Causes and treatment of follicular hyperkeratosis of the skin with creams and ointments for children and adults. Hyperkeratosis - skin and squamous epithelium (photo), treatment and medications

Hyperkeratosis is a dermatological pathology characterized by both an excessive rate of cell division of the stratum corneum and impaired exfoliation of cells of the superficial dead layer of skin. Hyperkeratosis is excessive keratinization of the skin.

Causes of hyperkeratosis

All reasons for the development of this pathology are divided into two groups:

Exogenous, or external, causes
Endogenous or internal causes

TO internal reasons relate:

Systemic pathologies of the body, for example, ichthyosis, diabetes, psoriasis
Poor circulation in separate areas body, especially in the lower extremities, for example, obliterating atherosclerosis, varicose veins veins
Hypovitaminosis, vitamin deficiency

Hyperkeratosis

External causes of the development of hyperkeratosis are relevant mainly in relation to the occurrence of hyperkeratosis of the feet. The main mechanism for activating this skin pathology is a long enough or extremely heavy load on the skin. lower limbs, For example:

Excessive walking time
Body weight exceeding normal values
Uncomfortable or tight shoes a person wears
Foot deformities, such as flat feet, metatarsal malunion, clubfoot
Hereditary predisposition

IMPORTANT: Treatment of hyperkeratosis should depend on the type, location, cause of occurrence and severity of this pathology. Cosmetic procedures are mainly used for this purpose.

Whatever the initial cause of hyperkeratosis, this disease develops due to disturbances in trophism and innervation in the upper epidermal skin layer. As a result of such changes, the cells of the stratum corneum continue to divide in a normal or slightly accelerated mode, and the processes of exfoliation of this layer are noticeably slowed down, which causes a thickening of the epidermal layer of human skin.

Clinical picture and causes of different types of hyperkeratosis

Follicular hyperkeratosis

This form of pathology appears in case of a lack of vitamins C and A, or in case of non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene of a person. Hereditary predisposition also plays a significant role in the development of the follicular form of hyperkeratosis.

Due to disruption of the process of exfoliation of keratinized epithelial tissue The follicular ducts of the hair become clogged and become like pimples or skin bumps. Basically, under the influence of this form of skin pathology, skin areas prone to dryness are affected, for example, in the area of the knees, elbows, buttocks or the outer surface of the thigh.

If you do not cure this problem and eliminate any unfavorable factors, especially those associated with wearing uncomfortable clothes and the influence low temperatures, then the pathology will begin to cover more and more extensive skin surfaces.

Follicular hyperkeratosis

Lenticular and disseminated hyperkeratosis

This form of the disease mainly affects older men; hyperkeratosis of this type is practically not inherent in women. The main reason for the occurrence of this form of pathology has not yet been established, but most specialists in the field of medicine are inclined to believe that genetic mutation, due to which an excessive amount of keratin is formed in the cells of epithelial tissues.

The lenticular form of hyperkeratosis is characterized by a chronic course, and exacerbations of the problem are observed after prolonged exposure to direct sun rays on skin. In the area where the follicles are located, horny papules appear, having a diameter of 1-5 millimeters and distinguished by a reddish-brown or orange-yellow hue. Often there are skin lesions in the area of the legs, thighs and back of the feet, a little less often - damage to the arms, torso or ears, and very rarely - damage to the mucous membranes of the mouth.

If you remove a scale from the surface of the skin, you will find a small wet depression underneath with a drop of blood in the center. When pressing on the papules, the patient does not feel painful sensations, and the papules themselves do not differ in their tendency to merge.

The disseminated form of the pathology is characterized by thick and short hairs, localized mainly on the skin of the body and limbs. Elements of pathology do not tend to merge, but can be located on the skin in small groups in the form of brushes.

IMPORTANT: It is worth understanding that if skin hyperkeratosis is caused by some other disease, then treatment should begin with eliminating this disease.

Hyperkeratosis in the feet

This form of pathology is often classified as an aesthetic defect, without attaching importance to the problem and forgetting about the need to treat it and eliminate the causes of its development. If hyperkeratosis of the feet is not treated, after some time the patient will experience many complications, for example, painful bleeding cracks, a feeling of stiffness, and discomfort when walking.

There are several reasons for hyperkeratosis of the feet, for example, excess body weight, lack of proper foot care, wearing uncomfortable shoes, lack of vitamins in the body, some vascular pathologies. The onset of pathology occurs at the age of 20-30 years; over time, the manifestations of the problem become more pronounced and difficult to treat.

If the stratum corneum of the skin on the heel is thickened over the entire surface, then it is worth considering a malfunction as the cause of the disease. endocrine system or fungal infection. If hyperkeratosis is present on the outer edges of the feet, then a disturbance in human gait can be assumed as the cause of this problem.

Hyperkeratosis under the nails

This form of pathology is often detected simultaneously with onychomycosis - damage to the nail plate by filamentous fungi. The main symptoms of the clinical picture of this form of hyperkeratosis are thickening of the nail plate, as well as changes in its shade and structure from high density until pronounced looseness.

In general, keratosis under the nails has two variants of severity:

Moderate degree, when the nail thickness is 1-2 millimeters
Severe degree when the nail thickness exceeds 2 millimeters

Hyperkeratosis of the skin of the face and head

Typically, the reason for a complaint from a patient suffering from hyperkeratosis of the scalp may be:

Presence of dandruff
Hair loss
Dullness and brittleness of hair
Dryness, unevenness and roughness of the skin surface
Presence of burgundy tubercles

If the pathology is not diagnosed on time, the patient may suffer from partial or complete baldness. Often this form of pathology develops simultaneously with hyperkeratosis of other bodily areas. Facial hyperkeratosis in the case of severe disease can be expressed as scales in the form of tubercles and spines, as well as a dense crust.

Treatment of hyperkeratosis

According to experts, treatment of hyperkeratosis should depend on the type, location, cause of occurrence and severity of this pathology. Cosmetic procedures are mainly used for this purpose, especially if the cause of hyperkeratosis is not another disease. The caring effect will help eliminate skin compactions and soften the skin.

Taking medications with retinoids. Suitable for the treatment of severe cutaneous hyperkeratosis. Regular use of medications containing retinoids effectively eliminates dry skin
Taking the drug Calcipotriol. This drug- This is the active form of vitamin D, it must be applied to the affected areas. First results – after 14 days
The use of fat-saturated ointments and creams. Suitable for the treatment of hyperkeratosis of small scale and severity to preserve moisture and improve the lipid composition of the skin
Enriching the diet with vegetables and fruits - carrots, cauliflower, spinach, lemon, plums, strawberries and peaches, which contain vitamins C and A
Improvement skin condition cosmetic procedures. For example, skin peeling performed with a rough massage glove, especially in a bath or sauna.
The use of high-quality caring cosmetics for skin with keratosis and dryness. Ideally, such products should contain at least one of the following ingredients: allantoin for fast healing affected skin; panthenol to relieve irritation; Shea butter to replenish fatty acids in the skin; glycolic or lactic acid to soften the skin; vitamins C and A; salicylic acid 2% for easier removal of keratinized skin scales; tretinoin for smooth skin; urea 20% for hydration and increased flexibility of the stratum corneum

It is worth understanding that if skin hyperkeratosis is caused by some other disease, then treatment should begin with the elimination of this disease.

Traditional treatment of hyperkeratosis

Birch tar. An effective restorative and anti-inflammatory agent
Calendula. Strong anti-inflammatory and keratolytic agent. Calendula has been used since 1980 to treat hyperkeratosis of the soles of the feet.
Badger fat. Used to treat bleeding and cracked skin areas
Dandelion juice. Suitable for treating corns and calluses
Chamomile decoction. An effective remedy for the treatment of hyperkeratosis in the facial area
Peeling with soda. Suitable for sensitive areas of the body with slight thickening of the skin
Lard. Moisturizing and protective product, suitable for night use on rough and dry skin areas

The disease hyperkeratosis is a significant increase in the thickness of the stratum corneum of the epidermis in humans. It is caused by the fact that the cells of the stratum corneum begin to rapidly divide, causing disturbances in the process of desquamation of the epidermis, which leads to an increase in its layer. The thickness of the horny epidermis on the skin can range from several millimeters to 1-2 centimeters. The main cause of this disease is tight (compressive) contact of the skin with tight shoes or clothing.

Causes

Significantly increased thickness of the stratum corneum and incorrect operation keratinization processes never occur independently. Often, accompanying diseases are: ichthyosis, lichen, erythroderma, and others similar diseases. Hyperkeratosis itself appears quite often, even in healthy people. But its manifestation is not significant at all. Typically, it can be seen in the area of the foot, knee or elbow.

The external causative agent of the disease is a long-term, strong pressure on the skin. Most often, such pressure is observed in the foot area, and its causes are tight shoes or clothing. It's no secret that when exposed to human body external stimuli, a certain defensive reaction appears. In our case, it is characterized by an intensification of the process of epidermal cell division. At frequent occurrence Such a protective reaction, the proper exfoliation of cells is disrupted, and this becomes the main reason for the occurrence of hyperkeratosis.

As mentioned earlier, with this disease, the foot area most often suffers. But the reason for this is not always tight shoes. Can also contribute to the development of hyperkeratosis of the foot overweight, especially in combination with tall growth. This is explained by the fact that with excess weight, the load on the foot increases significantly.

The most common category of people who have impaired epidermal detachment are people with flat feet. Due to impaired depreciation of the spine, the load on the foot also increases. And when the patient experiences lameness, an area of increased pressure appears on the foot, which contributes to the development of local hyperkeratosis.

Internal (endogenous) causes of disease manifestation include chronic diseases . For example, diabetes. It usually disrupts normal metabolism, which leads to a number of disturbances in the body's sensitivity. And as a result of metabolic disorders, skin nutrition becomes more difficult, which ultimately dries it out significantly.

In rare cases, the cause of hyperkeratosis is heredity. If there were patients in the family suffering from a violation of the processes of keratin production, ichthyosis of the skin or psoriasis, then there is a small probability of the disease in subsequent generations.

Symptoms of manifestation

To begin with, it should be emphasized that hyperkeratosis is divided into several types: follicular, lenticular, disseminated and hyperkeratosis of the foot or head. Each type has its own symptoms. Let's look at them in more detail.

With follicular hyperkeratosis, the skin becomes covered with small, bumpy pimples, clogging the follicles. The sites of manifestation are in areas of the skin prone to dryness (elbows, knees, buttocks and thighs).

If treatment is not started immediately, then after a while the disease will spread to the arms and legs. Also, complications of the disease may occur. In this case, a red rim appears around the pimples, which can become inflamed. And if you do not stop the contact of the infected area of skin with the irritant, the skin will become very rough.

Lenticular and disseminated hyperkeratosis is characterized by the appearance of polymorphic elements, similar in appearance to thick ones, short hair. Their locations are isolated from the rest of the hair, and have the shape of a brush of 4-6 infected follicles.

This type of hyperkeratosis can lead to more serious illnesses, such as papilloma, ichthyosis or warts.

In very rare cases, symptoms may be observed on the mucous membrane in the mouth area. When examining the patient, small moist depressions with pinpoint bleeding in the center are barely noticeable.

Hyperkeratosis of the foot has a localized type of distribution. It can be identified by the following symptoms:

Rough and excessively thick skin on the heel;
Manifestation of skin cracks;
The color of the area of the foot that is in contact with the floor surface has a darker appearance.

If left untreated, hyperkeratosis can develop into a fungal infection or endocrine disorder.

And finally, when suffering from hyperkeratosis of the head, the following symptoms are distinguished:

Increased hair fragility, loss of color;
The appearance of dandruff;
Hair loss;
Rough, dry and lumpy scalp;
The tubercles are burgundy in color.

Classification of skin hyperkeratosis

This disease is classified according to its origin and symptoms. There are several forms of the disease, which, in turn, are divided into subtypes. By origin, hyperkeratosis can be:

Acquired;
Hereditary.

Based on symptoms, there are 9 forms of the disease:

Diffuse;
Follicular;
Wart;
Keratoderma;
Lenticular;
Seborrheic (affects the head area);
A form of hyperkeratosis of the foot;
Disseminated (widespread);
Polymorphic.

The follicular form of hyperkeratosis is divided into subgroups, depending on the lack of any vitamin: with hypovitaminosis A or C.

Features of the course of the disease follicular hyperkeratosis

This form of the disease is caused by a lack of vitamins A and C in the body, or by failure to comply with normal hygiene rules. Also, it plays a significant role genetic predisposition to this pathology.

In the process of disruption of the detachment of the ball of keratinized epithelium, the hair follicles become clogged, forming bumps or pimples on the skin. The most vulnerable areas are elbows, knees, buttocks and thighs.

If treatment is not started in time, the area of spread of the disease will become larger, and red circles will appear around the bumps and pimples, which will become inflamed over time.

Features of the course of the disease hyperkeratosis of the feet

Often, due attention is not paid to this form of the disease, mistaking it for a cosmetic defect and ignoring treatment. But, as a rule, very unpleasant things soon happen to such patients - complications of hyperkeratosis of the foot. In this case, the patient will feel severe pain when walking, discomfort and feeling of stiffness. And the microcracks that appeared earlier will begin to significantly increase and bleed.

The causes of hyperkeratosis of the foot are quite common, which can affect any person - tight or, on the contrary, very spacious shoes, excess weight, combined with high growth, insufficient amount of vitamins in the body, various pathologies associated with blood vessels.

As practice shows, the peak development of this pathology occurs in patients aged 20 to 30 years. And in the future, if you do not start a course of treatment, the symptoms will become more pronounced and can lead to complications. As for therapy, the longer you delay treatment, the more difficult it will be to get rid of the disease later.

If a uniform thickening of the stratum corneum begins to form on the surface of the foot, then, most likely, the patient begins to develop fungal infection or disturbances in the endocrine system appear. And if the same symptoms are present on the edges of the foot, it is worth paying attention to the fact that the patient has walking defects.

Lenticular and disseminated hyperkeratosis

This pathology most often develops in men over 30 years of age. It practically never occurs in women. The reasons for the occurrence are not really known to this day, but still, most experts are inclined to the version of mutation of epithelial cells at the genetic level, which contributes to the formation of excess keratin in them.

Lenticular hyperkeratosis is characterized by a chronic course, which, after prolonged exposure to sunlight, begins to worsen. At the location of the follicles, horny papules of a yellow-orange or brown-red hue, ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm, appear. in diameter. The areas most susceptible to infection are the lower legs, dorsum of the feet, thighs, and in case of complications - arms, chest, back, or even ears. Cases of manifestations of pathology on the oral mucosa have been observed.

Disseminated hyperkeratosis manifests itself as the appearance of thick, short hairs that cover the skin on the limbs or trunk. Usually, the localization of this type of pathology does not tend to merge, but still, there have been cases of hairs being located in small groups.

Subungual hyperkeratosis

A rare species that manifests itself exclusively in cases of onychomycosis - infection of the nail by any filamentous fungi. Main symptom disease - a significant increase in the thickness of the nail, possibly even with a change in its structure and color.

There are only 2 degrees of subungual hyperkeratosis:

Moderate type (increase in nail thickness up to 2 mm);
Pronounced (thickening of more than 2 mm.).

Skin of the face and head

A rather unpleasant type of hyperkeratosis, in which complete or partial baldness is possible. Basically, it is diagnosed along with other types of hyperkeratosis, covering other parts of the body.

Manifestation of this disease, very clearly expressed in the facial area. As a rule, scaly skin is formed on it, covered with tubercles, having a rather uneven appearance. At the same time, the face becomes dry, and in case of complications it can become covered with a kind of crust.

Lip hyperkeratosis

This type of hyperkeratosis is quite limited in its development, has a polygonal shape, no more than 2 cm in size, and is located on the border lower lip. Obvious symptoms include a scaly surface covering the infected area. At the same time, it does not rise above the surrounding tissues, but on the contrary, it seems a little sunken.

Squamous epithelium of the cervix

This disease is unique to the female sex, and most often it affects the cervix. The pathology is quite common, does not have pronounced symptoms, therefore, it can only be identified during examination by a gynecologist.

This type of hyperkeratosis is very insidious, since it does not cause the woman any noticeable discomfort, but requires very immediate treatment. Also, he is a harbinger oncological diseases. Experts attribute this stage of the disease to precancerous symptoms.

Basically, the causes of hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium of the cervix are considered to be:

Infection viral diseases, in particular papilloma;
Chronic sexually transmitted diseases;
Some birth control medications;
Frequent childbirth or abortion;
Failure to comply with intimate hygiene rules;
Promiscuous sexual relations;

Treatment practice

If you suspect any type of hyperkeratosis, you should immediately consult a doctor. Since this disease is mainly associated with the skin, you should initially be examined by a dermatologist. In rare cases of infection with hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium of the cervix, it can only be detected during an examination by a gynecologist.

Treatment of hyperkeratosis is carried out depending on its type, stage of progression and the characteristics of the patient’s body. For example, during exacerbations of any of the hyperkeratoses, topical corticosteroid ointments are prescribed, such as:

Hydrocortisone;
Prednisolone;
Fluacinolone ointments, which contain sinalar, flucinar and sinaflan;
Clobetazolic (Darmovate).

Glucocorticoid drugs have anti-inflammatory properties and speed up the process of skin exfoliation. Used as a peeling or scrub.

Mechanical peeling is strictly prohibited for this disease (with the exception of foot hyperkeratosis), as it can significantly worsen the condition of the infected area.

Acid (salicylic, lactic, citric, etc.);
Vitamins A and C;
Anti-inflammatory components.

Vitamins A and C, taken orally, will not be superfluous.

When suffering from hyperkeratosis of the foot, the patient often experiences symptoms of fungus. Therefore, to treat it, it is enough to use a regular antifungal ointment.

Be sure to protect infected areas of skin from contact with the irritant. If you can’t find the right shoes that won’t make too close contact with your feet, then you should consult an orthopedic doctor.

To speed up the process of skin exfoliation, you can also use salt-based baths. After the skin becomes soft, it should be sanded with a hard washcloth and lubricated with moisturizing cream.

Usually, treatment for hyperkeratosis is quite long, sometimes it can last a lifetime.

Diagnose this pathology quite simple. When examined by a dermatologist, an area will be detected where signs of the disease are clearly visible. With hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium of the cervix, it is also easy to determine the symptoms by having an examination with a gynecologist.

Prevention of disease

Prevention of hyperkeratosis is simple. It is enough just to avoid close contact of shoes or clothing with the skin, make sure that there is no excess weight, follow the rules of personal hygiene, for women - be careful during sexual intercourse, do not abuse contraceptives, take long breaks between births (in the case of the birth of a second child), try to avoid abortions.

Additionally, you can use moisturizers to help strengthen your skin. And, if you follow the above recommendations, the likelihood of developing hyperkeratosis will decrease significantly.

Hyperkeratosis is a skin disease that manifests itself in the thickening of the surface layer of the skin due to keratinized scales that accumulate instead of leaving (peeling off) in a timely manner. Skin hyperkeratosis (other names: keratoma, keratodermatosis, keratoderma) can affect any area of the body, however, most often occurs on the heels, knees, elbows and forearms. The disease is accompanied by dry skin and causes itching, changes in skin color, as well as the occurrence of foci of chronic inflammation and hair loss. Don't count on the disease will pass itself - to restore elasticity to the skin and healthy looking It will only be possible if treatment of hyperkeratosis is started in a timely manner.

Reference. The word Hyperkeratosis means: Hyper - a lot and Keratosis - keratin. Keratin is a “strong” protein (among biological materials only chitin is stronger), which makes up human nails and hair. The appearance of keratin on the skin is absolutely normal phenomenon, it is from this that the stratum corneum of the epidermis consists, which consists of several rows (usually 5-6, but can reach up to 15, for example, on the soles of the feet) of keratinized (dead) cells, gradually turning into scales that regularly peel off. In general, keratinized scales are not dangerous and are even useful, because they protect the skin from injury and adverse external conditions, but as soon as the exfoliation process slows down, they immediately turn into a problem that leads to skin hyperkeratosis requiring treatment.

Causes of skin hyperkeratosis

Slowing down or completely stopping the exfoliation of keratinized cells and the resulting excessive development of the stratum corneum are common and occur for the following reasons:

failure to comply with hygiene rules, neglect cosmetic procedures, helping to exfoliate dead cells, for example, peelings;
intensive evaporation of moisture from the skin under the influence of detergents and external factors, especially sun and wind;
metabolic disorders leading to accelerated death of skin cells;
hereditary pathologies associated with the production of keratin;
friction, pressure, irritation of the skin from tight shoes and clothing;
some infectious and viral diseases;
vitamin A deficiency;
hormonal imbalance, including estrogen deficiency in women during menopause;
age-related skin changes;
ichthyosis, lichen, eczema, erythroderma and other dermatological diseases;
diabetes;
phlebeurysm;
diseases of the digestive system;
chronic intoxication;
vitamin deficiency or hypovitaminosis (especially with a deficiency of vitamins A and B2).

Attention! Treatment of hyperkeratosis of the skin involves complex treatment - this means that along with external manifestations, the causes that gave rise to them should also be dealt with.

Features of various types of skin hyperkeratosis

Follicular hyperkeratosis ( goose pimples) manifests itself in the form of small red tubercles that appear in place of the mouths clogged with keratinized scales hair follicles- the hair root and the surrounding root sheath. The disease is accompanied by dry skin and itching, most often affecting the forearms, thighs, buttocks, legs, as well as skin in the areas of the elbows and knee joints. For patients suffering, treatment is prescribed after examination by several specialists at once, at least a dermatologist and endocrinologist.

Warty hyperkeratosis can be hereditary and acquired. The disease is characterized by yellow, wart-like rashes that crack and crust over. It can degenerate into a malignant form.

Lenticular hyperkeratosis It is distinguished by large yellow-brown formations up to 5 mm in diameter. This type of skin hyperkeratosis often affects the ears and oral mucosa.

Seborrheic hyperkeratosis of the head characterized by small spots of yellow and sometimes Pink colour, dense to the touch and covered with an easily peelable greasy crust. As the disease progresses, the spots begin to rise above the skin and increase in size.

Diffuse hyperkeratosis skin It is characterized by its ability to completely capture the skin, causing dryness and flaking of the skin.

Disseminated hyperkeratosis- characterized by formations resembling short thickened hairs, arranged singly or in “tassels” of 3-6 elements.

Actinic (senile hyperkeratosis) appears in older people who spend a lot of time in the sun, which provokes the appearance of small, rough and at the same time very sensitive brown spots.

Attention! Sometimes some areas of the body, for example, the thighs and buttocks, are affected by follicular hyperkeratosis, and the arms and legs are affected by diffuse hyperkeratosis. In such cases, they speak of a multiform pathology, which, unfortunately, has not yet been sufficiently studied and experts find it difficult to name the reasons for its appearance.

Localization zones of skin hyperkeratosis

Skin hyperkeratosis: treatment and prevention

For the treatment of hyperkeratosis (we are talking about external manifestations) medications and cosmetic procedures are used, the choice of methods is determined by the cause of the disease, location on the patient’s body, as well as the severity of the disease.

Cosmetic procedures used to soften the skin and free its surface from keratinized scales. The treatment program for hyperkeratosis includes vitamin cocktails, as well as various. To combat hyperkeratosis, those containing salicylic, glycolic, citric, lactic, tartaric and malic acids are best suited. In addition, for seborrheic keratosis, it is actively used (cold treatment).

Drug treatment. Any type of hyperkeratosis is accompanied by dry skin, so experts consider it advisable to use medications containing retinoids (natural and synthetic analogues vitamin A), as well as ointments containing vitamin D. Ointments containing corticosteroids temporarily but quickly relieve irritation and normalize the exfoliation of keratinized scales.

Ointments and creams for external use. If hyperkeratosis affects small areas of skin and the disease is relatively mild, good result gives the use of creams and ointments rich in fats, which soften the skin and help retain moisture in it. When choosing cosmetic preparations, you should give preference to products with Shea butter (Shea butter), since the fatty acids composing it are close to those contained in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. In addition, for skin affected by hyperkeratosis, components such as panthenol (relieves irritation and softens the skin), salicylic acid (2%, facilitates the removal of scales), urea (20%, restores the elasticity of the stratum corneum and moisturizes the skin), and also lactic and glycolic acids.

Hyperkeratosis of the feet: video

Prevention of hyperkeratosis

Treatment will give better results or may not be needed at all if you include foods containing vitamins A and C in your diet: carrots, cauliflower, lemons and spinach. In addition, to strengthen and improve the skin, tanning is used as a means of stimulating the production of vitamin D in the body. In addition to ultraviolet rays in strictly dosed quantities, baths with the addition of baking soda, starch and 1-3% sodium chloride solution.

Hyperkeratosis is the name given to excessive thickening of the skin caused by failures in the process of keratinization. Its development mechanism is based on increased cell division with a simultaneous deterioration in the exfoliation of the old epidermis. However, hyperkeratosis is still not independent disease, but only a symptom that can accompany various pathologies. Moreover, even healthy people periodically encounter this phenomenon.

Protection is one of the main functions of the skin. She is daily exposed to rather aggressive environmental agents - infections, ultraviolet radiation, chemical substances, temperature changes. Its cells are constantly renewed, replacing old or damaged ones, which usually get sloughed off. But if this process is disrupted, hyperkeratosis occurs.

Causes of hyperkeratosis

The causes can be divided into two groups: exogenous and endogenous, including hereditary.

Exogenous factors include all factors that cause excessive pressure on the skin (tight, rough clothes, tight shoes).
Endogenous causes are systemic diseases with a chronic course (for example, diabetes mellitus), and vitamin deficiencies. Often the disease accompanies hereditary pathologies - keratoderma, ichthyosis, psoriasis, erythroderma.

Ultraviolet radiation, alcohol and nicotine negatively affect skin condition. They significantly worsen the situation and lead to various dermatological problems, including hyperkeratosis.

Types and methods of treatment

Follicular hyperkeratosis

It develops as a result of blockage of the mouth of the follicle by keratinized epidermal cells. In this case, signs of aseptic inflammation appear. The main provoking factors for the development of this type of hyperkeratosis are a lack of vitamins A, K, ascorbic acid, as well as errors in personal hygiene.

It most often manifests itself in children, adolescents and people prone to allergic reactions. Moreover, if there are already cases of hyperkeratosis in the family history, the risk of its development increases significantly.

There are two types:

Type I occurs due to a lack of vitamin A. It affects the skin of the buttocks, extensor surfaces of the arms and legs, as well as areas on the elbows and knees. It becomes dry and rough, feeling like sandpaper to the touch.
Type II is the result of vitamin C deficiency. Changes affect the skin of the abdomen and thighs. Very often, especially if there is also a lack of vitamin K, the rash becomes hemorrhagic in nature.

The rashes look like small dense pinkish nodules located near the follicle. Externally, this skin resembles “goose” skin. In addition, patients are constantly bothered by mild itching, but they seek help from a doctor most often because of cosmetic discomfort.

The diagnosis is made based on examination data. No special diagnostic methods are used.

Follicular hyperkeratosis photo

Treatment of follicular hyperkeratosis

Follicular hyperkeratosis - chronic process. It is impossible to completely cure it. If it occurs against the background of a certain disease, then the first priority is to consult related specialists - a therapist, an endocrinologist, a rheumatologist.

You can temporarily improve the condition of the skin with the help of creams and lotions containing lactic or any fruit acid, which help moisturize and soften it. Cosmetics containing emollients also have a good effect. They are used mainly in winter, when it is necessary to protect the skin from low temperatures and prevent irritation.

Your doctor may prescribe short courses of topical steroid medications. They relieve itching and inflammation. However, you cannot use them all the time. Preparations for internal and external use containing vitamins A and C can also correct the processes of regeneration and exfoliation.

In some cases, the rash may regress on its own once the patient reaches adulthood.

Lenticular hyperkeratosis

At the core pathological changes there is a disruption in the process of keratin formation. The etiology of this failure has not yet been clarified, but experts believe that the reason lies in some transformations of the human genome.

The disease is chronic, exacerbations often occur after excessive sun exposure. Clinically, the rash looks like hard papules 1-5 mm in diameter. They may be reddish-brown or yellow-orange in color. The favorite localization is the dorsum of the feet, legs and thighs; the skin of the arms, body, palms and ears is less commonly affected. Isolated cases of rashes on the oral mucosa have been reported. Papules are evenly scattered over the skin, do not tend to merge and do not cause discomfort. When squeezed out, a kind of plug comes out of the nodule, leaving a small, slightly bleeding depression.

Disseminated hyperkeratosis

Like lenticular, the etiology of the process is not clearly defined. The clinical picture is the appearance of short, stiff hairs on the skin on the body and limbs. Sometimes they form small groups of 5-6 hairs, resembling brushes.

For differential diagnosis for other dermatological problems, they resort to collecting material followed by histological examination.

Treatment of disseminated hyperkeratosis

Treatment of lenticular and disseminated hyperkeratoses is the use of drugs in the form of ointments containing corticosteroids and retinoids. Regular chemical peels and moisturizing treatments can also solve the problem and temporarily eliminate a cosmetic defect. However, they should only be performed by specialists - dermatocosmetologists. It is not recommended to scrub the skin yourself. This can lead to its damage and the appearance of pyoderma as a result of secondary infection of microtraumas.

Hyperkeratosis of the feet

Provoking factors are excess weight, flat feet, wearing uncomfortable shoes, which increase the load on the foot. Irregular foot care makes the situation worse.

The localization of areas of hyperkeratosis may indicate specific causes.

Rough skin on the heels indicates fungal disease or having problems with the endocrine system.

For example, hyperkeratosis of the feet often develops against the background of diabetes mellitus.

If the skin thickens along the outer edge of the heel, this indicates a previous injury to the musculoskeletal system or clubfoot, both congenital and acquired. And coarsening of the middle part of the foot occurs with longitudinal flatfoot.

Excessive keratinization of the inner edge of the foot indicates weakness of the ligamentous apparatus ankle joint And calf muscles. In this case, the formation of areas of hyperkeratosis is facilitated by excess weight, flat feet and any other factors that place excessive stress on the ankle joint.

Whatever the etiology of plantar hyperkeratosis, the stratum corneum gradually reaches a significant thickness. Dry skin often cracks. Deep and painful fissures can bleed and often become infected.

Hyperkeratosis of the feet treatment

Hyperkeratosis of the palms and feet photo

Treatment of the pathology is complex. It is necessary not only to put the feet in order, but also to eliminate the very cause of the disorders. Symptomatic therapy is carried out by a podiatrist. It removes keratinized epidermis using hardware methods.

If the cause is orthopedic problems, consultation with an orthopedic doctor is necessary. And when the appearance of hyperkeratosis is caused by shoes, in this case it will be enough to simply choose a comfortable pair for daily wear in order to evenly distribute the load on the foot.

A dermatologist will help you get rid of fungal diseases by prescribing the necessary medications. And in case of endocrine disorders, you should definitely visit a specialist in this profile.

To treat painful cracks, the doctor prescribes applications with synthomycin ointment and treatment of dry areas of skin with retinol. After healing, it is necessary to completely remove the stratum corneum. At home, all you need to do is steam the skin of your feet, then use a pumice stone to carefully remove the rough crust. Treatment of cracks also includes the use of keratolytic (regenerating) drugs and emollient cosmetics.

In a cosmetology salon, you can get rid of the disease faster than with home procedures. However, in any case, you should then regularly take care of your feet, prevent fungal diseases and wear comfortable shoes.

Warty hyperkeratosis

Grayish or yellowish nodules form on the skin.

Subungual hyperkeratosis

One of the symptoms of onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail plate. Such hyperkeratosis manifests itself by thickening and changing its shape. It rises somewhat, and grayish-yellowish growths become visible from under its edge.

Seborrheic hyrekeratosis

In terms of symptoms, it is somewhat similar to follicular. Only the favorite localization of the rash is the face, neck and scalp. Keratomas are small yellow or pink formations.

In the initial stage, dandruff appears, the hair becomes dry and brittle. Gradually they begin to fall out, and in a follicle clogged with epithelial cells new hair no longer grows. If diagnosed untimely or not treated regularly, the patient may experience partial or complete baldness.

The scalp is constantly itchy. It is very dry and thin, so it is easily injured even when combing. Moreover, these scratches can easily become infected, which will require additional treatment.

Hyperkeratosis of squamous epithelium of the cervix

Another name for this pathological process is leukoplakia. The mechanism of development is based on thickening of the epithelium as a result of chronic inflammation. The cause of the phenomenon may be:

cervical cancer;
presence of papillomavirus;
gynecological examinations and manipulations (abortion, installation of an intrauterine device);
frequent stress and overwork;
endocrine pathologies;
inflammatory diseases of the genital organs.

Also, hyperkeratosis of the squamous epithelium of the vagina and vulva - the external genitalia - accompanies some sexually transmitted infections.

Suspicion of pathology arises already at the appointment during a gynecological examination. The final diagnosis is made based on colposcopy data in combination with cytological and histological examination.

Cervical hyperkeratosis treatment

Treatment mild degree consists of taking probiotics and vitamins, but first of all it is necessary to eliminate the cause of the phenomenon. In more serious cases use chemical coagulation.

Particularly severe forms are treated with surgical intervention (electroconization, cryotherapy, laser therapy).

Hyperkeratosis in children

Disease in children

In children, follicular hyperkeratosis often occurs against the background atopic dermatitis. Unlike adults, a child has its own characteristics:

symmetry of rashes;
worsening symptoms during adolescence;
independent regression of the process upon completion of puberty.

Over time, hyperkeratosis can still become chronic. Periods of exacerbation occur in the cold season, and in the summer under the influence of insolation unpleasant symptoms almost completely disappear.

Patients should remember that whatever the form and local treatment, without completely eliminating the cause that caused pathological process, hyperkeratosis will still return periodically.

Hyperkeratosis (keratoderma, keratodermatosis, keratoma) is one of the forms of keratosis, a skin condition in which the skin is covered with dry, rough scales due to overproduction of keratin, resulting in a thickening of the granular layer of the dermis of the skin. These skin lumps can appear anywhere, especially in areas of friction or irritation, but there are areas on the body that are more prone to developing horny growths: the heels, knees, elbows and forearms.

Sometimes the symptom of keratodermatosis becomes noticeable on the face. Due to violation protective properties pathogenic bacteria penetrate into the pores of the skin. The dermis loses moisture and becomes inflamed, and enlarged, nostril-like pores appear. The secreted sebum is not removed from the pores and comedones (blackheads) appear.

Most often, hyperkeratosis is combined with excessive dryness of the skin, but the problem of increased keratinization of the dermis arises not only due to its drying out, but also due to the fact that dead cells are not exfoliated. The lesions usually do not cause any symptoms, but are sometimes the cause of:

Itching.
Chronic inflammation skin.
Changes in skin color.
Hair loss.

Causes of hyperkeratosis

In general, keratoses are a group of various non-inflammatory skin diseases characterized by disruption of the process of horn formation (excessive development of the stratum corneum or delay in normal exfoliation). Keratoses are quite common, but their classification is not clearly developed due to the uncertainty of the causes and pathogenesis of many of them.

Hyperkeratosis of the skin can occur in people who do not perform regular skin care routines such as exfoliation and moisturizing. As a result of dehydration, dry and dead skin cells accumulate and create an unsightly stratum corneum on the surface.
Our skin is constantly exposed to adverse external factors such as water and detergents, UF radiation (solar hyperkeratosis). As a result, the lipid layer of the dermis is disrupted and moisture evaporates from the skin.
Due to the violation metabolic processes Skin cells begin to die very quickly and the stratum corneum of the skin becomes much thicker.
Often hyperkeratosis can develop on its own, without any obvious cause. In these cases, the symptom is noticeable immediately after birth and is a hereditary disorder.
Constant irritation and improper wearing of shoes and clothes also cause thickening of the skin.
HPV or human papillomavirus contributes to the appearance of hyperkeratosis. Hyperkeratosis can also be caused by another infection, an example is yaws hyperkeratosis caused by a spirochete.
It is also believed that symptoms of thickened and dry skin may be caused by a vitamin A deficiency.
A lack of estrogen hormones in menopausal women contributes to the occurrence of hyperkeratosis.
Aging of the body, hyperkeratosis is associated with age-related changes skin.

Diseases in which a symptom of hyperkeratosis may be observed

Which doctor should you contact immediately and in what cases?

Increased keratinization of the skin is common cosmetic defect. If hyperkeratosis does not manifest itself strongly and does not complicate the patient’s life, then a doctor’s consultation is not required. If the symptoms are significant, you should see a dermatologist; you may need to consult an endocrinologist. If hyperkeratosis is not associated with any hereditary or chronic disease, just visit a cosmetologist’s office. Experts will recommend treatment and proper skin care.

Treatment of hyperkeratosis

Treatment for hyperkeratosis depends on its cause, location, type, and severity. If the doctor has not identified the disease, a cosmetologist will help cope with hyperkeratosis.

Cosmetic procedures are aimed at softening the dermis and removing skin compactions.

Often used to treat severe skin hyperkeratosis oral medications. Regular use of medications containing retinoids helps to effectively combat dry skin problems. The most common of these is actitretin. It contains a substance analogue of retinoic acid.
Hyperkeratosis of the skin can also be treated with calcipotriol. It is the active form of vitamin D. This medication is applied directly to the affected areas of the skin. After about two weeks, the first effects of the treatment are visible.
In smaller and less severe cases, the use of creams and ointments rich in fats is recommended. This treatment will improve the lipid composition of the skin and retain moisture.
You should enrich your diet with fruits and vegetables such as carrots, spinach, cauliflower, plums, peaches or strawberries, lemon, as they contain large quantities vitamins A and C.
Improved skin condition can be achieved by rough exfoliation using a massage shower glove. It is good to combine this procedure with a sauna or steam bath.
Good dermocosmetics for dry skin and the fight against keratosis should contain at least one of these substances:
- Shea butter - it contains oleic, stearic, palmitic and linolenic acid. They are almost identical to fatty acids contained in the stratum corneum of the dermis.
- Salicylic acid 2% - facilitates the separation of keratinized skin flakes.
- Urea 20% - moisturizes and increases the flexibility of the stratum corneum.
- Allantoin – accelerates and heals damaged skin.
- Panthenol - effectively relieves irritation.
- Lactic or glycolic acid – softens the skin.
- Tretinoin – helps smooth the skin surface.
- Vitamins A, C.

Other treatments depending on the location and type of hyperkeratosis:

Calluses or corns - the use of silicone pads, protective patches and special insoles will help.
Warts – removed by freezing with liquid nitrogen (cryosurgery), burning off with a laser, or excised surgically.
Chronic eczema is treated with corticosteroid ointments (prednisolone, hydrocortisone) or creams that are rubbed into the affected area of the skin.
Lichen planus - immunostimulants (neovir, reaferon) and hormone therapy corticosteroids.
Keratoses - can be treated with laser therapy, skin peeling or dermabrasion.
Seborrheic keratosis - removed using a scalpel or cryosurgery.
Keratodermatosis of the face (enlarged pores, comedones) - for treatment you can use fruit peelings, microdermabrasion, vitamin therapy (mesotherapy) with vitamins A, C.

Traditional recipes for the treatment of hyperkeratosis

Calendula - can be included in creams, oils, ointments. Calendula has been used to treat plantar hyperkeratoses since 1980. It has a strong keratolytic effect, as well as anti-inflammatory properties.
Birch tar – has an anti-inflammatory and regenerating effect on the skin. It contains more than 10,000 useful substances.
Dandelion juice is effectively used to treat calluses and corns. The juice should be lubricated on rough areas of the skin.
Pork lard - moisturizes and protects the skin well. They lubricate dry and rough areas of skin at night. For convenience, you can wrap it in cling film.
Badger fat - for lubricating cracked and bleeding areas of the skin.
Chamomile decoction is used to treat facial hyperkeratosis. The broth is frozen and problem areas on the skin are rubbed with an ice cube.
Soda peeling – suitable for sensitive areas with slight thickening of the skin, such as the face, shoulders.

Cosmetologist Kondratenko N.A.