Low density lipoproteins - "bad cholesterol. LDL cholesterol: the norm in women and men, the reasons for the increase


Lipoproteins (or lipoproteins) are a combination of lipids (fats) and proteins. A soft, waxy substance found in all parts of the body.

It cannot dissolve on its own in the blood, so special “carriers” – lipoproteins – are required to transport it through the bloodstream.

There are three types of lipoproteins, the difference between which is the ratio of protein content to cholesterol volume.

  • Lipoproteins high density(HDL) (high-density lipoproteins), the volume of protein in such lipoproteins is quite large, and the level of cholesterol is much lower. They are generally called "good" cholesterol because they extract it from the walls of the arteries and dispose of it in the liver. The higher the concentration of HDL compared to the concentration of LDL, the better for a person, these lipoproteins are a kind of protection for the body from various cardiac complications, such as stroke, tachycardia, chronic arterial insufficiency, rheumatic heart disease, deep vein thrombosis;
  • Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) contain higher concentrations of cholesterol compared to protein, they are called "bad" cholesterol. A high amount of LDL in the blood increases the likelihood of aortic disease, stroke, and blood vessel disease. They also induce the formation cholesterol plaques along inner wall arteries. When the number of these plaques increases, the excess volume narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. As a result of the rupture of such a plaque, peculiar blood clots (thrombi) are formed, which also restrict blood flow. This lump can lead to a heart attack or myocardial infarction (if it is in one of the coronary arteries);
  • Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) contain even less protein than LDL;
  • Triglycerides are a type of fat that the body uses as a source of energy. The combination of high triglyceride concentrations with low HDL levels may also be the cause heart attack or a stroke. When checking HDL and LDL levels, doctors often evaluate triglyceride levels.

Learn more about lipoproteins and cholesterol

Norm indicators

*The conversion factor from mg/dL to mmol*/L is 18.1.

In women and men levels slightly different(but not much):

"Bad" cholesterol

High cholesterol values ​​in a blood test are one of the key reasons development cardiovascular disease(CVD) (deformation of the structure of the heart, cerebrovascular disease). The mechanism of its involvement in all diseases is the same: the formation of clots (plaques) inside the arteries restricts blood flow, thereby disrupting the normal functions of cells and organs.

Critical cholesterol levels provoke such conditions as:

  • Atherosclerotic heart disease – can cause angina symptoms when the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen to function optimally
  • Reduced blood supply to the brain - occurs due to narrowing of small arteries, and also because larger (for example, carotid) arteries are blocked. This usually results in sharp decline blood circulation in the brain or transient ischemic attack (TIA);
  • Diseases of the blood vessels. During the execution of any exercise such a disease causes circulatory disorders in the extremities, as a result, the latter develops strong pain, sometimes lameness;
  • Other arteries in the body are also affected by cholesterol clots, such as mesenteric arteries or renal arteries. Circulatory disorders in renal arteries leads to serious complications (thrombosis, aneurysm, stenosis).

And once again about the "bad" cholesterol

Reasons for deviations

HDL levels are often elevated due to such causes and diseases as:

  • Myxedema;
  • heart disease;
  • Atherosclerosis;
  • chronic hepatitis;
  • Alcoholism;
  • kidney or liver disease;
  • recent stroke;
  • High arterial pressure;
  • If there were cases of heart disease in the family.

Any of the above reasons requires a blood test for cholesterol

Men are shown to take such an analysis from the age of 35, women - from 40. Some doctors advise starting to check cholesterol at the age of 25. A blood test for cholesterol is indicated to take every 5 years. This is a regular fence, the analysis is taken in the morning on an empty stomach. special no preparation required.

Risk Analysis

High density lipoproteins are involved in cleaning and removing cholesterol and atherosclerotic plaques from the arteries, while low density lipoproteins are directly involved in atherosclerotic processes, therefore, the higher the HDL level, the easier it is for the body.

Usually, the risks of developing CVD are estimated as the ratio of HDL concentration to total cholesterol concentration:

Critical levels of total cholesterol, HDL and LDL:

Deviations from the norm

There is an inverse correlation between HDL levels and chance of developing heart disease.

According to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the risk of stroke increases by about 25% for every 5 mg/dL decrease in HDL levels.


HDL promotes the absorption of cholesterol from tissues (especially from vascular walls) and its return back to the liver, from where it is removed from the body. This process is often referred to as "reverse cholesterol transport". HDL is also responsible for the normal functioning of the endothelium, reduces inflammation, protects against low-density lipoprotein oxidation, and has a positive effect on blood clotting.

  • A high concentration of HDL (above 60 mg/dL) means that the risk of developing coronary heart disease is minimized (more ischemic disease develops in women over 50 years of age);
  • If both indicators are high (HDL and LDL), be sure to measure apolipoprotein-B (assesses the risk of developing atherosclerosis) to find out the cause;
  • HDL levels less than 40 mg/dl are considered too low and threaten the development of heart disease. In addition, the definition metabolic syndrome includes a low concentration of HDL as one of the five classification criteria;
  • HDL in the range of 20-40 mg/dL is often associated with high triglycerides, risk of developing diabetes(due to insulin resistance). Some medicines, such as beta-blockers or anabolic steroids can lower HDL levels;
  • An HDL below 20 mg/dL (0.5 mmol/L) means there is a serious problem in the body. Sometimes this anomaly is associated with a very high content triglycerides. Such a low level may indicate rare genetic mutations such as Tangier disease and fisheye disease.

Prevention

  • Smoking is contraindicated. In addition, timely smoking cessation will increase the concentration of HDL by about 10%;
  • Permanent physical exercise may slightly increase the concentration of HDL. Aerobics, yoga and swimming 3-4 times a week for 30 minutes will be a good preventive measure;
  • Obesity is always associated with low content high density lipoproteins and high triglycerides. There is an inverse relationship between HDL levels and body mass index. Losing extra pounds tends to increase the concentration of these lipoproteins. For every 3 kg lost, HDL levels increase by approximately 1 mg/dL;
  • Dieting and correct mode nutrition. HDL and LDL levels fall if you consume less fat;
  • Including saturated fats in the diet will increase HDL levels, but low density lipoprotein levels will also rise. In this case, they should be replaced with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats;
  • It is helpful to reduce the intake of simple carbohydrates if triglycerides are elevated (often in overweight patients with metabolic syndrome);
  • It is important to reduce total fat intake to 25-30% of total calories;
  • Reduce saturated fat intake to 7% (daily diet);
  • Trans fat intake should be reduced to 1%.

To adjust high-density lipoprotein levels, the diet should include:

  • Olive oil (as well as soy, coconut, rapeseed);
  • Nuts (almonds, cashews, peanuts, walnuts, pecans);
  • Fish (such as salmon), fish fat, lobster and squid.

All of these foods are sources of omega-3s.

Important: it is worth adding to the diet simple carbohydrates(cereal potatoes, white bread).

You can also include in the diet:

  • Oatmeal;
  • Oat bran;
  • Whole grain products.
  • HDL levels can be raised with certain drugs, such as niacin, fibrates, and, to a lesser extent, statins:
    • Niacin. Niacin (Niaspan, vitamin B3, a nicotinic acid) — the best drug to correct HDL levels. It has practically no contraindications. Important! Over-the-counter niacin supplements will not be effective in lowering triglycerides and may cause liver damage if used without medical advice;
    • fibrates. Bezalip, grofibrate, fenofibrate, tricor, lipantil, trilipix increase HDL levels;
    • Statins. A kind of blocker, they limit the production of substances that the liver produces to create cholesterol, which significantly lowers the concentration of the latter, and also leads to its excretion from the liver. Statins are able to absorb cholesterol from stagnant deposits in artery walls. These are mainly drugs in tablets or capsules: rosuvastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, lovastatin; new generation statins: crestor, roxera, rosucard. Important! Statins can cause significant side effects before use, consult your doctor.

Only a professional specialist can help you make a choice and decide which drug should be preferred.

Of all the options proposed, only statins have been shown to be effective in preventing heart attacks. Patients with diabetes may benefit from statin therapy.

Cholesterol, contrary to popular belief, is not always harmful to the body. This organic compound is involved in the production of sex hormones, bile, vitamin D, and is used to build cell membranes. Negative influence it turns out in cases where the indicator of low-density lipoproteins, the transport form of cholesterol, or LDL is increased - what this means for a particular patient, the specialist should explain, depending on the values ​​​​obtained.

What threatens when LDL cholesterol in a blood test is elevated?

The described condition is called in medicine hypercholesterolemia. To find out the degree of its danger, it is necessary to compare the obtained indicators of the concentration of lipoproteins with normal values. For women in different ages they make up:

  • up to 29 years - 60-150 mg / dl or 1.55-4.14 mmol / l;
  • 29-39 years - 70-170 mg / dl or 1.81-4.40 mmol / l;
  • 40-49 years - 80-190 mg / dl or 2.07-4.92 mmol / l;
  • 50-59 years - 90-220 mg / dl or 2.33-5.70 mmol / l;
  • 60-69 years - 100-235 mg / dl or 2.59-6.09 mmol / l;
  • over 70 years - 90-215 mg / dl or 2.46-5.57 mmol / l.

If the level of LDL cholesterol is elevated, the risk of formation in blood vessels cholesterol plaques, their subsequent blockage and the development of atherosclerosis.

In addition, exceeding the norms of the considered value threatens the occurrence of a number of cardiovascular diseases associated with disruption of the functioning of arteries and capillaries:

  • stroke;
  • occlusion of peripheral arteries.

What are the reasons for the quantitative increase in LDL, and what does this mean?

Establish the exact factors that increase the concentration of this organic compound in the blood, it is possible only after a thorough study of the anamnesis and clinical examination.

The fact is that LDL cholesterol is elevated according to Friedwald due to a hereditary predisposition or some violation of the rules healthy diet- Abuse of fatty, rich in quickly digestible carbohydrates, food, dairy products. In addition, external factors may affect the results of the analysis:

  • long-term adherence to a strict diet, including monorations, dry and wet fasting;
  • pregnancy;
  • taking corticosteroid hormones, androgens, anabolic steroids;
  • donating blood in vertical position;
  • pre-admission food containing animal fats;
  • smoking;
  • low mobility during life;
  • rescheduling earlier severe conditions, surgical operations or acute infections.

If the blood was donated correctly and on time, possible reasons increasing LDL values ​​are:

It is important to note that the correct LDL value is not always possible to establish after the first blood donation. Therefore, as a rule, doctors recommend doing an analysis 2-3 times with a short time interval, from 2 weeks to 1 month.

Low-density lipoproteins or "bad cholesterol" increase the risk of developing and its complications in the form of a heart attack, angina pectoris, stroke and sudden death.

Synonyms: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL

According to modern biochemical nomenclature, the following terms should be used:

  • "cholesterol" not "cholesterol"
  • "lipoprotein" instead of "lipoprotein"
  • "triglycerol" or "triacylglycerol" instead of "triglycerol"

This article will use both old and new definitions.

Low density lipoproteins or is it

product of very low lipoprotein metabolism (VLDL and LDL). Contains apolipoprotein B100 necessary for binding to receptors on the cell surface and penetration into it.

It is formed directly in the blood (enzyme - lipoprotein lipase), partially in the liver (enzyme - hepatic lipase). The core of low density lipoproteins contains 80% of fats, mainly cholesterol esters.

The main function of LDL is to deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues.

Normally, LDL must enter the cells that need cholesterol for membrane synthesis, which, in turn, will lead to a decrease in their concentration in the blood.

Low Density Lipoprotein Components

  • protein - 21%
  • triglycerides - 4%
  • free cholesterol - 11%
  • cholesterol esters - 41%

If the function of the LDL receptor is impaired, then lipoproteins penetrate the vascular wall and accumulate there. This process is called atherosclerosis and is accompanied by a narrowing of the lumen of the vessels and a violation of the blood supply to the organ. Atherosclerosis of the vessels of the heart leads to ischemia, and, atherosclerosis of the vessels of the brain to senile and.

Atherosclerosis can develop in the vessels of any organ - the heart, brain, eyes, intestines, kidneys, lower extremities.

Among all lipoproteins, it is low-density lipoproteins that are the most atherogenic (“atherosclerotic”).

An analysis for low-density lipoprotein is prescribed

  • in persons over 20 years of age, prophylactically every 5 years to assess the risk of atherosclerosis and its complications in the form of
  • in case of high total cholesterol
  • if there are risk factors for heart disease (for example, if there was a case of sudden cardiac death among direct relatives, under the age of 45 years)
  • at (more than 130/85 mm Hg)
  • with diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 - regularly 1 time per year, with impaired tolerance to
  • with overweight and obesity (waist circumference more than 80 cm for women and 94 cm for men)
  • in the presence of symptoms of impaired lipid metabolism
  • with coronary heart disease, 6 weeks after myocardial infarction or stroke, with coronary artery disease of the lower extremities,
  • 4-6 weeks after the start of diet therapy or treatment with drugs that reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein in the blood - in order to monitor the success of treatment



Methods for measuring low-density lipoprotein levels

  • indirect - based on the following formula

LDL \u003d - HDL - (TG / 2.2)

In this formula, it is assumed that cholesterol is contained in three fractions - with high, low and very low density. To get the result, you need to conduct three studies - total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, which increases the likelihood of an analytical error. It is difficult to determine the level of cholesterol in very low density lipoproteins, it is believed that the ratio of cholesterol to VLDL is on average 45% of the total amount of triacylglycerol (TG / 2.2). The formula can only be used if the triglyceride level is not higher than 4.5 mmol / l and there are no chylomicrons (plasma chileness).

  • direct - based on direct measurement of low-density lipoprotein in plasma

The norm of low density lipoproteins in the blood, mmol / l

  • 1,2-3,0

The norms of low density lipoproteins in the blood are determined by international standards, therefore they are the same for all laboratories. On the form laboratory research they go in the column - reference values ​​\u200b\u200band the norm.

Correct interpretation of the result of the analysis for low density lipoproteins

The patient's risk factors change the requirements for the norm of low density lipoproteins in the blood. The main task when prescribing a diet or medicines with elevated LDL - reduce them to the target norm for this person!

Individual norms of low density lipoproteins

  • below 2.5 mmol / l - in the presence of heart disease or diabetes, smoking, arterial hypertension(blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg or taking medications that reduce blood pressure), if among close direct relatives there were diseases of the heart and blood vessels of men under 55 years of age, women under 65 years of age
  • below 2.0 mmol / l - if you have already had a heart attack, stroke, transient disorder cerebral circulation, aortic aneurysm and any other acute complications atherosclerosis

Children and adolescents have different risk groups. The pediatrician should decipher the results of the LDL study.



Rules for the analysis of low-density lipoprotein

  • in a state of relative well-being
  • without prior diet or the use of any dietary supplements or drugs
  • blood sampling for analysis is necessarily carried out on a empty heart - after 8-12 hours without food
  • physical rest - immediately before blood donation, a week before visiting the laboratory, you can not do hard physical work, participate in sports events
  • not earlier than 6 weeks after the exacerbation of any chronic disease, acute pathology, myocardial infarction, after operations or injuries, diagnostic interventions (bronchoscopy, laparoscopy)
  • in women, the level of low-density lipoprotein decreases during pregnancy, so they should be analyzed no earlier than 6 weeks after birth

There are two main types of cholesterol - low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. A lipoprotein is a complex compound of polyproteins and cholesterol, it combines into such complexes, since it cannot be transported in the blood by itself.

One of these lipoproteins is considered to be good - it is HDL. LDL cholesterol is conventionally called bad cholesterol, it is considered the main carrier of cholesterol in the body. With an excess of such lipoproteins, the risk of cardiovascular diseases and blockage of blood vessels increases, since it is deposited in the form of plaques on their walls.

As high, it carries a threat to the body. Cholesterol is produced in the liver, and excess cholesterol enters the body through food, fatty foods. An important factor enhancement is also a hereditary predisposition and bad habits.

How is blood level determined?

LDL is determined by the method of colorimetric photometric research, it is measured in mmol per liter. Used for research deoxygenated blood. The analysis is taken on an empty stomach, it is important not to eat food for at least 12 hours before blood sampling. It is also necessary to exclude both physical and emotional stress 30 minutes before the study.

Sometimes the concentration in the norm can change, therefore, after the study, in case of obtaining a doubtful result, it is recommended to determine it after 1-3 months.

There are some remarks regarding the delivery of such biochemical analysis blood:

  1. It is not recommended to take a lipidogram (an analysis for the determination of lipoproteins in the blood) after serious illnesses. It is recommended to wait at least six weeks after a heart attack, acute diseases, surgical operation.
  2. It, as a rule, is not determined directly, but is calculated according to the formula based on other parameters: HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides.
  3. Not all laboratories provide test results in mmol per liter, sometimes they may be in mg per deciliter. In addition, different laboratories may have slightly different assessment methods, and, accordingly, a normal result. Compare your results only with the reference values ​​of the laboratory where you took the test. And it is best that your attending physician deals with the decoding of the results.
  4. In some cases, this indicator is measured directly. This occurs with a significant increase in triglyceride levels. Most often, it is not given separately in laboratories, tests come in a package, for example, HDL cholesterol is also given.

Deciphering the results of the analysis

In this case, the concept of the norm is not entirely applicable. This is due to the fact that in the blood can be different for different people and depend not only on gender and age, but also on lifestyle, physical activity, etc.

At the same time, the determination of an increased level of this indicator can be observed with a hereditary predisposition. And also - violation of the diet (use a large number fatty foods), low physical activity and other factors.

A rough estimate of LDL levels is as follows:

  • the optimal indicator is a level below 2.6 mmol / l;
  • within the range of 2.6–3.3 mmol / l is considered the norm;
  • 3.4-4.1 mmol / l - on upper bound norms or even increased;
  • 4.1–4.9 mmol/l - high level;
  • anything above 4.9 mmol/L is considered very high.

Deciphering the norm for some ages for men and women looks like this:

If LDL is elevated, then this may be for the following reasons:

  • pregnancy; the analysis is given no earlier than six weeks after birth;
  • starvation;
  • taking certain drugs, in particular steroids;
  • passing the analysis standing;
  • smoking;
  • intake of large amounts of food containing fats.

If the level of LDL in the blood is below normal, the reasons for this may be:

  • being in a prone position;
  • certain drugs: hormones, antifungals, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and others;
  • a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced cholesterol and saturated fatty acids.

If LDL cholesterol is elevated, then the cause is not only food. It can also cause such diseases:

  • stagnation of bile, provoked by liver disease or gallstone disease;
  • nephrotic syndrome;
  • reduced amount of thyroid hormones;
  • diabetes mellitus, high sugar levels;
  • cancer of the prostate or pancreas;
  • alcoholism and smoking.

Low-density lipoproteins below normal can be triggered by:

  • predisposition to low level cholesterol;
  • hyperthyroidism - increased amount thyroid hormones;
  • deficiency of vitamins B12 and B9;
  • burns;
  • acute diseases;
  • obstructive pulmonary disease.

How to lower bad cholesterol levels in the blood


Eating unsaturated fats lowers LDL cholesterol, while saturated and trans fats increase it. Therefore, first of all, follow a diet:

  1. Increase the amount of soluble fiber, pectin.
  2. Consume sterols from plants; most of them are found in such products: sunflower seeds, corn oil, avocados, orange juice, oatmeal bars and others.

To solve the problem of high LDL, increase physical activity. For people over the age of 40 who have not previously been involved in sports, a 40-minute walk will be enough. For young people, classes should be more intense. However, do not go too far. Exercising can also increase HDL cholesterol.

Diet and exercise is a sufficient condition for lowering cholesterol levels. Be sure to add to them a waiver bad habits. But lowering cholesterol in the blood is not always required, so it is optimal to control it, since it should be low, but not low. Moreover, HDL and LDL should be measured. Before adjusting the diet and selecting loads, you should consult with your doctor. He will be able to choose the optimal diet and exercise; in addition, if there is such a need, he will prescribe drugs that lower cholesterol levels.

LDL is low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It is the main transport form of cholesterol in the body. This substance is usually referred to as p-lipoproteins, which are formed in small intestine and liver.

In the human blood LDL cholesterol carries fats (including cholesterol) from cell to cell. It is believed that LDL is more correlated with the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis than the level of total cholesterol. Medicine explains this by the fact that it is this fraction that is responsible for the influx of cholesterol to all organs and vessels.

Under the condition of a pathological condition of the vascular endothelium, which has arisen due to various factors (high levels of homocysteine, high blood pressure, particles tobacco smoke, which entered the body when smoking), there is a capture

LDL cells in the walls of blood vessels. They are also modified under the influence local conditions inflammatory process and connecting the resulting atherosclerotic plaques, narrowing the gaps in the vessels and causing thrombosis, which is especially dangerous in diabetes mellitus.

Possible risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis include:

  • age of men from 45 years, and women from 55;
  • heredity (cases of heart attack or sudden death of men under 55 and women under 65);
  • diabetes;
  • smoking;
  • hypertension.

If at least one of these risk factors is present, then the desired levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood will be those that are below 3.37 µmol / l.

All values ​​in the range from 3.37 to 4.12 µmol/l will be considered as potentially dangerous for the development of moderate atherosclerosis. All those data that will be above 4.14 mmol / l will be regarded as a fairly high risk of coronary heart disease, as well as atherosclerosis.

What is the importance of LDL analysis?

As already noted, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is very closely correlated with the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis. For this reason, it is extremely important to first determine whether it belongs to a particular class.

In view of this, it is necessary to isolate LDL cholesterol, which is the most atherogenic for some reason.

LDL cholesterol carries 2/3 of the total amount of plasma and is the particle that is most rich in cholesterol. Its content can reach up to 45 or even 50 percent.

By determining beta-cholesterol, physicians are thereby determined by the content of LDL cholesterol. The size of its particles will be about 21-25 nm, which allows low-density cholesterol (HDL) to penetrate into the walls of blood vessels along with high-density cholesterol. If HDL can be quickly removed from the walls through the endothelial barrier, helping to get rid of fats, then LDL lingers in them for a long time. This is due to the selective affinity for smooth muscle cells and glucose-aminoglycans.

LDL cholesterol is the main transport form of cholesterol, which is necessary for the cells of the vascular walls. When pathological conditions it becomes a source of accumulation of cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels.

For this reason, in the second type of hyperlipoproteinemia, which is characterized by increased level beta-cholesterol, too early and excessively pronounced atherosclerosis, as well as coronary heart disease, can often be noted.

The detection of LDL cholesterol becomes quite informative. If significant deviations from the norm are noted, then we can talk about serious problems with health.

For what ailments is LDL cholesterol performed?

There are several indications for an LDL cholesterol test, for example:

  1. and some ailments associated with it (myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease);
  2. liver disease;
  3. screening studies that occur as part of other methods for detecting lipid profile person.

Analysis of LDL cholesterol is necessary to check or qualitatively improve the functioning of the liver, as well as organs of cardio-vascular system. This analysis does not provide for special preparation.

You just need to make it on an empty stomach, and last appointment food must be taken no earlier than 12-14 hours before the intended testing.

In conditions medical institution blood serum will be taken, and the time for the analysis is 24 hours.

How to decipher the results yourself?

In order to find out the results of the analysis even before a visit to your doctor, you should apply the table below. In addition, there is, so that at home you can get an answer to its content.

The method of determination that was taken as the basis is the calculation according to the Friedwald formula. The values ​​used were:

  • total cholesterol;
  • triglycerides;
  • cholesterol-HDL.

LDL values ​​with significant triglyceridemia (over 5.0 - 5.5 mmol / l) will be considered falsely low.

Reference values:

Age, years Floor Cholesterol-LDL, mmol/l
5-10 years The male 1,63-3,34
Woman 1,76-3,63
10-15 years old The male 1,66-3,44
Woman 1,76-3,52
15-20 years old The male 1,61-3,37
Woman 1,53-3,55
20-25 years old The male 1,71-3,81
Woman 1,48-4,12
25-30 years old The male 1,81-4,27
Woman 1,84-4,25
30-35 years old The male 2,02-4,79
Woman 1,81-4,04
35-40 years old The male 2,10-4,90
Woman 1,94-4,45
40-45 years old The male 2,25-4,82
Woman 1,92-4,51
45-50 years old The male 2,51-5,23
Woman 2,05-4,82
50-55 years old The male 2,31-5,10
Woman 2,28-5,21
55-60 years old The male 2,28-5,26
Woman 2,31-5,44
60-65 years old The male 2,15-5,44
Woman 2,59-5,80
65-70 years old The male 2,54-5,44
Woman 2,38-5,72
>70 years The male 2,49-5,34
Woman 2,49-5,34

If, as a result of the study, data were obtained that are above the established norm, then in this case we can talk about diseases.

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