penetrates well deep into the epidermis. In some cases, even external use can lead to an excess of this substance in the body. Therefore, you will need to avoid cosmetics with retinol in the following cases:

Pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Pathologies of the kidneys and bile ducts.
In active sun.
In case there are wounds and extensive purulent rashes on the skin.

Retinol acetate breaks down quite quickly when exposed to heat, light and some other factors. Therefore, masks and scrubs with vitamin A should be used immediately after they are prepared.

Pharmacy drugs

Retinol acetate for facial skin can be found in some pharmaceutical ointments. Medicines contain a higher concentration of vitamins compared to cosmetic products. Therefore, many women believe that for skin rejuvenation it is more effective to use ointments that are sold in pharmacies. Despite the fact that they are intended to treat certain pathologies.

Preparations containing vitamin A:

Retinoic ointment. Used to prevent age-related changes. The ointment is applied before bedtime. The drug should not be used more than twice a week. Applying ointment to the periorbital area is not recommended.
"Radevit." In addition to retinol, the ointment contains vitamin E and D. The drug is used to combat the signs of skin aging. The use of ointment can reduce the depth of wrinkles and increase skin turgor. In addition, collagen production is stimulated. It is recommended to use "Radevit" in a course of 45 days, at night. After this, you should take a break for a month.
"Relief". Ointment for hemorrhoids. It contains oil obtained from shark liver. It is known that fish fat- this is one of richest sources vitamin A. The use of "Relief" allows you to smooth out wrinkles and eliminate dry skin. The ointment also stimulates cell regeneration and eliminates swelling.
"Regetsin." In addition to retinol, it contains zinc. This remedy is most often used to combat acne. However, it can also rejuvenate the skin.

The best cosmetics with retinol

Anti-aging cosmetics with vitamin A effectively eliminate wrinkles, dark spots and other signs of aging. This is confirmed by numerous positive reviews. Retinol acetate for facial skin works well in the following cosmetic products:

Anti-aging homemade masks

Retinol acetate for facial skin at home can be used to prepare anti-aging masks. For these purposes, it is better to purchase an oil solution from gelatin capsules. You can eliminate the signs of aging using the following recipes:

Vitamin A for treating rashes

Retinol acetate is also useful for skin if it is problematic. Regular use of masks with vitamin A will normalize work sebaceous glands, cleanses and tightens pores, relieves inflammation. The most useful masks will be:

Scrubs and lotions

Cleansing the skin with scrubs allows you to cleanse pores, eliminate dead cells and improve skin microrelief. In addition, the breathing of the dermis and blood circulation in its tissues improves. A scrub with retinol will be beneficial for all skin types. To prepare it you will need the following ingredients:

Oat flakes - 25 g.
Milk (fat for dry skin and vice versa) - 25 ml.
Retinol oil solution - 5 ml.

The flakes must be ground in a coffee grinder. Oat powder pour hot milk. When it cools down to room temperature, add retinol and mix. The mixture can be used as a scrub.

An oil solution of retinol or vitamin from injection ampoules can be added to ready-made tonics or lotions. In addition, it is easy to prepare such care products yourself from cucumber juice or the pulp of aloe leaves.

Retinol is a vitamin preparation (vitamin A).

Release form and composition

Dosage forms of Retinol:

coated tablets (dragées): yellow, two layers in cross section, inner – white with a yellowish tint (in glass jars or in polymer jars/bottles of 20, 30, 40, 50 pcs., 1 jar/bottle per cardboard pack; 10 pieces in blister packs, 2-5 packs in a cardboard pack);
capsules: gelatin, light to dark yellow, spherical; the contents of the capsules are an oily liquid from light to dark yellow (25 pcs. in glass/polymer jars, 1 jar in a cardboard pack; 10 pcs. in strip packs, 1-5 packs in a cardboard pack).

Composition of 1 film-coated tablet:

active ingredient: retinol acetate in the form of granules (vitamin A) – 11.35 mg (33 thousand ME (international units));
additional components: talc, sugar, calcium stearate 1-water, potato starch, aerosil, gelatin, titanium dioxide, povidone-8000 or polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, yellow water-soluble dye or tropeolin 0, basic magnesium carbonate, beeswax.

Composition of 1 capsule:

active ingredient: retinol palmitate in the form of a 55% oil solution (vitamin A) – 0.1 ml;
additional component: refined corn oil – up to 200 mg;
shell: gelatin – 22.30 mg, glycerin (glycerol) – 7.20 mg, nipagin – 0.01 mg, water – 0.49 mg.

Indications for use

Retinol is prescribed for the treatment of hypo- and vitamin A deficiency.

Simultaneously with other medicines Retinol is used in the treatment of the following diseases/conditions:

cirrhosis of the liver;
infectious and inflammatory diseases (dysentery, measles, influenza, tracheitis, bronchitis, etc.)
eye diseases (hemeralopia, retinitis pigmentosa, keratomalacia, xerophthalmia, eczematous eyelid lesions);
gastrointestinal diseases (erosive gastroduodenitis, peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum);
skin lesions and diseases (skin tuberculosis, psoriasis, erosion, frostbite, wounds, burns, ulcers, some forms of eczema, fissures, ichthyosis, hyperkeratosis, seborrheic dermatitis, neurodermatitis).

For preventive purposes, Retinol is prescribed when there is a risk of stone formation in the biliary and urinary tract.

Contraindications

cholelithiasis;
chronic pancreatitis;
acute inflammatory skin diseases;
hypervitaminosis A;
I trimester of pregnancy;
hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Caution is required when prescribing Retinol in patients with nephritis and heart failure of grade II-III.

Directions for use and dosage

Retinol is taken orally.

Daily requirement for vitamin A:

adults and children over 7 years old: 5 thousand ME (1.5 mg);
pregnant and lactating women: 6.6 thousand ME (2 mg).

The highest therapeutic dose: one-time – 50 thousand ME, daily – 100 thousand ME (when taking the drug in higher doses, you need to take into account the likelihood of hypervitaminosis A).

Adults are prescribed from 50 to 100 thousand IU for the treatment of eye and skin diseases, children for treatment skin diseases– from 5 to 10-20 thousand IU.

Side effects

Daily intake of Retinol for a long period (children - 100 thousand IU, adults - 200 thousand IU) can lead to the development of intoxication and hypervitaminosis A.

The main symptoms of hypervitaminosis A:

adults: headache, lethargy, drowsiness, facial flushing, vomiting, nausea, pain in the bones of the lower extremities, gait disturbance;
children: skin rashes, sweating, drowsiness, fever, vomiting.

Also, during therapy, disturbances in the form of increased blood pressure may occur. cerebrospinal fluid(in children infancy– with the development of protrusion of the fontanelle and hydrocephalus).

special instructions

Caution is required when using Retinol for acute and chronic nephritis and cardiac decompensation.

To avoid the development of overdose, combined use with other multivitamin complexes not recommended.

Formula: C20H30O, chemical name: trans-9,13-Dimethyl-7-(1,1,5-trimethylcyclohexen-5-yl-6)-nonatetraen-7,9,11,13-ol (as palmitate or acetate).
Pharmacological group: Metabolics/vitamins and vitamin-like products.
Pharmachologic effect: replenishes vitamin A deficiency.

Pharmacological properties

Retinol has many unsaturated bonds, due to this it activates the processes of oxidation and reduction, stimulates the formation of pyrimidine and purine bases, takes part in the energy supply of metabolism, creating good conditions For ATP synthesis. When taken orally, retinol is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after emulsification processes with bile acids. Next, retinol enters the intestinal microvilli, where it undergoes esterification. Then it joins specific lipoproteins in the form of retinyl palmitate and enters lymphatic vessels, and from them to the liver as part of chylomicrons, where it is first captured by reticuloendotheliocytes, then by hepatocytes, where chylomicrons are already broken down and retinyl palmitate, retinal, retinol and retinoic acid are released. Retinol, binding to specific proteins, enters the blood, where it combines with albumin and is transported throughout the body.

Retinol is distributed unevenly in the body: greatest number is located in the retina and liver, less - in the heart, kidneys, fat depots, lactating mammary gland, lungs, adrenal glands and other endocrine glands. The main form in which retinol is deposited is retinol palmitate, its reserves are slowly and constantly renewed. In tissues, retinol is found mainly in lysosomes, mitochondria, the microsomal fraction, and in the membranes of organelles and cells.

Retinol, retinoic acid, retinal in the bile are secreted by hepatocytes, retinoyl glucuronide is excreted in the urine. The elimination of retinol occurs slowly, so when retinol is taken repeatedly, it accumulates and adverse effects persist for a long time. Retinol increases protein formation in bone and cartilage tissue, which determines the growth in length of cartilage and bones. Retinol stimulates epithelization processes and prevents the development of hyperkeratosis (excessive keratinization of the epithelium). Increases the number of mitoses in epithelial cells, prevents the accumulation of keratohyalin in them, promotes the production of sulfated mucopolysaccharides and RNA, which play important role in the permeability of cellular, subcellular (especially lysosomal) membranes.

Being lipophilic, retinol is integrated into the lipid phase of membranes, has a modifying effect on membrane lipids, and controls the rate of chain reactions and maintains the antioxidant potential in various tissues at a constant level. Retinol regulates the biosynthesis of glycoproteins in the surface membranes of cells, which determine the level of cell differentiation processes. Regulates normal functional state single-layer squamous epithelium, which performs a barrier function, thereby increasing the body’s resistance to infection. Retinol activates phagocytosis and enhances the formation of antibodies. Participating in the construction of visual purple, it affects photoreception. Slows down the release of thyroxine. Stimulates the production of hormones from the adrenal cortex. Retinol ensures the normal functioning of the sweat and sebaceous glands.

Indications

For systemic use: vitamin deficiency and hypovitaminosis A; as part of complex treatment infectious diseases (including dysentery, measles), eye diseases (hemeralopia, retinitis pigmentosa, xerophthalmia, eczematous eyelid lesions, keratomalacia, conjunctivitis), skin diseases (frostbite, burns, some forms of eczema, wounds, hyperkeratosis, skin tuberculosis, ichthyosis , pyoderma, psoriasis and other degenerative and inflammatory pathological processes), malnutrition, rickets, acute respiratory diseases, chronic and acute bronchopulmonary diseases (including tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia), inflammatory and erosive-ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, cirrhosis of the liver. For local use: dermatitis (including atopic without exacerbation); eczema; cheilitis; age-related changes skin; superficial abrasions and skin cracks; to activate repair processes in various dermatoses after treatment with glucocorticoids; skin diseases that are associated with disruption of keratinization processes.

Method of using retinol and dosage

Retinol is used internally, intramuscularly, externally. Vitamin deficiencies of mild and medium degree: adults - up to 33,000 IU/day, eye diseases (xerophthalmia, hemeralopia, retinitis pigmentosa) - 50,000–100,000 IU/day. Children - 1000–5000 IU/day, depending on age. Skin diseases: children - 5000–10000–20000 IU/day, adults - 50000–100000 IU/day. Oil solutions can also be used externally for frostbite, ulcers, burns, lubricating 5-6 times a day and covering gauze bandage; at the same time, retinol is prescribed intramuscularly or orally. Externally: 2 times (early in the morning and late in the evening) a day, apply a thin layer of ointment to the affected areas of the skin; in case of severe peeling of the skin, use under an occlusive dressing.

Do not exceed recommended doses to avoid the development of hypervitaminosis A. For the treatment of acne, you need high doses retinol, this increases the possibility toxic complications, therefore, for this disease it is better to use local forms of retinol. Do not use retinol for the treatment of dry skin, eye diseases, wrinkles, infections that are not associated with vitamin A deficiency.

Contraindications for use

Hypersensitivity, chronic pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, pregnancy (1st trimester).

Restrictions on use

Decompensation of cardiac activity, chronic and acute nephritis.

Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Retinol is contraindicated in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. External use of retinol during pregnancy and during breastfeeding possible, when prescribed by a doctor, if the expected effects of treatment are higher possible risk for the child and fetus. During breastfeeding, it is not recommended to apply retinol to the skin of the mammary glands.

Side effects of retinol

Systemic effects: hypervitaminosis A: in adults - lethargy, drowsiness, facial flushing with further peeling of the skin, nausea, headache, vomiting, possibly pain in the bones of the lower extremities, exacerbation of liver disease;
in children - hyperthermia, drowsiness, vomiting, increased sweating, skin rashes, increased intracranial pressure(infants may develop protrusion of the fontanel and hydrocephalus).

When the drug is temporarily discontinued or the dose is reduced, adverse reactions go away on their own. In some cases, on the first day of using retinol, maculopapular itchy rashes may develop, in which case discontinuation of the drug is necessary. When high doses of retinol are prescribed during skin diseases, after 7–10 days of therapy an exacerbation of local inflammatory reaction, no additional therapy is required and this reaction subsequently decreases. For external use: hyperemia and itching at the site of application, which require temporary discontinuation of the drug. At intramuscular injections: formation of infiltrates, pain at the injection site.

Interaction of retinol with other substances

Do not combine retinol with other drugs that contain retinoids and vitamin A (to avoid hypervitaminosis A). Retinol is incompatible with tetracycline antibiotics. Glucocorticoids and salicylates reduce the possibility of adverse reactions. Estrogens and oral contraceptives that contain them increase the concentration of vitamin A in the blood plasma. Retinol mutually reduces the risk of developing hypervitaminosis D. Nitrites, colestipol, cholestyramine, neomycin (when taken orally) interfere with the absorption of retinol.

Overdose

In acute hypervitaminosis A appear following symptoms: severe headache, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, convulsions, blurred vision, profuse diarrhea, uncontrollable vomiting, severe dehydration; on the second day a widespread rash appears with further, starting from the face, large-plate peeling; palpation of long tubular bones sharply painful due to subperiosteal hemorrhages, changes in soft tissue and bone. Children with acute hypervitaminosis develop anxiety, excitement, insomnia during the first day, sometimes there is an increase in temperature up to 39 ° C, drowsiness, vomiting, signs of suffocation, protrusion of the large fontanel. Symptomatic therapy is necessary; thyroxine and ascorbic acid.

Gross formula

C20H30O

Pharmacological group of the substance Retinol

Nosological classification (ICD-10)

CAS code

68-26-8

Characteristics of the substance Retinol

White or pale yellow crystals with a faint odor. Practically insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, oils and fats. Decomposes under the influence of oxygen, air and light.

Pharmacology

pharmachologic effect- replenishes vitamin A deficiency.

Having a large number of unsaturated bonds, activates redox processes, stimulates the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, participates in the energy supply of metabolism, creating favorable conditions for ATP synthesis.

When taken orally, it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after emulsification with bile acids. Retinol entering the intestinal microvilli undergoes esterification. The resulting retinyl palmitate attaches to specific lipoproteins, penetrates the lymphatic pathways and, as part of chylomicrons, enters the liver, where it is captured by stellate reticuloendotheliocytes, and then by hepatocytes, where the chylomicrons are cleaved, releasing retinyl palmitate, retinol, retinal and the retinoic acid formed from it. Retinol binds to a specific protein, enters the blood, combines with albumin and is transported to various organs. It is distributed unevenly in the body: the largest amount is in the liver and retina, the smaller amount is in the kidneys, heart, fat depots, lungs, lactating mammary gland, adrenal glands and other endocrine glands. The predominant form of deposit is retinol palmitate, its reserves are slowly but constantly renewed. In tissues, retinol is localized predominantly in the microsomal fraction, mitochondria, lysosomes, and in the membranes of cells and organelles. Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid are secreted by hepatocytes in the bile, retinoyl glucuronide is excreted in the urine. Elimination of retinol is slow, so repeated doses lead to accumulation and adverse effects persist for a long time.

Increases protein synthesis in cartilage and bone tissue, which determines the growth of bones and cartilage in length. Stimulates epithelization and prevents excessive keratinization of the epithelium (hyperkeratosis). Increases the number of mitoses in epithelial cells, prevents the accumulation of keratohyalin in them, promotes the synthesis of RNA and sulfated mucopolysaccharides, which play an important role in the permeability of cellular, subcellular and especially lysosomal membranes. Due to its lipophilicity, it is integrated into the lipid phase of membranes, has a modifying effect on membrane lipids, controls the rate of chain reactions in the lipid phase and maintains the antioxidant potential of various tissues at a constant level. Regulates the biosynthesis of glycoproteins of cell surface membranes, which determine the level of cell differentiation processes. Regulates the normal function of single-layer squamous epithelium, which plays a barrier role, and increases the body's resistance to infection. Strengthens the formation of antibodies and activates phagocytosis. Affects photoreception by participating in the formation of visual purple. Stimulates the synthesis of hormones of the adrenal cortex. Inhibits the liberation of thyroxine. Ensures normal activity of the sebaceous and sweat glands.

Application of the substance Retinol

For systemic use: hypovitaminosis and vitamin A deficiency in complex therapy infectious diseases, incl. measles, dysentery; skin diseases (burns, frostbite, wounds, skin tuberculosis, hyperkeratosis, ichthyosis, psoriasis, pyoderma, some forms of eczema and other inflammatory and degenerative pathological processes), eye diseases (retinitis pigmentosa, hemeralopia, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, eczematous eyelid lesions, conjunctivitis) , rickets, malnutrition, acute respiratory diseases, acute and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases, incl. tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia; erosive-ulcerative and inflammatory lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, liver cirrhosis.

For external use: eczema, dermatitis (including atopic without exacerbation), cheilitis, superficial cracks and abrasions of the skin, age-related skin changes; skin diseases associated with impaired keratinization processes; to activate reparative processes in various dermatoses after glucocorticoid therapy.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity, cholelithiasis, chronic pancreatitis, pregnancy (first trimester).

Restrictions on use

Acute and chronic nephritis, cardiac decompensation.

Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding

External use of retinol during pregnancy and breastfeeding is possible if the expected effect of therapy outweighs the potential risk to the fetus and child.

Side effects of the substance Retinol

Systemic effects

Manifestations of hypervitaminosis A: in adults - drowsiness, lethargy, headache, facial flushing followed by peeling of the skin, nausea, vomiting, possible exacerbation of liver disease, pain in the bones of the lower extremities; in children - increased body temperature, drowsiness, increased sweating, vomiting, skin rashes, increased intracranial pressure (in infants, hydrocephalus and protrusion of the fontanel may develop).

With a dose reduction or temporary discontinuation of the drug side effects pass on their own. In some cases, on the first day of use, itchy maculopapular rashes may occur, requiring discontinuation of the drug.

When high doses are prescribed for skin diseases, after 7-10 days of treatment, an exacerbation of the local inflammatory reaction is observed, which does not require additional treatment and further decreases.

For intramuscular injections: pain at the injection site, formation of infiltrates.

For external use: itching and hyperemia at the site of application (require temporary discontinuation of the drug).

Interaction

It should not be combined with other drugs containing vitamin A and retinoids (to avoid hypervitaminosis A). Incompatible with tetracycline antibiotics. Salicylates and HA reduce the risk of developing side effects. Estrogens and oral contraceptives containing them increase plasma concentrations of vitamin A.

Reduces (mutually) the risk of hypervitaminosis D. The absorption of retinol is disrupted by nitrites, cholestyramine, colestipol, neomycin (orally).

Overdose

In acute hypervitaminosis - severe headache, dizziness, drowsiness, confusion, blurred vision, convulsions, uncontrollable vomiting, profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration; on the second day a widespread rash appears, followed by large-plate peeling, starting from the face; palpation of long tubular bones is sharply painful due to subperiosteal hemorrhages, changes in bone, and soft tissues. In children, acute hypervitaminosis is characterized by anxiety, excitement, insomnia during the first day, sometimes drowsiness, fever up to 39 ° C, vomiting, protrusion of the large fontanel, signs of suffocation.

Treatment: symptomatic; Thyroxine and ascorbic acid are prescribed as an antagonist.

Routes of administration

Inside, intramuscularly, externally.

Precautions for the substance Retinol

To avoid the development of hypervitaminosis A, do not exceed recommended doses. Treatment of acne requires high doses of vitamin A, which increases the risk of toxic complications, therefore, for this nosology, local forms of vitamin A are most preferable.