List of all penicillin antibiotics and a sea of ​​data about them

Penicillin tablets are antibiotics that are actively used to combat a number of bacterial diseases that arise as a result of the pathological activity of pathogens characterized by sensitivity to penicillin. Let us consider in more detail the principle of action and features of the use of the presented drug.

Penicillin is antibacterial agent, obtained as a result of the use of waste products of a special mold fungus called Penicillium. The presented antibiotic drug is characterized wide range actions, contributing to the destruction of pathogens such as spirochetes, gonococcus, staphylococcus and others. They have identical properties modern analogues this medication (for example, Phenoxymethylpenicillin). The drug is available in the form of a solution for injection, as well as in tablets intended for resorption and for oral administration.

Indications for use

Data medications are actively used in the field of modern medicine to combat a number of various diseases, which are bacterial in nature. Experts identify the following indications for the use of the tablet form of penicillins:

1. Sepsis.
2. Brain abscess.
3. Cholecystitis.
4. Infectious lesions of the upper respiratory tract.
5. Otitis in acute or chronic form.
6. Burn lesions in the third and fourth degrees.
7. Furunculosis.
8. Pneumonia.
9. Gonorrhea.
10. Extensive wound surfaces localized in the skin area.
11. Syphilis.
12. Gas gangrene.
13. Angina.
14. Anthrax.
15. Scarlet fever.
16. Diphtheria.
17. Septicemia.
18. Purulent and inflammatory diseases gynecological nature.
19. Actinomycosis.
20. Septic endocarditis in acute form.
21. Infectious lesions urinary tract.
22. Meningitis.
23. Acute or chronic form osteomyelitis.
24. Purulent diseases infectious nature, affecting mucous membranes and soft tissues.
25. Empyema of the pleura.
26. Tetanus.
27. Laryngitis and tonsillitis.
28. Sinusitis.
29. Inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes.

Penicillin drugs are well tolerated by patients childhood. In the field of pediatrics, the medications presented are used in cases where there is:

1. Otitis.
2. Pneumonia in newborns.
3. Septicopyemia.
4. Meningitis.
5. Pleurisy of a purulent nature.
6. A septic process localized in the umbilical region.

Contraindications for use

At high degree effectiveness in the fight against infectious diseases of a bacterial nature, the use of penicillin tablets in some cases is highly not recommended and can be dangerous for the patient. The following contraindications to the use of drugs of this type are identified: pharmacological group, as well as their analogues:

1. Tendency to allergic reactions.
2. Bronchial asthma.
3. Hay fever.
4. Hives.
5. Ulcerous colitis.
6. Increased individual sensitivity to the drug.
7. Infectious mononucleosis.
8. Regional enteritis.
9. Serious impairments in functioning digestive systems s.
10. Pharyngitis.
11. Diarrhea.
12. Severe diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
13. Aphthous stomatitis.
14. Kidney pathologies.
15. Acute heart failure.

Side effects

In some cases, the use of penicillin drugs can cause the development adverse reactions, such as:

1. Nausea.
2. Attacks of vomiting.
3. Allergic reactions.
4. Diarrhea.
5. Increased body temperature.
6. Coma.
7. Cramps.
8. Swelling.
9. Hives.
10. Eosinophilia.
11. Candidiasis of the vagina and oral cavity.

In some particularly severe cases, taking these drugs can lead to the development of anaphylactic shock and death of the patient.

However, in medical practice Only a few such incidents have been recorded. In addition, it must be emphasized that in most cases the development side effects observed with prolonged and uncontrolled use medications.

In order to avoid possible complications and to minimize risks, it is recommended to take medications only as prescribed by a doctor, strictly observing his instructions and following the instructions for use. The choice of a specific drug, its dosage and the duration of the therapeutic course are determined by a specialist, taking into account the disease, its severity, age and individual characteristics patient.

Principles of application

Instructions for use of drugs penicillin group states that the optimal dosage of the drug depends on the therapeutic regimen prescribed by the attending physician. The dosage for children is calculated individually, depending on the age and body weight of the child.

The tablets must be taken every 8 hours. This rule is recommended to be strictly followed in order to achieve optimal concentration active substance. The medicine is taken either half an hour before a meal, or 2 hours after a meal.

The average duration of treatment is from 5 to 14 days. The first results become noticeable after 3-4 days. If no visible effect is not observed, you should contact your doctor to prescribe another antibiotic drug.

Advantages of the tablet form of the drug

IN Lately the use of the tablet form of penicillin preparations has become especially widespread, which is associated with its undoubted advantages. Firstly, the patient can save on the purchase of syringes and special solutions needed for injections. Secondly, the therapeutic course can be completed on an outpatient basis, without assistance medical personnel. In addition, the tablets include so-called antacid substances that help reduce the effect gastric juice on the main active ingredient, providing maximum therapeutic effect.

1. Flemoxin.
2. Amoxicillin.
3. Ospamox.
4. Amoxil KMP.

Penicillin drugs are extremely effective and effective remedy, helping to cure numerous infectious diseases. Compliance medical recommendations and basic rules of use allows you to achieve extremely fast and favorable results, while avoiding the occurrence of unwanted reactions and side effects.

Instructions for medical use drug

Description of pharmacological action

Blocks the synthesis of peptidoglycan from the membrane of sensitive microorganisms and causes their lysis.

Indications for use

Pneumonia, pleural empyema, sepsis, septicemia, pericarditis, endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, urinary and biliary tract, skin and soft tissues, mucous membranes, ENT organs, erysipelas, bacteremia, diphtheria, anthrax, actinomycosis, gonorrhea, blenorrhea, syphilis.

Release form

Powder for the preparation of solution for injection 1 million units; bottle (bottle) box (box) 100;

Pharmacodynamics

Antibiotic of the group of biosynthetic penicillins. It has a bactericidal effect by inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of microorganisms.

Active against gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. (including Streptococcus pneumoniae), Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bacillus anthracis; gram-negative bacteria: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis; anaerobic spore-forming rods; as well as Actinomyces spp., Spirochaetaceae.

Strains of Staphylococcus spp. that produce penicillinase are resistant to the action of benzylpenicillin. Destroys in an acidic environment.

The novocaine salt of benzylpenicillin, compared to the potassium and sodium salts, is characterized by a longer duration of action.

Pharmacokinetics

After intramuscular administration, it is quickly absorbed from the injection site. Widely distributed in tissues and body fluids. Benzylpenicillin penetrates well through the placental barrier and the blood-brain barrier during inflammation of the meninges.

T1/2 - 30 min. Excreted in urine.

Use during pregnancy

Use during pregnancy is possible only if the expected benefit of therapy for the mother outweighs the potential risk to the fetus.

If it is necessary to use it during lactation, the issue of stopping breastfeeding should be decided.

Contraindications for use

Hypersensitivity to benzylpenicillin and other drugs from the group of penicillins and cephalosporins. Endolumbar administration is contraindicated in patients with epilepsy.

Side effects

From the digestive system: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.

Effects caused by chemotherapy: vaginal candidiasis, oral candidiasis.

From the side of the central nervous system: when using benzylpenicillin in high doses, especially with endolumbar administration, the development of neurotoxic reactions is possible: nausea, vomiting, increased reflex excitability, symptoms of meningism, convulsions, coma.

Allergic reactions: fever, urticaria, skin rash, rash on the mucous membranes, joint pain, eosinophilia, angioedema. Cases of anaphylactic shock with fatal outcome have been described.

Directions for use and doses

Individual. Injected intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously, endolumbarally.

When administered intramuscularly and intravenously to adults, the daily dose varies from 250,000 to 60 million. The daily dose for children under 1 year of age is 50,000-100,000 units/kg, over 1 year - 50,000 units/kg; if necessary daily dose can be increased to 200,000-300,000 units/kg, for health reasons - up to 500,000 units/kg. Frequency of administration 4-6 times/

Depending on the disease and severity of the disease, it is administered endolumbarally to adults - 5000-10,000 units, to children - 2000-5000. The drug is diluted in sterile water for injection or in 0.9% sodium chloride solution at the rate of 1 thousand units/ml. Before injection (depending on the level intracranial pressure) extract 5-10 ml of CSF and add it to the antibiotic solution in equal proportions.

Subcutaneous benzylpenicillin is used to inject infiltrates (100,000-200,000 units in 1 ml of 0.25%-0.5% novocaine solution).

Benzylpenicillin potassium salt is used only intramuscularly and subcutaneously, in the same doses as benzylpenicillin sodium salt.

Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt is used only intramuscularly. Average therapeutic dose for adults: single - 300,000 units, daily - 600,000 Children under 1 year - 50,000-100,000 units/kg/, over 1 year - 50,000 units/kg/ Frequency of administration 3-4

The duration of treatment with benzylpenicillin, depending on the form and severity of the disease, can range from 7-10 days to 2 months or more.

Overdose

Not described.

Interactions with other drugs

Probenecid reduces the tubular secretion of benzylpenicillin, as a result of which the concentration of the latter in the blood plasma increases and the half-life increases.

At simultaneous use with antibiotics that have a bacteriostatic effect (tetracycline), the bactericidal effect of benzylpenicillin is reduced.

Special instructions for use

Use with caution in patients with impaired renal function, heart failure, predisposition to allergic reactions (especially with drug allergies), with hypersensitivity to cephalosporins (due to the possibility of developing cross-allergy).

If no effect is observed 3-5 days after the start of use, you should move on to the use of other antibiotics or combination therapy.

Due to the possibility of developing fungal superinfection, it is advisable to prescribe antifungal drugs when treating with benzylpenicillin.

It must be taken into account that the use of benzylpenicillin in subtherapeutic doses or early cessation of treatment often leads to the emergence of resistant strains of pathogens.

Storage conditions

List B.: At temperatures below 25 °C.

Best before date

ATX classification:

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Penicillin analogues have opened up new opportunities for doctors in the treatment of infectious diseases. They are more resistant to bacterial enzymes and aggressive environment stomach, have fewer side effects.

About penicillins

Penicillins are the oldest known antibiotics. They have many species, but some of them have lost their relevance due to resistance. The bacteria were able to adapt and became insensitive to the effects of these drugs. This forces scientists to create new types of mold, analogues of penicillin, with new properties.

Penicillins have low toxicity to the body; wide application And good indicator bactericidal action, but they are found much more often than doctors would like. This is explained organic nature antibiotics. More to negative qualities It can also be difficult to combine them with other drugs, especially those of a similar class.

Story

The first mention of penicillins in literature took place in 1963, in a book about Indian healers. They used mixtures of fungi in medicinal purposes. For the first time in the enlightened world, Alexander Fleming managed to obtain them, but this did not happen on purpose, but by accident, like all great discoveries.

Before World War II, English microbiologists worked on the issue of industrial production of medicine in the required volumes. The same problem was solved in parallel in the USA. From that moment on, penicillin became the most common medicine. But over time, others were isolated and synthesized, which gradually displaced him from the podium. In addition, microorganisms began to develop resistance to this drug, which complicated the treatment of severe infections.

Principle of antibacterial action

The cell wall of bacteria contains a substance called peptidoglycan. The penicillin group of antibiotics affects the process of synthesis of this protein, suppressing the formation of necessary enzymes. The microorganism dies due to the inability to renew the cell wall.

However, some bacteria have learned to resist such brutal invasion. They produce beta-lactamase, which destroys enzymes that affect peptidoglycans. In order to overcome this obstacle, scientists had to create analogues of penicillin that could also destroy beta-lactamase.

Danger to humans

At the very beginning of the era of antibiotics, scientists began to think about how toxic they would become for the human body, because almost all living matter consists of proteins. But after conducting a sufficient amount of research, we found out that there is practically no peptidoglycan in our bodies, which means that it is impossible to apply any serious harm the drug cannot.

Spectrum of action

Almost all types of penicillins act on gram-positive bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and the causative agent of plague. Also, their spectrum of action includes all gonococci and meningococci, anaerobic bacilli and even some fungi (for example, actinomycetes).

Scientists are inventing more and more new types of penicillins, trying to prevent bacteria from becoming accustomed to their bactericidal properties, but this group of drugs is no longer suitable for treatment. One of the negative properties of this type of antibiotics is dysbiosis, since the human intestines are colonized by bacteria that are sensitive to the effects of penicillin. This is worth remembering when taking medications.

Main types (classification)

Modern scientists propose a modern division of penicillins into four groups:

1. Natural, which are synthesized by fungi. These include benzylpenicillins and phenoxymethylpenicillin. These drugs have a narrow spectrum of action, mainly against gram-negative bacteria.
2. Semi-synthetic drugs that are resistant to penicillinases. Used to treat a wide range of pathogens. Representatives: methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin.
3. Carboxypenicillins (carbpenicillin).
4. A group of drugs with a wide spectrum of action:
   - ureidopenicillins;
   - amidopenicillins.

Biosynthetic forms

As an example, it is worth citing a few of the most common ones. this moment medicines that correspond to this group. Probably the most famous of the penicillins can be considered “Bicillin-3” and “Bicillin-5”. They discovered a group of natural antibiotics and were the leaders in their category until more advanced forms of antimicrobial drugs appeared.

1. "Extencillin". The instructions for use state that it is a long-acting beta-lactam antibiotic. Indications for its use are exacerbations of rheumatic disease and diseases caused by treponemes (syphilis, yaws and pinta). Available in powders. "Extencillin" instructions for use do not recommend combining it with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as a competitive interaction is possible. This may negatively affect the effectiveness of treatment.
2. "Penicillin-V" belongs to the group of phenoxymethylpenicillins. It is used to treat infectious diseases of the ENT organs, skin and mucous membranes, gonorrhea, syphilis, tetanus. It is used as preventive measure after surgical interventions, to maintain remission in rheumatism, chorea minor, bacterial endocarditis.
3. The antibiotic "Ospen" is an analogue of the previous drug. It is available in the form of tablets or granules. It is not recommended to combine with NVPS and oral contraceptives. Often used in the treatment of childhood diseases.

Semi-synthetic forms

This group of drugs includes chemically modified antibiotics obtained from mold fungi.

1. The first on this list is Amoxicillin. Instructions for use (price - about one hundred rubles) indicate that the drug has a wide spectrum of action and is used for bacterial infections of almost any localization. Its advantage is that it is stable in the acidic environment of the stomach, and after absorption the concentration in the blood is higher than that of other representatives of this group. But you should not idealize Amoxicillin. Instructions for use (price may vary in different regions) warn that the drug should not be prescribed to patients with mononucleosis, allergy sufferers and pregnant women. Long-term use is not possible due to a significant number of adverse reactions.
2. Oxacillin sodium salt is prescribed when bacteria produce penicillinase. The drug is acid-resistant, can be taken orally, and is well absorbed in the intestine. It is quickly excreted by the kidneys, so it is necessary to constantly maintain the desired concentration in the blood. The only contraindication is an allergic reaction. Available in tablet form or in bottles as liquid for injection.
3. The last representative of semisynthetic penicillins is ampicillin trihydrate. Instructions for use (tablets) indicate that it has a wide spectrum of action, affecting both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Well tolerated by patients, but should be prescribed with caution to those taking anticoagulants (for example, people with pathology of cardio-vascular system), since the drug potentiates their effect.

Solvent

Penicillins are sold in pharmacies in the form of powder for injection. Therefore, for intravenous or intramuscular injection they need to be dissolved in liquid. At home, you can use distilled water for injection, sodium chloride or a solution of two percent novocaine. It must be remembered that the solvent should not be too warm.

Indications, contraindications and side effects

Indications for antibiotic treatment are the following diagnoses: lobar and focal pneumonia, pleural empyema, sepsis and septicemia, septic endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis. The field of action includes bacterial tonsillitis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, anthrax, gonorrhea, syphilis, purulent skin infections.

There are few contraindications to treatment with the penicillin group. Firstly, the presence of hypersensitivity to the drug and its derivatives. Secondly, an established diagnosis of epilepsy, which does not make it possible to administer the drug orally spinal column. As for pregnancy and lactation, in this case the expected benefit should significantly exceed possible risks, because the placental barrier is permeable to penicillins. While taking the medicine, the child must be temporarily switched to another method of feeding, since the drug passes into the milk.

Side effects can occur on several levels at once.

From the central nervous system, nausea, vomiting, excitability, meningism, convulsions and even coma are possible. Allergic reactions manifest themselves as skin rashes, fever, joint pain and swelling. There have been cases of anaphylactic shock and deaths. Due to the bactericidal effect, candidiasis of the vagina and oral cavity, as well as dysbacteriosis, is possible.

Features of use

Caution should be used in patients with impaired liver and kidney function and established heart failure. It is not recommended to use them for people prone to allergic reactions, as well as for those who have increased sensitivity to cephalosporins.

If five days after the start of therapy there are no changes in the patient’s condition, then it is necessary to use penicillin analogues or replace the group of antibiotics. At the same time as prescribing, for example, the substance "Bicillin-3", care must be taken to prevent fungal superinfection. For this purpose, antifungal drugs are prescribed.

It is necessary to clearly explain to the patient that interrupting the medication without good reason causes resistance of microorganisms. And to overcome it you will need more strong drugs, causing severe side effects.

Penicillin analogues have become indispensable in modern medicine. Although this is the earliest discovered group of antibiotics, it still remains relevant for the treatment of meningitis, gonorrhea and syphilis, and has a wide enough spectrum of action and mild side effects that it can be prescribed to children. Of course, like any medicine, penicillins have contraindications and side effects, but they are more than compensated for by the possibilities for use.

| Pencillinum

Analogs

Recipe

Rp. Penicillini 200,000 units
D.t. d. N. 10
S. Dissolve directly in the bottle in 4 ml of 0.5% novocaine solution. Administer 100,000 units intramuscularly every 8 hours.

Rp. Penicillini natrii cryst. 100,000 units
D.t. d. N. 5
S. Dissolve directly in the vial in 5 ml sterile isotonic solution sodium chloride or double distilled water. Inject 25,000-50,000 units into the spinal canal (for epidemic meningitis).

Rp. Penicillini 50,000 units
Sol. Adrenalini hydrochlorici 0.1% gtts X
Sol. Natrii chlorati isotonicae 15.0
M.D.S. 2-3 drops in each nostril 3-4 times a day (for acute rhinitis).

Rp. Penicillini 500,000 units
Sol. Natrii chlorati isotonicae 20.0
M.D.S. 30 drops per half glass of water for gargling.

pharmachologic effect

This is the first antimicrobial agent that was obtained using waste products of microorganisms as a basis. The history of this medicine begins in 1928, when the inventor of the antibiotic, Alexander Fleming, isolated it from a strain of the fungus Penicillium notatum. In the chapter that describes the history of the discovery of penicillin, Wikipedia testifies that the antibiotic was discovered by accident, after bacteria from external environment mold fungus, its bactericidal effect was noted.

Mode of application

Doctors believe that the greatest healing effect achieved by intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of Penicillin. Also, this antibacterial agent is often used in the form of solutions for rinsing, washing, drops for the nose and eyes.

For example, with intramuscular administration, after 30 minutes the highest concentration of the antibiotic is observed in the blood, after which it quickly spreads into the joint cavities, lungs and other muscles. To maintain the required level of concentration, the drug is administered every 3 to 4 hours. The dosage and duration of treatment is determined by the attending physician.

Indications

The use of penicillin is indicated for sepsis (especially streptococcal), in all sulfonamide-resistant cases of corresponding infections (pneumococcal, gonococcal, meningococcal infection etc.), with extensive and deeply localized infectious processes(osteomyelitis, severe phlegmon, gas gangrene), after injuries involving and infection of large musculoskeletal masses, in postoperative period for prevention purulent complications, with infected third and fourth degree burns, with soft tissue injuries, wounds chest, purulent meningitis, brain abscesses, erysipelas, gonorrhea and its sulfonamide-resistant forms, syphilis, severe furunculosis, sycosis, and various inflammations of the eye and ear.

In the internal medicine clinic, Penicillin is used to treat lobar pneumonia(together with sulfonamide drugs), focal pneumonia, acute sepsis, cholecystitis and cholangitis, prolonged septic endocarditis, as well as for the prevention and treatment of rheumatism.

In children, Penicillin is used: for umbilical sepsis, septicopyemia and septic-toxic diseases of newborns, pneumonia in newborns and infants and early age, otitis in infants and young children, septic form of scarlet fever, septic-toxic form of diphtheria (necessarily in combination with special serum), pleuropulmonary processes that are not amenable to the action of sulfonamide drugs, purulent pleurisy and purulent meningitis, with gonorrhea.

Contraindications

Penicillin, like any antibiotic, has contraindications for use. Many people have hypersensitivity to drugs of the penicillin group and sulfonamides. Therefore, it is better for such people to choose another antibacterial agent. It is not recommended to use this antibiotic for hay fever. bronchial asthma, urticaria, as well as pregnant women and nursing mothers. During treatment
Penicillin strictly prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Side effects

Of the side effects that Penicillin can cause, the instructions for use note that the most common negative manifestations are allergic reactions. Human skin is especially affected. Exfoliative dermatitis, urticaria-like rash, urticaria, erythema, pustular, vesicular and macular rashes may appear.
The respiratory organs can respond with asthmatic bronchitis, laryngopharyngitis, and rhinitis. And the most severe complication – anaphylactic shock. Therefore, the doctor always asks the patient about the tolerability of this antibiotic.

Release form

Injectable preparations are available, as well as penicillin tablets.
The injection product is produced in glass bottles, which are closed with rubber stoppers and metal caps. The vials contain different doses of penicillin. It is dissolved before administration.
Penicillin-ecmoline tablets are also produced for resorption and oral administration. Sucking tablets contain 5000 units of penicillin. In tablets for oral administration – 50,000 units.
Penicillin tablets with sodium citrate may contain 50,000 and 100,000 units.

ATTENTION!

The information on the page you are viewing is created for informational purposes only and does not in any way promote self-medication. The resource is intended to familiarize healthcare workers with additional information about certain medications, thereby increasing the level of their professionalism. Use of the drug "" in mandatory involves consultation with a specialist, as well as his recommendations on the method of use and dosage of the medicine you have chosen.

Penicillin is the first artificially synthesized antibiotic. It was isolated by the famous British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928. Penicillin is a beta-lactam drug. It is capable of inhibiting the synthesis of the cell membrane of microorganisms, which leads to their destruction and death (bactericidal effect).

For a long time, this antibiotic was the drug of choice for many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci, streptococci, corynebacteria, neisseria, anaerobic pathogens, actinomycetes and spirochetes. Now penicillin is mainly used for the following indications:

The indisputable advantage of penicillin is its low range of side effects, which allows it to be used for almost all categories of patients. Sometimes various allergic reactions are observed - urticaria, rash, anaphylactic shock and others. At long-term use Cases of candida infection have been described.

However, the active use of penicillin in clinical practice led to the development of resistance. For example, staphylococci began to produce a special enzyme, penicillinase, which is capable of breaking down this antibiotic. Therefore, a pressing question arose regarding what to replace penicillin with.

Amoxicillin is a newer drug from the penicillin group.

The drug also has a bactericidal effect and easily passes through the blood-brain barrier. Partially metabolized in the liver and excreted from the patient's body through the kidneys.

Among the disadvantages of amoxicillin is the need for multiple doses. Today this drug widely used for the treatment of respiratory tract infections (pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, bronchitis), genitourinary system(cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis), as well as salmonellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, borreliosis and peptic ulcer stomach caused by Helicobacter pylori infection.

Amoxicillin should not be prescribed in case of hypersensitivity to drugs penicillin series, infectious mononucleosis (a specific rash or liver damage occurs). Side effects include various allergic reactions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, dyspeptic disorders, transient anemia and headache.

The drug is presented in pharmacies under the names “Amoxicillin”, “Amofast”, “V-Mox”, “Flemoxin Solutab”. The price varies greatly depending on the manufacturer.

Adults are usually prescribed amoxicillin 500 mg 3 times a day, and children weighing less than 40 kg are prescribed at a rate of 25-45 mg per 1 kg. Treatment for diseases with mild or moderate severity currents spend a week, with more serious pathologies the course is extended to 10 or more days.

Ampicillin, as an analogue of penicillin, has been used to treat bacterial pathologies since 1961. It also belongs to the group of penicillins and has a bactericidal effect.

But unlike previous drugs, its spectrum of action includes not only gram-positive microorganisms, but also gram-negative ones ( coli, Proteus, Haemophilus influenzae and others). However, many bacteria can break it down using penicillinase.

Today ampicillin is used for:

Ampicillin should not be prescribed if there is a history of allergic reactions to penicillins, liver dysfunction, infectious mononucleosis, leukemia and VIL infection. Cases of neurological symptoms occurring after taking the drug have been described. Also sometimes observed are dyspepsia, candidiasis, toxic hepatitis and pseudomembranous colitis.

The drug is available in tablet form for oral administration 0.25 g or powder for internal administration. There are the following trade names: “Ampicillin”, “Ampicillin-Norton”.

You can replace penicillin with Augmentin, a combination drug of the antibiotic amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The latter is a specific inhibitor of penicillinase, which is produced by streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci and neisseria. This avoids destruction antibacterial drug, which significantly increases its effectiveness in situations of increased resistance of microorganisms. Augmentin was first synthesized and produced by the British pharmaceutical company Beecham Pharmaceuticals.

The drug is most often prescribed for bacterial inflammatory processes. respiratory system- bronchitis, tracheitis, laryngitis, otitis, sinusitis and community-acquired pneumonia. Augmentin is also used for cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis, gynecological pathologies, prevention of complications after surgery surgical operations and manipulation.

Contraindications include various disorders liver function, increased sensitivity of the patient's body to penicillin antibiotics, lactation period in women. Most often, taking the drug is accompanied by the following side effects:

• allergic reactions;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• pseudomembranous colitis;
• headache;
• dizziness;
• drowsiness or sleep disturbance;
• Quincke's edema;
• toxic transient hepatitis.

Augmentin is available in powder form for syrup or tablets for oral administration. The suspension is used for children weighing more than 5 kilograms at the rate of 0.5 or 1 ml of the drug per 1 kg. For adolescents and adults, tablet form is used. Typically take one tablet (875 mg amoxicillin/125 mg clavulanic acid) 2 times a day. The minimum duration of therapy is 3 days.

Cefazolin belongs to the group of first generation cephalosporins. Like penicillins, it contains a beta-lactam base, which gives it a bactericidal effect against a significant number of gram-positive bacteria.

This antibiotic is used only for intravenous or intramuscular administration. Therapeutic concentration in the blood remains for 10 hours after administration.

Cefazolin also does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier and is almost completely excreted from the body by the patient’s kidneys. Today, the drug is used primarily to treat mild forms of respiratory system infections, as well as bacterial inflammation of the urinary tract (especially in children, pregnant women and the elderly).

Cefazolin should not be prescribed if the patient is hypersensitive to cephalosporins or penicillins, or combined with bacteriostatic drugs. When using it, allergic reactions sometimes develop, the filtration function of the kidneys is temporarily impaired, dyspeptic disorders appear, and a fungal infection occurs.

Cefazolin is produced in vials with 0.5 or 1.0 g of active substance for the preparation of injections. The dose of the drug depends on the type and severity of the infection, but usually 1.0 g of antibiotic is prescribed 2 or 3 times a day.

Today, ceftriaxone is one of the most used antibiotics in hospitals. It belongs to the third generation of cephalosporins. Among the serious advantages of the drug is the presence of activity against gram-negative flora and anaerobic infections. Also, ceftriaxone, unlike cefazolin, penetrates well through the blood-brain barrier, which allows it to be actively used for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in situations where there are no results yet bacteriological research. In addition, resistance to it is observed much less frequently than to drugs of the penicillin group.

Ceftriaxone is used to treat inflammatory processes bacterial etiology of the respiratory, genitourinary and digestive systems. The antibiotic is also prescribed for meningitis, sepsis, infective endocarditis, Lyme disease, sepsis, osteomyelitis and to prevent complications during surgical procedures and operations.

Of particular importance is the use of ciftriaxone for neutropenia and other conditions with impaired hematopoiesis. This is due to the fact that the drug, unlike many other groups of antibiotics, does not inhibit the proliferation of blood cells.

Ceftriaxone should not be given together with medicines containing calcium (Hartmann and Ringer solutions). When used in newborns, an increase in bilirubin levels in the blood plasma was noted. Also, before the first dose, it is necessary to test for the presence of hypersensitivity to the drug. Side effects include digestive disorders, allergic reactions and headaches.

The drug is produced in powder form in bottles of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g under the names: “Altsison”, “Blitsef”, “Lendatsin”, “Norakson”, “Rotacef”, “Cefogram”, “Ceftriaxone” . The dosage and amount of administration depends on the age, pathology of the patient and the severity of his condition.

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